The Seven Ss
The Seven Ss
Mar 9th 2009Β
From Economist.com
The Seven Ss is a framework developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s for analysing organisations and looking at the various elements that make them successful (or not). The framework has seven aspects, each of them beginning with the letter S, hence the mnemonic:
1. Strategy: the route that the organisation has chosen for its future growth.
2. Structure: the way in which the organisation is put together; how its different bits relate to each other.
3. Systems: the formal and informal procedures that govern everyday activity; today this increasingly involves the implementation of information technology.
4. Skills: the distinctive capabilities of the people who work for the organisation.
5. Shared values: originally called superordinate goals, the things that influence a group to work together for a common aim.
6. Staff: the organisationβs human resources.
7. Style: the way in which the organisationβs employees present themselves to the outside world, to suppliers and customers in particular.
The Seven Ss helped change managersβ thinking about how companies could be improved. The theory told them that it was not just a matter of devising a new strategy and following it through (as they might have thought before). Nor was it a matter of setting up new systems and letting them generate improvements. To improve, companies had to pay attention to all seven of the Ss at the same time.
The seven were often subdivided into the first three (strategy, structure and systems), referred to as the hard Ss, and the last four, called the soft Ss. All seven are interrelated, so a change in one has a ripple effect on all the others. Hence it is impossible to make progress on one without making progress on all of them.
The theory was developed in the context of the astoundingly rapid progress of Japanese manufacturing companies in the 1960s and 1970s. Western companies, it was said, were better at the hard Ss. But it was because the Japanese combined both hard and soft that they were so much more successful.
Diagrammatically, the seven are usually represented in a circle to convey the idea that they are all of equal significance. No one of them is more important than any other, although Richard Pascale (see article), the theoryβs champion, subsequently gave a special status to superordinate goals (also known as shared values). These, he said, βprovide the glue that holds the other six togetherβ. This positioning of superordinate goals at the centre of the circle stimulated some of the subsequent work on corporate culture, since culture is to some extent a combination of an organisationβs superordinate goals and its style.
Just as the growth share matrix is powerfully associated with one of the leading strategy consultancies (the Boston Consulting Group), so the Seven Ss is linked with another (McKinsey & Company). It was the seedcorn from which grew the idea of excellence and one of the most popular business books ever written (βIn Search of Excellenceβ). Excellent companies were those that excelled in all of the Seven Ss. Pascale subsequently expanded the idea in his book βThe Art of Japanese Managementβ, in which he compared a Japanese company, Matsushita, with an American company, ITT, greatly to the credit of the former.
ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΒ Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²Β - 3323
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Β Β Β Β Β Β Π’Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΡ 7S.
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7S βΒ ΡΡΠΎΒ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Β Π²Π·Π³Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½Π°ΡΒ
Π²Β ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Β 1970 Π²Β Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π΅ 1980 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²,Β
Π΄Π»ΡΒ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Β ΠΈΒ Β ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ
ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Β ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ²,Β ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Β
ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ (ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΒ Π½Π΅Ρ)Β ΡΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ
Β ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ.Β
Π‘ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Β ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΒ ΠΈΠ·Β ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΒ
Π‘ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡ: ΠΏΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉΒ ΠΎΠ½Π°Β Π²ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π΄Π»ΡΒ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°.
Π‘ΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°: Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π²Β ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΒ
ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΒ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ; ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΒ Π΅Ρ
ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Β ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΒ
Π‘ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°: ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΒ Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΡ, ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ; Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΠΎΡ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΌΠ΅Π²Π°Π΅Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ;
Π‘ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ: Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Β ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΒ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ Π²Β ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ;
ΠΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ: Π²Β ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ;
Π‘ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ: ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅Β ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΡ;
Π‘ΡΠΈΠ»Ρ: ΡΡΠΈΠ»Ρ, ΡΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ, ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈΒ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΡΒ ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ Π²ΠΎ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΒ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅, Π²Β ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ.
Π‘ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° 7S ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»Π°Β ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΒ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΒ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ. Π’Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎΒ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π²Β ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±ΡΒ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΒ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΒ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΒ ΠΈΒ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΒ Π΅ΠΉ (ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΒ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΒ Π΄ΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ΅). Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΡ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π²Π½Π΅Π΄ΡΠΈΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΈ ΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΡ 7S.
7 Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Β ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΒ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΒ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ° (ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡ, ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°, ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°) β ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Β«ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ SsΒ», ΠΈ Π½Π°Β ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ 4 ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Β«Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ SsΒ». ΠΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ . Π‘Π»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ, Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ·Β Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ², Π½Π΅ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°Ρ .
ΠΠ°Π½Π½Π°ΡΒ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π°Β Π²Β ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ΅Β ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Β ΡΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² 1960 β70 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ . ΠΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΄ΡΠ΅ Β«SsΒ» ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ. Π§ΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Β«ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Β» ΠΈΒ Β«Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Β» ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΡ Β«SsΒ».
Π‘Ρ Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ, 7s ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π²Β Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΠΊΡΡΠ³Π°, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°Π²Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ. ΠΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅, Ρ ΠΎΡΡ Π ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΄ ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°Π»Ρ, Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠΊ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ, Π²ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ» ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ (ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ). ΠΠ½, Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡ Β«ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Β». ΠΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π² ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΡΠ³Π° ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ° Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ - ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΠ»Ρ.
Π’Π°ΠΊ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΒ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Β ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Β Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉΒ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΒ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π°Β ΡΒ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉΒ ΠΈΠ· Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡ Β ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏ, Π·Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΒ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ (ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ°), 7S ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΡΒ ΡΒ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ (ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΊΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ ΠΈΒ ΠΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ). ΠΡΠΎ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠΎΡΠ»Π° ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ ΠΏΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅ΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π°-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π° (Β«Π ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π°Β»). ΠΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² 7Ss. ΠΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°Π»Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π» Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π΅ Β«ΠΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π―ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΆΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Β», Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ½ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π» Π―ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ° Ρ ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ITT, Ρ ΡΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ.
Β
3300 Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²

- The Stock Trade
- The system of the education in France
- The Tretyakov Gallery
- The United Kingdom
- Three men in a boat -written by K.Jerom.
- To Europe by train?
- Tour Riga - Stockholm - Riga
- The Political System of the USA
- The production possibility frontier
- The radzivills
- The Republik of Kazakhstan
- The Secrets of the Human cell
- The Selfish Giant
- The Sequence of tenses (Π‘ΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½)