Контрольная работа по английскому языку. 25
УРАЛЬСКИЙ ГУМАНИТАРНЫЙ ИНСТИТУТ
кафедра финансов, денежного обращения и кредита
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №2
по дисциплине «Английский язык»
Вариант №1
Выполнил студент: Корошов З.Р.
Группа: М-361з
Проверил: Барышникова О.В.
Екатеринбург, 2012
1. Напишите первую форму следующих глаголов:
- translated, opened, closed, married, thanked, lived, liked, walked, stayed, finished, belonged;
- was, were, went, put, did, sang, had, said, spent, built, heard, held
- translated - translate, opened - open, closed - close, married - marry, thanked - thank, lived - live, liked - like, walked - walk, stayed - stay, finished - finish, belonged - belong;
- was - be, were - be, went - go, put - put, did - do, sang - sing, had - have, said - say, spent - spend, built - build, heard - hear, held - hold
2. Напишите вторую и третью формы следующих глаголов (Past Indefinite, Participle II):
- receive, discuss, repeat, revise, copy, work, study, love, return, add, separate;
- catch, lead, let, know, pay, speak, see, become, get, give, choose, begin
- receive – received - received, discuss – discussed - discussed, repeat – repeated - repeated, revise – revised - revised, copy – copied - copied , work – worked - worked, study – studied - studied, love – loved - loved, return – returned - returned, add –added - added, separate – separated- separated;
- catch – caught - caught, lead – led - led, let – let - let, know – knew - known, pay – paid - paid, speak - spoke - spoken, see – saw - seen, become – became - become, get – got - got, give – gave - given, choose – chose - chosen, begin – began - begun
3. Переведите предложения на русский язык:
- I have met her before.
- The students have learned the new grammar rule.
- The engineer has finished his work.
- The boy has brought the dictionary.
- We've had a long walk today.
1. Я не встречал ее раньше.
2. Студенты учили новое правило по грамматике.
3. Инженер закончил свою работу.
4. Мальчик принес словарь.
5. У нас была длинная прогулка сегодня.
4. Переведите предложения на русский язык, отразив смысловое различие, внесённое глагольными формами. Определите время глагола в обоих предложениях:
- I shall be writing my report during the first week of May.
- By May 1 shall have written my report.
1. Я напишу свой доклад в течении первой недели Мая.
2. Первого Мая я буду писать свой доклад
5. Поставьте глаголы, заключённые в скобки, в Past Indefinite или Present Perfect:
- I never (see) this painting.
- I (see) him yesterday, but I (not to see) him today.
- When he (come) to Moscow? He (come) the day before yesterday.
- The rain (stop). Let's go for a walk.
1 can't open the door; I (lose) the key.
- I never see this painting.
- I saw him yesterday, but I not see him today.
- When he came to Moscow? He came the day before yesterday.
- The rain stopped. Let's go for a walk.
- 1 can't open the door; I lost the key.
6. Напишите следующие предложения в Past Indefinite u Future Indefinite:.
- You must read this book by all means.
This book must will be read by all means by you
This book must was read by all means by you
- The dean can speak to the students about it.
The students can will be spoken about it by the dean.
The students can were spoken about it by the dean.
- She may go out.
7. Заполните пропуски модальными глаголами или их эквивалентами:
- I ... not go to the stadium with them last night, I ... revise the
gram
mar rules for the test. - I live a long way from the Institute and 1 ... get up early.
- All of us ... be in time for classes.
- When we have our French lessons, we ... to stay
at the office after
work. - He (not) ... stay at the office on Monday and Friday and ... get home early.
- ... you work hard to do well at the Institute?
- ... they discuss this problem right now? No, they ... do it next time.
- I'm glad you ... stay yesterday.
- ... you...to have lunch with me tomorrow?
- Please send them this telegram. Oh, ... I do it now?
- The students ...go out now.
- He ... to earn extra money after work.
- I can not go to the stadium with them last night; I must revise
the gram
mar rules for the test. - I live a long way from the Institute and 1 must get up early.
- All of us should be in time for classes.
- When we have our French
lessons, we should to stay at the office after
work. - He can’t stay at the office on Monday and Friday and must get home early.
- Must you work hard to do well at the Institute?
- Should they discuss this problem right now? No, they should do it next time.
- I'm glad you could stay yesterday.
- Can you to have lunch with me tomorrow?
- Please send them this telegram. Oh, may I do it now?
- The students must go out now.
- He can to earn extra money after work.
8. Поставьте предложения в прошедшем и будущем времени; укажите время и залог глагола:
- The students of our group are given a lot of homework to do every day.
The students of our group will be given a lot of homework to do every day. (Future; Passive)
The students of our group were given a lot of homework to do every day. (Past; Passive)
- Many articles on our specialty are discussed in class.
Many articles on our specialty will be discussed in class. (Future; Passive)
Many articles on our specialty were discussed in class. (Past; Passive)
- New modern blocks of flats are built very quickly.
New modern blocks of flats will be built very quickly. (Future; Passive)
New modern blocks of flats were built very quickly. (Past; Passive)
- You are wanted on the phone.
You will be wanted on the phone. (Future; Passive)
You were wanted on the phone. (Past; Passive)
- The grammar rules are revised at every lesson.
The grammar rules will be revised at every lesson. (Future; Passive)
The grammar rules were revised at every lesson. (Past; Passive)
- He is given these foreign journals in the library.
He will be given these foreign journals in the library. (Future; Passive)
He was given these foreign journals in the library. (Past; Passive)
- This film is much spoken about.
This film will be much spoken about. (Future; Passive)
This film was much spoken about. (Past; Passive)
- The lectures of our professor are listened to with great interest.
The lectures of our professor will be listened to with great interest. (Future; Passive)
The lectures of our professor were listened to with great interest. (Past; Passive)
- We are taught English at the Institute.
We will be taught English at the Institute. (Future; Passive)
We were taught English at the Institute. (Past; Passive)
- The telegrams are sent early in the morning.
The telegrams will be sent early in the morning. (Future; Passive)
The telegrams were sent early in the morning. (Past; Passive)
9. Поставьте глаголы, заключённые в скобки, в соответствующую форму страдательного залога:
- The letter (write) some days ago.
- This plant (reconstruct) last year.
- These cars (produce) by one of the plants in our city.
- All these cables (answer) tomorrow.
- While he was having lunch, a message (bring) to him.
- The problem (discuss) when the telephone rang.
- We soon became good friends, and very often when
the work (to do)
we went out together. - The new desk (place) at the window, and he could see the street, trees and flower-beds.
- Progress in technology today (associate) with the peaceful use of atomic energy.
- The letter was writing some days ago.
- This plant was reconstructed last year.
- These cars are produced by one of the plants in our city.
- All these cables will be answered tomorrow.
- While he was having lunch, a message was brought to him.
- The problem was discussed when the telephone rang.
- We soon became good friends,
and very often when the work was done
we went out together. - The new desk was placed at the window, and he could see the street, trees and flower-beds.
9. Progress in technology today is associated with the peaceful use of atomic energy.
10. Поставьте все типы вопросов к следующим предложениям:
- Our students are offered a wide choice of work all over the country.
- Listen! An article about American college graduates is being broadcast.
- The lectures will be delivered in English.
- Our note-books are regularly looked through by the teacher.
- Our students are offered a wide choice of work all over the country.
Are our students offered a wide choice of work all over the country?
Who are offered a wide choice of work all over the country?
Where are our students offered a wide choice of work?
- Listen! An article about American college graduates is being broadcast.
Is an article about American college graduates being broadcast?
What is being broadcast?
Where is an article about American college graduates?
- The lectures will be delivered in English.
Will the lecture be delivered in English?
What will be delivered in English?
Where will the lectures be delivered?
- Our note-books are regularly looked through by the teacher.
Are our note – books regularly looked through by the teacher?
What are regularly looked through by the teacher?
Who is our note- books regularly looked?
11. Ответьте на следующие вопросы письменно:
- Are many new buildings being built in your city?
- Are they being built by builders or by future inhabitants?
- People are offered all modern conveniences in their new houses, aren't they?
- Are many new buildings being built in your city?
Yes, many new buildings are being built in my city.
- Are they being built by builders or by future inhabitants?
They are being built by builders/
- People are offered all modern conveniences in their new houses, aren't they?
Yes, people are offered all modern conveniences in their new houses.
Text № 1 Cambridge
Cambridge is situated at a distance of 70 miles from London; the great part of the town lies on the left bank of the river Cam.
Cambridge is one of the most beautiful towns of England. It is not a modern industrial city and looks a country town.
It is very green with a number of beautiful groupings of architecture, trees, gardens, lawns and bridges. The main building material is stone.
Cambridge University is known all over the world. It is a centre of education and learning. Newton, Byron, Darwin, Rutherford and many other scientists and writers were educated in Cambridge.
In Cambridge everything is centered on the University and its colleges the eldest of which was founded in 1284. They are twenty seven in number. There is a close connection between the University and colleges, though they are quite separate in theory and practice.
The college is a place where you live. The students studying literature and the students trained for physics may belong to the one and the same college. You are to be a member of a college in order to be a member of the University. Every college is headed by a dean. Proctors and numerous minor officials called bulldogs look after discipline.
A college is a group of buildings which forms a square with a green lawn in the centre. An old tradition does not allow the students to walk on the grass: this is the privilege of professors and head students only.
There is another tradition which the students are to follow: after sunset they are not allowed to go out without a black cap and a black coat.
The University existed before the colleges. It has the power to grant degrees, it defines courses of study, and organizes most of the formal teaching. Professors and lecturers provide the teaching. The University trains 7000 students of different specialities.
Each student studies at the University for 4 years, three terms a year. He is trained by a tutor; each tutor has 10-12 students. The long vacation lasts three months.
Текст № 1
Кембридж
Кембридж находится на расстоянии 70 миль от Лондона; великая часть города, находящаяся на левом берегу реки Камы.
Кембридж
– один из прекраснейших
Он очень зеленый с некоторым количеством композиций из архитектурных построек, деревьев, садов, газонов и мостов. Главный строительный материал – камень.
Университет Кембриджа известен на весь мир. Это центр образования и изучения. Ньютон, Байрон, Дарвин, Резерфорд и многие другие ученые и писатели обучались в Кембридже.
В
Кембридже все
Колледж – это место, где ты живешь. Студенты, изучающие литературу, и студенты, изучающие физику, могут принадлежать как одному, так и нескольким колледжам. Однако, ты должен быть членом колледжа, для того, чтобы быть членом университета. Каждым колледжем управляет декан. Многочисленные зеркала называют бульдогами, следящими за дисциплиной.
Колледж – это группа зданий, формирующих квадрат с зеленой лужайкой в центре. Старая традиция не позволяет студентам ходить по траве, это привилегия только профессоров и лучших студентов.
Еще есть другая
традиция, которая гласит, что студентам
после захода солнца не
Университет существовал еще до колледжей. Он имеет высшую степень власти, определяет курсы обучения и организует многое из официального преподавания. Профессоры и доценты проводят обучение. Университет обучает 7000 студентов по разным специальностям.
Каждый студент обучается в Университете 4 года, по трем семестрам в год. Студенты обучаются наставником: у каждого наставника 10-12 студентов. Самые длинные каникулы длятся три месяца.
Text № 2 Law
In all legal systems there are institutions for creating, modifying, abolishing and applying the law. Usually these take the form of hierarchy of courts. The role of each court and its capacity to make decisions is strictly defined in relation to other courts. There are two main reasons for variety of courts. One is that a particular court can specialize in particular kinds of legal actions. The other is so that a person who feels his case not fairly treated in a lower court can appeal to a higher court for reassessment. The decisions of a higher court are binding upon lower courts.
The court is a state body that administers justice on behalf of the state.
There are courts of first instance (original jurisdiction) and second instance (appellate jurisdiction). A court in which a case is first heard is called the court of first instance. A court of original jurisdiction is one which first examines a case in substance and brings in a sentence or decision. Any court, from the district court to the Supreme Court of the state, may sit as a court of first instance. In almost all cases it is possible to appeal to higher court for reconsideration of the decision of the original court. A court of second instance is one which examines appeals and protests against sentences and decisions of courts of first instance.
The Constitutional Court ensures that the laws and other normative acts passed or being considered by the supreme and local legislative branches are constitutional.
The Supreme Court is the highest judicial body for civil, criminal, business and other cases. It has the power of supervision over the activities of all the judicial bodies of the state. The Supreme Court gives the court interpretation on the issues of court practice. It tries the most important criminal and civil cases and likewise hears appeals against the judgments and sentences of other courts, as well as appeals against the judgments and sentences of the military courts of the state.
The basic judicial body is the district court. District courts try both criminal and civil cases. It is also the duty of the district courts to protect the electoral rights of citizens. The higher courts of constituent entities of the Russian Federation hear and determine cases of major importance. They are courts of appellate jurisdiction.
The Supreme Arbitration Court is the highest judicial body for setting economic disputes and other cases examined by courts of arbitration; it exercises judicial supervision over their activities in the procedural forms envisaged by federal law and provides interpretation on issues of court proceedings.
In all courts cases are tried in public. The participants in the trial (the prosecutor, the lawyers, the plaintiff, the judge, the defendant and the others) speak in the open court. The accused is guaranteed the right to defend. The press has the right to be present.
During the hearing of a case any citizen may enter the courtroom and be present during the trial from the beginning to the end. The hearing of cases in closed session is allowed only in exceptional cases. Closed sessions are only allowed if it is in the interests of both sides or for the necessity to keep state secrets. Trial without participation of both sides is not allowed. The judges are independent and they must obey the law.
Текст № 2
Закон.
Во всех правовых системах существуют институты для создания, изменения, отмены и применения закона. Обычно это принимает форму иерархии судов. Роль каждого суда и его способность принимать решения строго определены в отношении других судов. Есть две основные причины для различных судах. Во-первых, конкретный суд может специализироваться в конкретных видах юридических действий. Во-вторых, человек, который чувствует, что его случай не достаточно рассматривают в суде низшей инстанции, может подать обжалование в вышестоящий суд для пересмотра. Решение вышестоящего суда являются обязательными для нижестоящих судов.
Суд является государственным органом, который осуществляет правосудие от имени государства.
Есть суды первой инстанции (первоначальной инстанции) и второй инстанции (апелляционной инстанции). Суд, в котором дело впервые прослушивается, называется судом первой инстанции. Суд первой инстанции – суд , который впервые рассматривает дело по существу и приносит приговор или решение. Любой суд, от районного суда до Верховного суда государства, могут присутствовать в качестве суда первой позиции. Почти во всех случаях можно обратиться в вышестоящий суд для перерассмотрения решения исходного суд. Суд второй инстанции – суд, который рассматривает жалобы и протесты против приговора и решения судов первой инстанции.
Конституционный суд гарантирует, что законы и другие нормативные акты, принятые или находящиеся на рассмотрении высшей и местной законодательной власти, являются конституционными.
Верховный суд является высшим судебным органом по гражданским, уголовным, бизнес и другие случаи. Он имеет право надзора за деятельностью всех судебных органов государства. Верховный суд дает суду разъяснения по вопросам судебной практики. Он пытается решить самые важные уголовные и гражданские дела, а также рассматривает апелляции против решения и приговоры других судов, жалобы на решения и приговоры военных судов государства.
Основным судебным органом является районный суд. Окружные суды пытаются решать как уголовные, так и гражданские дела. Суд также является обязанностью районных судах для защиты избирательных прав граждан. Вышестоящие суды учредительных объектов Российской Федерации слушают и определяют случаи главной важности. Они являются судами апелляционной инстанции.
Высший Арбитражный Суд
Во всех судах дела рассматриваются в общественных местах. Участники судебного разбирательства (прокурор, юристы, истец, судья, подсудимый и другие) говорят в открытом судебном заседании. Обвиняемому обеспечивается право на защиту. Пресса имеет право присутствовать.
Во время слушания дела любой гражданин может войти в зал суда и присутствовать во время судебного процесса от начала и до конца. Слушание дел в закрытом заседании допускается только в исключительных случаях. Закрытые заседания допускаются только, если это в интересах обеих сторон или по необходимости хранить государственную тайну. Судебное разбирательство без участия обеих сторон не допускается. Судьи независимы и должны подчиняться закону.
Text № 3 Psychology
The brain is a very complex structure and great ingenuity is required to discover how it operates. How can we tell whether a particular part of the brain is associated with a particular behavior? Historically, the question of localization of brain functions - whether certain brain areas control specific acts of functions - has been a topic of debate.
Technological advances in recent years have made it possible to study the brain more precisely than ever before. It is now well established that some functions are localized in fairly circumscribed brain areas: speech, recognition of spoken words, and the production of motor responses are examples. All areas of the human brain are not equipotential. On the other hand, many different brain regions are involved in such higher mental processes as reasoning and problem solving. In addition many functions are duplicated in more than one brain area. Thus, if one part of the brain is damaged by concussion or stroke, other areas can often take over its functions.
The following methods are the ones used most often by physiological psychologists and neurophysiologists in studying the brain.
Injury or surgical oblation. Noting the kind of symptoms produced when tumors or injuries damage certain parts of the brain may give clues about functions controlled by the area. Early observations that injury to the left side of the brain usually resulted in speech defects, whereas damage to the right side did not, led to localization of a speech centre in the left cerebral hemisphere. Improved methods of locating the area of injury and assessing the kind of language functions distribed have specified more exactly the areas involved in different linguistic abilities.
In experiments with animals it is possible to remove systematically parts of the brain (or destroy the tissue electrically) and observe the kinds of defects that result. Sometimes ablation operations are performed on human patients when the removal of abnormal brain tissue is essential to their well-being (for example, to remove tumors or control epilepsy). Such patients are carefully studied to assess the effects of the operation on their abilities.
Electrical or chemical stimulation. Stimulating parts of the brain with mild electrical currents produces effects on behavior. Brain surgery on human patients is often done under local anesthesia, so the surgeon can tell (by the patient's responses when different parts are stimulated electrically) which area to remove. From patient reports of sensations during stimulation, fairly accurate maps of the cortex have been obtained.
Studies with permanently implanted electrodes in animals help determine where sensory effects occur and where various types of muscular activity are controlled.
Chemical stimulation has also been widely used to affect behavior. Electrical effects of neural activity. When neural action occurs, slight electrical currents are produced. By inserting at appropriate places electrodes connected to measuring devices, the experimenter can detect whether impulses starting at, say, the ear reach the part of the brain where the electrodes are inserted.
The brain as a whole also produces rhythmical electrical discharges. The record of these total discharges, known as an electroencephalogram (EEG), plays its part in the study of central nervous system activity.
Текст №3
Психология
Мозг
является очень сложной
Технологические достижения последних лет позволили изучать мозг более точно, чем когда-либо прежде. В настоящее время хорошо известно, что некоторые функции локализованы в достаточно ограниченной области мозга: речь, понимание произнесенных слов и производство моторных реакций являются примерами. Все области человеческого мозга не эквипотенциальной. С другой стороны, многие различные области мозга участвуют в таких высших психических процессах как, мышление и решение задач. Кроме того, многие функции дублируются более чем в одной области мозга. Таким образом, если одна часть мозга повреждена сотрясением или инсультом, другие области часто могут взять на себя его функции.
Следующие методы используются чаще всего, физиопсихологами и нейрофизиологов в изучении мозга.
Повреждение или жертва хирурга. Отметим, что вид симптомов возникающих при опухолях или травмах повреждения определенной части мозга может дать подсказки о функционировании контролируемой области. Ранние наблюдения говорят, что повреждение левого полушария мозга обычно приводит к дефектам речи, в то время как повреждение правой стороны не привело к локализации речевого центра в левом полушарии мозга. Совершенствование методов обнаружения области травмы и оценки вида языковой функции указали более точно области, участвующие в различных языковых способностях.
В экспериментах над животными, возможно, удалить систематически части мозга (или разрушить ткань электрически) и, в результате, наблюдать виды дефектов. Иногда такие операции выполняются на пациентах - людях, когда удаление патологической ткани мозга имеет важное значение для их благополучия (например, для удаления опухолей или контроля эпилепсии). Таких пациентов тщательно изучают для оценки последствий операции по их способностям.
Электрическая или химическая стимуляция. Стимулирование частей мозга мягкими электрическими токами производит воздействие на поведение. Операцию на мозге часто делают под местной анестезией, так что хирург может сказать (по ответам пациента при различных частей стимулируют электрически), которую область необходимо удалить. От отчетов пациента об ощущениях во время стимуляции были получены достаточно точные карты коры.
Исследования
с постоянно вживленными
Химическая стимуляция также широко используются для воздействия на поведение. Электрические эффекты нейронной активности. Когда происходит нервное действие, производится небольшой электрический ток. По вставкам на соответствующих места электродов, связанных с измерительными приборами, экспериментатор может определить импульсы, начиная, скажем, с уха до части мозга, где вставлены электроды.
В целом, мозг также производит ритмичные электрические разряды. Запись этих разрядов, известных как электроэнцефалограммы (ЭКГ), играет свою роль в изучении деятельности центральной нервной системы.
Text 4. Economics
The classical period of economics ranges from Adam Smith's "Wealth of Nations", which was published in 1776, to John Stuart Mill's "Principles of Political Economy" of 1848, and was dominated by the works of David Ricardo. The French Physiocrats had laid stress on the position of agriculture in the economy, claiming that this sector was the source of all economic wealth. Smith rejected this view and drew attention to the development of manufacturing and the importance of labour production. Ultimately labour was the true measure of value. Ricardo took up the idea and created a theory of relative prices based on costs of production in which labour cost played the dominant role, although he accepted that capital costs were an additional element. Capital played an important role, not only by improving labour productivity, but also by enabling labour to be sustained over the period of waiting before work bore fruit in consumable output. This was the idea of the wages fund. Wages were dependent on two forces: the demand for labour and the supply of labour, which was fixed in the short run, but in the long run was dependent on the standard of living. The latter was related to the level of subsistence. J.R. Malthus, in his theory of population, pointed to the need for restraint because of the presumption that there was a natural tendency for the growth of population to outstrip agricultural output. Ricardo analysed the implication of the productivity of land at the margin of cultivation. The Physiocrats and Adam Smith had attributed agricultural rent to the natural fertility of the soil, but Ricardo refuted this. Rent existed because of the poor fertility of the final increment of land taken under cultivation. Because of competition, profits and labour costs must be the same everywhere and therefore a surplus must accrue to all land that was more fertile than that on the margin. This surplus was rent. The presumption of competition was the foundation of classical thought.
Classical economists continue to influence economists both in the United Kingdom and in other countries to this day. J.S. Mill's book was used as a school text until the end of the 19th century. Alfred Marshall in his "Principles of Economics" of 1890 assimilated the old classical economics with the new marginalism of Gevons, Menger and Walras. The great controversy which raged in the year of the Great Depression of the 1930's, between the late classical economists and the advocates of deficit spending on public works was resolved at the time when the classical macroeconomic theory gave way to the new economic revolution set in train by J.M. Keynes.
Classical economics continues to influence economists, however.
Текст № 4
Экономика
Классический
период экономики колеблется
от «Богатства наций" Адама
Смита, опубликованного в 1776 году,
до «Принципов политической
Классические экономисты продолжают влиять на экономисты, как в Соединенном Королевстве, так и в других странах по сей день. Книга Дж.С.Милля была использована в качестве школьного учебника до конца 19 века. Альфред Маршалл в своих "Принципах экономики" в 1890 году усвоил старую классическую экономику с новым маржинализмом Джевонса, Менгера и Вальраса. Великий спор, который бушевал в годы Великой депрессии 1930-х годов, между поздними классическими экономистами и сторонниками дефицита расходов на общественные работы, был решен в то время, когда классическая макроэкономическая теория дала путь к новым экономическим революциям, приведенным в поезде Дж. М. Кейнса.

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