Concept of scientific picture of the world

CABINET OF MINISTERS OF UKRAINE

National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine

Department of Philosophy

ABSTRACT

about:

“Concept of scientific picture of the world”

Fulfilled:

student 2 year, 2 groups

Faculty of Computer Science and Economic Cybernetics

Yakubchuk K. O.

Head:

Supervisor - Ph.D., Associate Professor Vermenko A. Y.

Kyiv-2013 

PLAN

INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………….3

1. About science and scientific picture of the world………………………………4
2. Place the scientific picture of the world in the process of scientific knowledge............................................................................................................6
3. Structure and change in world view. Scientific Revolution…………………...11
4. Patterns of change in scientific picture of the world ………………………….12
1. The inevitability of change in world view…………………………….....13
2. On the patterns of change scientific picture of the world………………..14
3. Terms and stages of change scientific picture of the world……….…….15
5. About  the "healthy conservatism"………………………………………….…20

CONCLUSIONS……………………………………………………………….…23

LITERATURE……………………………………………………………………24

INTRODUCTION

The problem of the definition of «scientific world " and its relationship with science is complex and is currently being discussed by philosophers as well as representatives of the natural sciences.

However, the history of science suggests the existence for a long period of time a stable ideological " atmosphere" of the general concepts about the properties of reality, under which the developing science of time. The atmosphere is called the «scientific world ". It defines the limits of "reasonable» in terms of age hypotheses, and therefore encourages the formulation of some scientific issues and, conversely, does not promote or even prevent the occurrence of others. Thus the scientific world sets defined direction for the development and theory (guiding force for research in this area), and observations (for the development of technical base).

1. About science and scientific picture of the world

Science is usually defined as a special spiritual sphere, namely, the intellectual activity of man and mankind, the purpose of which is to develop reliable knowledge about the surrounding reality. However, the science called itself the result of the activity – system more or less accurate knowledge about this region – in reality a set of quantitative laws of general ideas , principles, theories finished and new working hypotheses (the latter , as a part of science experiencing major changes and include the words " less reliable ") [ 1]. On the other hand, for science is characterized by the gradual accumulation of a stable core of knowledge, which includes the mentioned laws, principles, and mainly quantitative, mathematical aspect of physical theories. The fact that even the ability of a theory to predict new phenomena (which is the main control value theory) does not exclude the fact that this theory correctly displays only the quantitative side effects (within a given theory). However, it can give a false explanation of phenomena. These were, for example, the theory of Ptolemy in astronomy, the theory of heat, electricity, magnetism, based on the ideas of special weightless liquids: heat type, etc. – in physics. Actually as far as the overall development of science revealed more clearly the limits of justice or the degree of accuracy of quantitative laws themselves.

But still described the core knowledge, although tests over time some changes, is a basis of science. With the development of knowledge base , or fundamental laws , principles , theories rarely change in a revolutionary way , by completely discarding some and the introduction of new ( as happened in the transition from Aristotelian to modern physics). Such theories and patterns over long periods of time are enriched in agreement with the correspondence principle. This means that the construction of new more general theory and introduced a more general laws are as already known in turn to the phenomena in a bounded region of space, speed , etc. or at a lower level of accuracy. (For example, general and special relativity – to classical theories of gravitation and mechanics). It reveals the true essence of the tenets that are sometimes only "mirror inverted» reflection of reality.

Basis Science, in turn, is the basis on which arises and there is a variable component of science – industry specific working hypotheses that require verification. (This includes "quality ", explaining the reason of the physical theories.) Check them made ​​with the development of experimental techniques, receivers of information, and methods of processing, logical and mathematical tools of science. Then the hypothesis or to retire rigorous quantitative theories and to some extent adds a base, or rejected as erroneous or exhausted its possibilities approximate (for example, based on an analogy with something already known) description of reality.

But at the same time with the development of science as a process of controlling the accumulation of knowledge, on this basis , the most common hypothesis of a " ideological superstructure" – formed a hypothetical single system model representations – General construction of reality, or rather its particular aspect – physical, biological, astronomical . In addition to knowledge of the laws specific to this aspect of reality, this model includes the concept of "rules of conduct" of the cognitive mind – the logic and criteria "common sense" for this model. Such an integrated system of ideas and concepts is the scientific picture of the world [3].

Scientific world is the result of subconscious extrapolation more reliable, but limited knowledge in all reality, the area where the full test ideas fundamentally unattainable. In creating scientific world manifested power of mind is always spread knowledge far beyond the experience necessary for life beyond their practical use. It becomes all the more freely, the less they are supporting facts (less strict controls), as evidenced by the emergence of myths and fairy tales cosmological content of all nations before they appeared rocket science.

In other than science, more precisely from some scientific hypothesis, the scientific picture of the world can become a rigorous theory, as this theory would be "all reality» all possible, for example biological or astronomical phenomena. But the reality is inexhaustible – and its limitless learning process [4].

Scientific world cannot go to the rank of rigorous theories and that it is the result of very distant extrapolation famous for such endless amounts of the unknown, which may be still available to us the laws and forms of matter itself.

But although pre- clear (to anyone who thinks about it) that the scientific picture of the world – only temporal model of reality with its construction and no perception of it as quite reliable (at a considerable period of time) representation of reality human mind could not move further into knowledge of the world. After building a pattern model of the world – is , in fact, postulating (based on experience ) universal laws of nature that open and eventually total ordering of the objective world , without which there can be no theory about it, except as chaos , available knowledge.

2. Place the scientific picture of the world in the process of scientific knowledge

Scientific creativity and creating scientific world – different, though interrelated elements of a process of infinite understanding and knowledge of objective reality in which there are three main elements. First, it is the content of the process: the accumulation of information through observation and discovery of phenomena, processing of information by technical means (for example, classification ), and finally , this process of understanding information by nominating working hypotheses about the relationship between the events themselves and on their nature; hypothesis testing by setting the control experiment or new observations in order to build a new quantitative theory of aggregate phenomena.

The second element of scientific knowledge include the means and conditions for its implementation: the means of obtaining and processing information and, as already mentioned, a certain ideological atmosphere that determines if a point of view on the resulting set of observable facts (scientific picture of the world).

The third element of the process of scientific knowledge is the result : specific quantitative or qualitative laws, principles , interpretations made ​​some newly discovered phenomena – For example, as evidence of the existence of new objects ( the discovery of pulsars in particular periodic radio signals ) that, in the end , the theory of the phenomena and objects. Specific results of science are its growing core basis. On its basis, applied science, using the achievements of science and technology in everyday life. In turn, the core is surrounded by a less stable atmosphere of working hypotheses about certain groups of phenomena. However , extrapolation beyond available in this era of possible experience obtained new knowledge complements and clarifies the current picture of the world , or, for example , shows its failure, and then emerging new ideas for laying a new scientific world view. Thus, the picture of the world is and condition and results of science, directs scientific research and changing herself on a feedback.

The historical role of each scientific world – Create a thumbnail, or the hypothetical frame of reality, which imposes certain restrictions on the nature of possible new hypotheses to explain these or other new phenomena. Like a force field, the picture of the world as if directing the movement of thought, arranges her understanding of reality. And as every true picture of the world itself is based on previous achievements of science , being very broad hypothesis – extrapolation of knowledge , then organizing research in a particular direction, it facilitates the implementation of targeted checks himself – Check degree of truth accepted model of reality. In the process of checking some details worldview confirmed by switching to the rank of authentic knowledge, the latter, however, contrary to reality and discarded. But, probably, the scientific picture of the world has its own permanent core that remains when replacing one painting different.

Scientific world by definition is fundamentally different from science: scientific knowledge is always fragmentary, although within each fragment (description of reality) it may be significant (at least for a long period of time). Scientific world on the contrary, always complete, general contingency. Even so it is always hypothetical, as it does not put restrictions on equity components of its ideas. And if set, it would be transformed into reliable, but fragmented, limited knowledge (in science) [1].

That's integrity, that it is a complete system that condemns every scientific picture of the world, or rather, in every age of the world picture of the full shift, without loss of remnant with the kernel. Same Note fate and quality of physical theories, as finished being local, partial systems, sooner or later concede place to other, more experienced, but also temporal systems. In contrast, the core of science is the amount of information about the nature not related to a rigid system, and so retained, at least it remained the sole principle of nature that has stood the test of time.

Of course, science has developed a number of ideas is sufficient proof that as the most general principles of nature included in each subsequent even radically altered view of the world. These are the ideas of causality, determinism, the principle of conservation of energy, etc. But they are only building material (like building blocks that can be used in different ways) without creating a separate and no intercom is no "pattern".

Moreover it at the picture of the world as fundamentally hypothetical interpretation of reality, in a free flight of thought, may have profound new ideas, expression of which is impossible to orthodox science, the limited scope of experience and generally available yet scientific world. The emergence of non-standard (but quite scientific) ideas and concepts can talk about the emergence of the first shoots of new ideas about the world, new world. But we must remember that this job requires an ample supply of traditional "fuel» – new facts and knowledge about the current state of the science. Yes, within the modern cosmological world view emerging seditious doubt the validity of seemingly irrefutable ancestral principles as the law of conservation of energy and the principle of entropy growth , – when going to the extent of the galactic universe. Although the historical experience of physics shows that such concerns often appeared unfounded, greater freedom to discuss the possibility of such violations of the principles of traditional , visual resolution ( at high level of scientific competence) unexpectedly gave birth to true – open unexplored layers of new properties reality).

Painting the world, on the one hand, plays the role of "form» in accordance with which are based scientific interpretation of new experiences and observations as new facts not «overflow over the edges," requiring a new form. On the other hand, the picture of the world reveals the sometimes quite unexpectedly even for the " architects " new distant horizons, a destination creative thought most insightful research and where it is sometimes possible to look into the distant future: to capture the features of reality, the authenticity of which is established through the centuries (for example, such was amazing predicting Bruno Lambert, Laplace) [2].

Scientific picture of the world in every age shows the degree of approximation of modern science to reflect reality. With the accumulation of knowledge, improve the accuracy of observations and measurements can be obtained confirmation of the various parts of the model to reality. Then they become accurate knowledge transferred from the scientific picture of the world (with the ideological superstructure) in science, adding to supply reliable scientific knowledge. So, being first is essentially a model of the universe, the Copernican world system specific (not heliocentric principle, not the idea of mobility of the Earth or other bodies rejection of weightlessness, – which was ingenious conjecture about the true features of the world), with the time specified and more grounded, moved to his home, in the category of planetary reliable objective knowledge – precise theory of the structure of the solar system. However, its other parts ( the absolute value of the principle of "heliocentric" sphere of fixed stars ) were rejected Giordano Bruno , who, in fact, started a new astronomical worldview .However , extending through parts of world view , the core of authentic knowledge grows, but does not reduce the total volume of world view , as it has no "outer limits ". Simulation of reality expands the depth and width is infinite, and the foundation of science it is always limited part.

However, staying with their defining elements, the picture of the world can no longer exist as an integrated system in such a defective form. So Bruno, rejecting the central position of the sun relative to the entire universe (this was the essence of the original heliocentric Copernicus), destroyed the Copernican view of the world for the first time by submitting a sketch is essentially infinite Newtonian universe.

In addition, we note one additional role of world view. Each model if it is not some arbitrary fiction, and is the extrapolation of observations, experiments, in varying degrees necessarily reflects some features of reality. However, while it may be a mirror reflection upside down (like Ptolemy's system) or may reflect existing quantitative analogy between processes of different nature (the idea of ​​heat and other kinds of special «fluids ", which was used to describe the thermal and electromagnetic processes in physics). Therefore, after finding that the model was " inverted ", and after the discovery of the true nature of phenomena is often successful model continues to be used to simplify the description of phenomena (for example, description of apparent motion of the sun today is held in geocentric coordinates ). But the difference is that this model is now used only as a convenient method, with full knowledge of its conventions.

Science in modern science is divided into basic or universal, and the subject, specialized. The former refers only to physics, since it describes the matter in its most simple, elemental form. All the rest of the scientific study and more highly simply because individualized forms of matter. It follows that the universal scientific view of the world can be called only physical [2]. However, there are other aspects of reality suggest appropriate partial or local view of the world: chemical, biological, astronomical, and even narrower: astrophysical, cosmological ... In essence, the physical picture of the world in this sense, local – describes his section dimension of reality. However, it is universal, because the laws of physics are the basis of all the others.

3. Structure and change in world view. Scientific Revolution

Based on the long history of the study of the universe we can see that in every picture of the world , there are three constituent elements : 1) the idea of ​​the initial material ( the nature of the observed objects ), 2) understanding of the mechanism of the observed objects , or about the mechanism of the processes , events in which participate the observed objects , and 3) understanding of the structure , scope , methods exist ( stationary , variability , development) of the whole.

The first element of each individual world view. For modern astronomical – is the characteristic form of matter into space in the form of clusters of hot plasma with strongly compressed kernel and its own nuclear power sources – stars of different types of neutron until well baryon (consisting of more heavy, unstable particle hypertonic – [2]) as well as an incredibly diluted, which has its own energy sources gas and dust in the interstellar medium and intergalactic space. In astronomical picture of the world firmly entrenched and the image of a black hole – collapse stars with a mass of 5.5 to 109 solar masses. Also as material objects in astronomical worldview featured piercing space flows – high-energy particles and cosmic rays background (relic) radiation with a temperature of about 3 K. In recent years more and more place in this world picture begins to take the mysterious missing mass, that indirectly evident, but not yet known to science (perhaps weighty neutrinos). The second element of the astronomical world view – is known in physics forces that prevail in space: first of all, gravity and nuclear forces (in the modern world picture of an increasingly important role played by the incorporation of electromagnetic forces).

The third element of the most unique and astronomical worldview needs no explanation: the overall "look» conceivable universe in its complexity of its parts.

Changing the world view may include the amendment of the first two elements. But a radical change is the third element is a change in view of the overall circuit structure, scale, state of the universe. Moreover, changing the third element may be affected and the main core of any world view – its physical foundation (elements of the physical picture of the world). In this case, the total being displayed on all fields of science and in this sense universal revolution in science. Thus, at the time the change pattern of the world, launched a full revolution of Copernicus Astronomical scheme Ptolemy, at the heart changed the understanding of the structure and properties of celestial bodies, as well as the reason for their movement. This led the physicists, especially Galileo; completely abandon the existing conventional and then Aristotelian world view. Currently, in the film «hot" universe cosmologists again break through the foundations of modern physics, in any case, cosmology has become a problem of significant intensification basis of the physical picture of the world.

But revolutionary change in world view can be both local and partial character when it comes to changing the local picture of the world, such as astronomical. After all, that picture of the world in all its elements is essentially abstract construction that allows it to be a general contingency. Last forcing it into a complete change when the accumulated knowledge will create the foundation for the emergence of a new comprehensive same extrapolation, which cannot be a generalization of another of the same comprehensive hypothesis – extrapolation of previous knowledge?

4. Patterns of change in scientific picture of the world

Now, having considered the relationship between science and the scientific world, more detail will focus on patterns of change in world view. You can ask the following questions. 1. Do regular change pattern of the world, whether it is inevitable or is there hope for the accumulation of reliable knowledge to create a «perpetual " correct picture of the world? 2. Are there any stable laws change scientific world and forming new? 3. What is the practical value of the study of the scientific picture of the world? And is it really true maxim that «history teaches only because she had no one and nothing ever attended».

1. The inevitability of change in world view

As already mentioned the claim to comprehensiveness dooms every scientific picture of the world in its change and replace a new one. With the accumulation of information about the world of accounting for the picture sooner or later comes into disagreement with the observations. And because the learning process is limitless, eternal creation worldview impossible.

Scientific world is a subsidiary of «scaffolding «for the maximum of the possible consequences of its main provisions – essentially data objects and processes in the surrounding universe (which used to be called the first and second elements of the world view). On the evolutionary stage of scientific knowledge most of these elements are complemented by new data, essentially unchanged (not rejecting existing concepts concerning the content of these elements). The consequences of them are formed in a very large specific hypotheses, models a particular aspect of reality, creating the third element of the picture of the world (for example, different versions of the geocentric world view). This world view combines fact with science: it theoretical part. The third element of the picture world – is connected to the system as a «header «theories, which then either discarded or converted to long-term experience confirmed the theory.

However, no scientific world disappears without a trace. Her most accurate model (the third element), as already mentioned, still often used, but it was only as conditional convenient ways to describe certain phenomena. So it was kind of heat with models and other weightless fluids , insult them , but has a purely subsidiary, mathematical and physical models of living in the modern aspects of physics – in magneto-hydrodynamics in images " energy flow " , and so on [3].

2.   On the patterns of change scientific picture of the world

The question of the regularity of the process of changing scientific world and the formation of a new world view is the most significant problem in the general laws of the development of scientific knowledge.

At present, almost generally acknowledged that the development of knowledge comes not only calm the gradual evolution of quantitative accumulation of knowledge that fit into the framework of generally accepted concepts in this era, – but experiencing periods Bourne audit basis and nomination of new alternative explanations are inconsistent with earlier . And if these new ideas win, they say that the scientific revolution. But in terms of what changes in these shocks in a revolutionary way, what is the meaning of this or that scientific revolution, there is a lot of confusion. Often some amazing events: input new types of instruments, opening some strange phenomena, objects and patterns – and called scientific revolution. But this is a mistake: there is no forced coup breaking anything.

Accepted new tools, no one tries to «close" reasonable observations open a new phenomenon or law. Even a completely new model (Copernicus) does not cause resistance to the time until clear that it requires a waiver of any habitual fundamental principles. The only requirement is becoming apparent change of fundamental ideas is initially strong resistance. It was only as a result of this change, a new ideological framework that defines the further movement of scientific knowledge – his pace, and even his next target, which, in turn, directs observation and experiment and stimulates the development of their facilities (W. Herschel, W. Parsons, and E. Hubble). But it can be called a scientific revolution.

Thus, the concept of scientific revolution as a force, causing the resistance to the coup in fundamental ideas already by definition can refer only to the ideological superstructure of science as a system of reliable experimental and theoretical knowledge.

3.   Terms and stages of change scientific picture of the world

Crisis of pre-revolutionary situation arises in science or discovery of new phenomena that cannot be explained within the traditional world view, or with the advent of the internal contradictions in the traditional theories that cannot be explained within the framework of this theory (photometric and gravitational paradoxes heat death of the universe, the paradox constant speed of light in the Michelson-Morley experiment, " ultraviolet catastrophe" ...).

However, the alternative idea put forward to explain the inexplicable one isolated phenomenon, even if it is correct, will cause the scientific revolution , so as an isolated phenomenon , because of its versatility , you can always express different ideas , find its similarity with already known by different phenomena. Therefore, the idea of ​​some mysterious phenomena (such as the Tunguska meteorite) inconclusive, and these ideas do not usually have a chance to master the masses and become the generally accepted. A compelling idea may be, if it explains a set of phenomena actually interconnected, but either not explained at this time, or explained satisfactorily.

Thanks to the ingenuity of the human mind always manages to create initially and within the traditional world view with new design ideas used to explain any mysterious phenomena. Thus, the system of Ptolemy, a diagram explaining fireballs and aerolite Shultz in [2]. So it was with the explanatory model of Lorentz - Fitzgerald – representation of actual contraction of moving bodies through internal electromagnetic forces. Poincare, in turn, added a postulate cannot detect absolute reference frame (ether) and introduced to explain this situation your «postulate of relativity» – everything else under the traditional mechanical and electromagnetic concepts. However, these constructs have already formed parts new world.

This process of preparation and implementation of breaking the old worldview distinctive clear division of its main participants. Whoever manages seemed to resolve the contradictions that have accumulated at present, with an abstract design in the traditional concepts (it is usually one or more researchers) may be called the «defender of traditions." He did not allow a thought of fraught its explanatory design new «explosive " ideas (the same Lorentz, Poincare, exactly as Ptolemy with his brilliant idea quant).

The next is the «generator" new fundamental idea (which is always alone makes this plunge sharply interrupting his contemporaries). Since he spends forces to establish causal relationships between events ( which include and a new one is mysterious ) and not the author explaining the scheme, it is easier to approach it critically and see in this diagram has finished a significant problem : of inconsistency with observations to logical inconsistencies. Last pushing it in search and shows the way of a new solution, while the discrepancy with observations is not yet tells how resolving conflicts. (Generator of revolutionary ideas were Copernicus, chill, Einstein.)

Advancing a new fundamental idea, researcher, typically, he is not yet fully aware of the depth of this idea, its force as still «breathing air «traditional ideological atmosphere. The revolutionary nature of new ideas usually reveals many authors ideas - effects that enhance developing revolutionary process of breaking the old world view. (These were revolutionary ideas Bruno, Kepler, Descartes, Kant, Friedman, Galileo ...).

The final step of the synthesis of intermediate results – discoveries, thoughts, and opinions – does again, of course, a great theorist. It forms the skeleton of the new scientific picture of the world and, in contrast to the "generator «can be named (if logically developed terminology) » synthesizer» or integrator it (Aristotle, Newton, Einstein).

Finally, not every revolutionary idea, or rather, not at any time, is able to cause a revolution by making compulsory change the generally accepted picture of the world. This can only take place in an environment where the only science has established as a system with reliable facts and tie their theories, and its ideological superstructure – authoritative for the majority belief system, otherwise, the scientific world. This is why the scientific revolution was impossible in Greek to the Aristotelian natural philosophy.

The essence of the scientific revolution – always change mutually believers opposing ideas. This change may be explicit in nature, mirroring the coup, when the main idea and the related model of the world replaced by the opposite, which is not limited to prior in nature and content. Less than a visible revolution may seem universal physical revolution Einstein. Often it is understood as a generalization of Newton's physical theory. In fact, the revolution was not a generalization of Newtonian theory (which itself does not rejected for their region), and the complete rejection of the «Newtonian world view." Completely was rejected (and in this sense inverted ) picture of absolute (independent) categories – "space", "time", " weight ", "strength " ( gravity) . Space (the geometry) was dependent on the mass of the associated matter, material body weight as the current time in the given material system, – the speed of which is measured.

Copernican Revolution and Hlandi include unique visibility to the coup (in spite of their different scales). [2] It is difficult to imagine another such "mirror» reflection of reality. Perhaps such a complete revolution some initial stage evolutionary path of revolutionary progress of scientific knowledge in general , when we had to replace the picture of the world that has formed at the beginning of the emergence of experimental knowledge influenced even earlier philosophical ideas .

Revolution Einstein began a new, more complex stage of world view in an era of mature science: change a fairly scientific world second "locally" even more perfect, reflecting the deeper features of reality. In contrast, using a combination of old ideas in new conditions that can cause a revolution , the idea of ​​Einstein – is a further generalization of some deep conjectures, some of the principles of the past – old idea of ​​the relativity of motion, the principle of Galilean relativity , the first guess about the relationship of matter and space ( Aristotle, Riemann ). This is a brilliant synthesis of all lifelong experience of mankind, his deep reflection on the properties of the universe.

In the same way, perhaps, was Kepler able, as we have seen, free from general «rounded obsession." Instead of identifying excellence celestial movements of their circular nature it revived and summarized guess ancient Pythagoreans, who caught higher numerical harmony and thereby quantify the pattern of the universe in the correct ratio of quantitative in nature, thanks to why such a device and compared them with music, where harmony determined by similar ratios of pitch («music of the spheres») [4]. In fact, the Pythagoreans first announced «anthropic principle «of the universe, which, therefore, was not open for the first time, but revived in our day and the essence of which is that the structure of the universe is favorable for human existence (the principle of harmony of man and the world).

Incidentally we can notice that the picture of the world, founded by Einstein, has a special place in the history of knowledge is because it – completion Aristotle started the first spiral towards learning essential features of cosmological universe.

Personality Einstein as a scientist is also unique in the sense that it acted as a fundamental generator of revolutionary ideas, and as an integrator and designer of a new physical picture of the world, combining a manner and Copernicus and Newton.

Unlike scientific theories change when changing scientific world, the principle of conformity has not performed live in its sense. Recall that the essence of the requirement that the new theory more broadly, included the old as a partial or marginal case.

Neither geocentricism nor claim stationary of the universe as a whole» – could not be particular case is more common, respectively, the heliocentric model of Copernicus, or the concept of non-stationary universe Friedman The idea of ​​"flat " infinite absolute space of Newtonian world view, the possibility of a void space – could be a " particular case " curved , is inextricably linked with the matter of space , with its dependent relative parameters – in the physical world picture of Einstein.

A new picture of the world cannot be reduced to the old, as the two being mutually exclusive claim to describe "all true." In contrast, scientific theory, scientific world is always infinite, because it is very broad extrapolation theory.

Yet compliance in some sense must have occurred in this case, – in the revolutionary transition from one world view to another (for example, from geocentric to heliocentric). After all, even the most severe observation surface, but long enough experience – always lead to the establishment of any true causal relationships between events, only wrongly explained. Erection of a mature scientific world to a more primitive (but also science in the sense that it is a generalization of experience, generalizations) is expressed in what might be called the "principle oddness» failure» distinguishing ability worldview» (if we assume an analogy with differing ability telescope) [2]. It is defined not only as technical basis of observations and studies of nature, but still depends on the total stock of information about the physical world, from the accumulated experience of logical analysis of data , breadth of outlook, is determined by the overall outlook.

Thus, the time did not allow surveillance directly make the right choice between the geocentric and heliocentric explanation of motion of celestial bodies. The choice was made on the basis of a rough experience, immediate sensations (" Property of the Earth», for example), as well as on and under the influence of general philosophical ideas produced in the early stages of pre-scientific scientific picture.

However, even in those days more any first and ingeniously correct guesses – heliocentric or the like ( Pythagorean ) an explanation of motion of celestial bodies, which included the idea of mobility and the ground that it was a universal extension, extrapolation of one of the first principles of relativity of motion – . This shows the amazing power of the human mind to notice the real connection of things as a result of logical analysis, even a weak flow of information, highlight important it.

5. About  the "healthy conservatism"

The revolutionary nature of the change scientific world speaks not only of conservative supporters of the existing world view, but the strength of it , partly justifies its defense, making them conservative " healthy " because it shows the validity of each scientific world all previous stock of knowledge. Discover the fundamental revolutionary idea must withstand severely criticized examination of the parties to obtain the right to life, and especially the role of the new guidelines, which purport to alter a pre -established idea.

With the development and growth of nuclei of reliable scientific knowledge – of the existence of an increasingly diverse objects , phenomena , patterns of relationships between events (which is made of confirmed experience and practice quantitative theory) – becomes increasingly strong scientific and ideological atmosphere that formed on this basis, with extremely broad extrapolation of these theories , or – scientific world .[5]

To rise to yet a higher level of understanding of phenomena, and to understand the fallacy of the existing world view and overcome the " gravity" of established ideas, need more " escape velocity " and, consequently, more effective "fuel», the main components which in this case are unusual discovery of new facts, phenomena, laws, and more in-depth analysis and testing of existing theories, until the revision of the basics.

It can be concluded that the development of science revolutionary upheavals in the ideological atmosphere that it is produced by her and feeds. The scientific picture of the world although they are inevitable, but are becoming more difficult to implement as mean breakthrough in all the great depth of understanding of reality.

As for the last question – or can and should learn from history, the answer is giving itself the history of knowledge. Recall that Copernicus directly opposed to the idea of Greek not heo- centrist – Pythagoreans, and, perhaps, helio-centrist (Aristarchus Samosskyy). Powerful incentive to seek numerical patterns that underlie the scientific world, Kepler received from the Pythagoreans. Galileo went to the top of the new mechanics, the science of creating movement in mentally disputes with Aristotle. Bruno absorbed the wisdom not only of ancient natural philosophers and philosophical reflections and Eastern sages and their closer precursor of the Renaissance (Nicholas of Cusa). A much earlier European helio-centrist ( in the tenth century ) the great scholar of Central Asia Biruni inspired by its unconventional in an era helio-centrism statements ( about the possible structure of the planetary system with a moving Earth) ideas of the great Indian philosopher – Brahmahupty mobility of the Earth , the gravity of changes in the universe overall ... On the shoulders of " giants " – their – resisted numerous predecessors Newton, who , in addition to creating a strict mathematical physics , many pondered the "World " extrapolation of the laws of the problems – paintings in the world.[2]

Not so straightforward and clear communication was Einstein's ideas on the historical experience of mankind. At first glance, on a purely intuitive level it is brilliant in its simplicity and boldness – idea to resolve all contradictions accumulated – to the late nineteenth early twentieth century, all refuse of understanding as absolute entities – space, time, mass, reference system. In fact, at this point found its limit generalization of the entire historical experience of understanding the world: ancient principle of relativity of motion and Galilean relativity, complete Poincare conjecture Aristotle's first deep connection between the properties of space and matter, – the problem, which again revived in the nineteenth century. H. Riman that put in its generalized geometry on the causes of metric properties of space. In light of these facts reveals a deeper meaning Einstein's scientific revolution: he not only defeated Newtonian picture of the world, but also revealed the true meaning of matter and space communications – Communication, which was first reflected in the ingenious conjecture of Aristotle.

Even seemingly not having historical roots in the past revolutionary breakthrough Friedman to unsteady pictures the whole universe could so easily become a purely mathematical solution in almost essential element of the new physics and cosmological world view just in historical surroundings through evolutionary ideas in their parts Cosmos. [5]

CONCLUSIONS

Thus, the scientific world – is a consequence of the historical experience of understanding reality. She directs the study and interpretation of the results over long periods of time. In fact, it makes the researcher rather than consciously learn from history, many forced to move in line with certain ideas, postulates, common notions, or – in line with common sense, in terms of the historical era. So famous aphorism that no one learns in history rather reflects human arrogance than the actual state of affairs. However, we should remember that the conscious interest in the true history of ideas enriched the great sages of the past and help them find the right way in the crisis in science.

LITERATURE

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