A programming language
Β Β Β Β Β Programming
languageΒ
Β Β Β Β Β A
programming language is an artificial language
designed to communicate instructions
to a machine, particularly a computer.
Programming languages can be used to create programs
that control the behavior of a machine and/or to express algorithms
precisely.Β
Β Β Β Β Β Thousands
of different programming languages have been created, mainly in the
computer field, with many more being created every year.
Most programming languages describe computation as a sequence of commands,
although some languages, such as those that support functional programming or logic programming,
use alternative forms of description.Β
Β Β Β Β Β A
programming language is usually split into the two components of syntax
(form) and semantics (meaning). Some languages are defined
by a specification document (for example, the C
programming language is specified by an ISO
Standard), while other languages, such as Perl,
have a dominant implementation
that is used as a reference.Β
Β Β Β Β Β It
is generally accepted that a complete specification for a programming
language includes a description, possibly idealized, of a machine or
processor for that language. Programming languages differ from natural languages
in that natural languages are only used for interaction between people,
while programming languages also allow humans to communicate instructions
to machines.Β
Β Β Β Β Β Programming languages usually contain abstractions for defining and manipulating data structures or controlling the flow of execution. The practical necessity that a programming language support adequate abstractions is expressed by the abstraction principle; this principle is sometimes formulated as recommendation to the programmer to make proper use of such abstractions.
Β Β Β Β Β Β
Β Β Β Β Β The theory of computation classifies languages by the computations
they are capable of expressing. ANSI/ISO
SQL and Charity
are examples of languages that often called programming languages. Β
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Π―Π·ΡΠΊΒ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΒ
Β Β Β Β Β Π―Π·ΡΠΊΒ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ - ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉΒ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ,
ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉΒ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ Π΄Π»ΡΒ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΉΒ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅, ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ.
Π―Π·ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡΒ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ
Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈ / ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ
Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΡ.Β
Β Β Β Β Β ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ
ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½Ρ ΡΡΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ,
Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ,
ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ Π³ΠΎΠ΄.
ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄, Ρ
ΠΎΡΡ Π² Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅
ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅
ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ.Β
Β Β Β Β Β Π―Π·ΡΠΊΒ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ°
Β Β Β Β Β (ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°) ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ (ΡΠΌΡΡΠ»). ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ (Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π‘ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ISO), Π² ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΈ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ Perl, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠΈ.
Β Β Β Β Β Β
ΠΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎΒ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π°Ρ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°Β ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π²Β ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ,
ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅, Π² ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅
Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°. Π―Π·ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅ΠΌ,
ΡΡΠΎ Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ
Π΄Π»Ρ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π»ΡΠ΄ΡΠΌΠΈ, Π² ΡΠΎ
Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡ
Π»ΡΠ΄ΡΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌ.Β
Β Β Β Β Β Π―Π·ΡΠΊΠΈ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Ρ Π°Π±ΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ
Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΏΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ
Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
ΠΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ,
ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π» Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π°Π±ΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡ, Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ
ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠΌ Π°Π±ΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ; ΡΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏ
ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π±ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅
ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ°, Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
Π°Π±ΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ. Β
Β Β Β Β Β ΠΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ
ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ: ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΡ Π²ΡΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ
ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½Ρ
Π²ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΡ. ANSI / ISO SQL ΠΈ Charity
ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ
Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ.Β
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Β Β Vocabulary:Β
Β Β Predate β ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ
Β Β Behavior - ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
Β Β Precisely β ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ
Β Β direct - ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΠΉ
Β Β computation - Π²ΡΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
Β Β sequence - ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ
Β Β description - ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅
Β Β implementation - ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ
Β Β flow - ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊ
Β Β split - ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»
Β Β dominant - Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ
Β Β adequate - Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΡΠΉΒ
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Tashkent University of Information
technologiesΒ
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Β Β Β Β Β Son Anna
Β Β Β Β Β 227-09 groupΒ
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Β Β Β Β Β Tashkent 2011

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