History of English

History of English

Five Events that Shaped the History of EnglishΒ 
Philip Durkin, Principal etymologist at the Oxford English Dictionary, chooses five events that shaped the English Language.

The Anglo-Saxon Settlement

It's never easy to pinpoint exactlyΒ when a specific language began, but in the case of English we can at least say thatΒ there is little sense in speaking of the English language as a separate entityΒ before the Anglo-Saxons came to Britain. Little is known of this period with any certainty, but we do know that Germanic invaders came and settled in Britain from the north-western coastline of continental Europe in the fifth and sixth centuries. The invaders all spoke a language that was Germanic (related to what emerged as Dutch, Frisian, German and the Scandinavian languages, and to Gothic), but we'll probably never know how different their speech was from that of their continental neighbours. HoweverΒ it is fairly certainΒ that many of the settlers would have spoken in exactly the same way as some of their north European neighbours, and that not all of the settlers would have spoken in the same way.

The reason that we know so little about the linguistic situation in this period is becauseΒ we do not have much in the way of written recordsΒ from any of the Germanic languages of north-western Europe until several centuries later. When Old English writings begin to appear in the seventh, eighth and ninth centuries there is a good deal of regional variation, butΒ not substantially more than that found in later periods. This was the language that Alfred the Great referred to as English in the ninth century.

The Celts were already resident in Britain when the Anglo-Saxons arrived, but there are few obvious traces of their language in English today. Some scholars have suggested that the Celtic tongue might have had an underlying influence on the grammatical development of English, particularly in some parts of the country, but this is highly speculative. The number ofΒ loanwordsΒ known for certain to have entered Old English from this source is very small. Those that survive in modern English include brock (badger), and coomb a type of valley, alongside many place names.

ΠŸΡΡ‚ΡŒ событий, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ сформировали ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡŽ английского языка.Β Β 
Π€ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΏ Π”Π΅Ρ€ΠΊΠΈΠ½, ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒ ΠžΠΊΡΡ„ΠΎΡ€Π΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ словаря английского языка, Π²Ρ‹Π±ΠΈΡ€Π°Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΏΡΡ‚ΡŒ событий, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ сформировали английский язык.Β Β 
АнглосаксонскоС посСлСниС.

ВсСгда слоТно Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΒ ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π°Β Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊ Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚Β ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΒ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ язык, Π½ΠΎ в случаС английского мы, ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΡ€Π°ΠΉΠ½Π΅ΠΉΒ  ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΠΌΒ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΒ Π΅ΡΡ‚ΡŒ смысл Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ± ΠΎΡ‚Π΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΌ явлСнии.Β Π‘ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ-Ρ‚ΠΎ с ΡƒΠ²Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ ΠΎΠ± этом ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Π½ΡŒ слоТно, Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΡ‹ Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°Π΅ΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ гСрманскиС Π·Π°Ρ…Π²Π°Ρ‚Ρ‡ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ обосновались Π² Π’Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° сСвСро-Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ±Π΅Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΡŒΠ΅ Π•Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΡ‹ Π² пятом ΠΈ ΡˆΠ΅ΡΡ‚ΠΎΠΌ Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ°Ρ…. Они Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π° гСрманском праязыкС (родствСнном появившимся ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΆΠ΅ нидСрландскому, Π€Ρ€ΠΈΠ·, Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Ρ†ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡƒ ΠΈ скандинавским языкам), Π½ΠΎ, вСроятно, ΠΌΡ‹ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π½Π΅ ΡƒΠ·Π½Π°Π΅ΠΌ, насколько ΠΎΡ‚Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π°Π»Π°ΡΡŒ ΠΈΡ… Ρ€Π΅Ρ‡ΡŒ ΠΎΡ‚ Ρ€Π΅Ρ‡ΠΈ ΠΈΡ… сосСдСй. Π‘Ρ‚ΠΎΠΈΡ‚ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ,Β Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ, посСлСнцы ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅ языкС.

ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΡ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΒ ΠΌΠ°Π»Ρ‹Ρ…Β Π·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ о лингвистичСской ситуации этого  ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π°, Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡΒ Π²Β Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΒ Ρƒ нас Π½Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΏΠΈΡΡŒΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π°Ρ€Ρ…ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ², Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ², посвящСнных гСрманским языкам Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Ρ€Π°Π½Π½ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ². ПоявлСниС Ρ€Π°Π·Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ², хотя ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈΒ Π½Π΅ ΡΡ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ сущСствСнны, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°ΠΌ, Π΄Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΡ 7-9 Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. ВсС ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΈ языку, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΠ»ΡŒΡ„Ρ€Π΅Π΄ Π’Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π² дСвятом Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ΅ Π½Π°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π» Английским языком.

ΠšΠ΅Π»ΡŒΡ‚Ρ‹Β ΡƒΠΆΠ΅Β ΠΎΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π² Π’Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° появились англосаксы. Π˜Ρ… язык оставил большой слСд Π² лСксикС соврСмСнного Английского языка. НСкоторыС ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π»ΠΈ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° Π΅Π³ΠΎ грамматичСскоС Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅ повлиял ΠΊΠ΅Π»ΡŒΡ‚ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ, особСнно это Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΎ Π² Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ… частях страны. ΠšΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎΒ Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… слов, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡˆΠ΅Π΄ΡˆΠΈΡ… ΠΈΠ· дрСвнСанглийского языка, ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Π½ΡŒ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎ. НапримСр, brock (badger) – барсук.

The Scandinavian Settlements

The next invaders were the Norsemen. From the middle of the ninth century large numbers of Norse invaders settled in Britain, particularly in northern and eastern areas, and in the eleventh century the whole of England had a Danish king, Canute. The distinct North Germanic speech of the Norsemen had great influence on English, most obviously seen in the words that English has borrowed from this source. These include some very basic words such as take and even grammatical words such as they. The common Germanic base of the two languages meant that there were still many similarities between Old English and the language of the invaders. Some words, for example give perhaps show a kind of hybridization with some spellings going back to Old English and others being Norse in origin. However, the resemblances between the two languages are so great that in many casesΒ it is impossible to be sure of the exact ancestry of a particular word or spelling. However, much of the influence of Norse, including the vast majority of the loanwords, does not appear in written English until after the next great historical and cultural upheaval, the Norman Conquest.

БкандинавскиС посСлСния.

Π‘Π»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌΠΈΒ Π·Π°Ρ…Π²Π°Ρ‚Ρ‡ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ скандинавы. Б сСрСдины дСвятого Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° норвСТскиС Π·Π°Ρ…Π²Π°Ρ‚Ρ‡ΠΈΠΊΠΈ осСли Π² Π’Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ, прСимущСствСнно Π² сСвСрных ΠΈ восточных областях, ΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π½Π°Π΄Ρ†Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ΅ Π½Π° Английский прСстол взошСл датский ΠΊΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ ΠšΠ°Π½ΡŒΡŽΡ‚. Π Π΅Ρ‡ΡŒ Π‘ΠΊΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°Π²ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Π½ΡŒ сильно повлияла Π½Π° английский язык, это Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· заимствованных ΠΈΠ· ΠΈΡ… языка слов. Они Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‚ Π² сСбя самыС простыС слова, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€, to take – Π±Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ сходство ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ДрСвнСанглийский ΠΈ язык Π·Π°Ρ…Π²Π°Ρ‚Ρ‡ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ-Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅Π΅. НСкоторыС слова, Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€, to give ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚, своСго Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π°, «скрСщиваниС» грамматичСских структур английского ΠΈ скандинавского языков. И, хотя, сходства ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈ, Π² Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡˆΠΈΠ½ΡΡ‚Π²Π΅ случаСв нСвозмоТно Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ происхоТдСниС слова. Однако это влияниС Π½Π΅ отраТаСтся Π½Π° письмСнном языкС Π΄ΠΎ окончания ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ большого историчСского ΠΈ ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡ‚Π° – Норманнского ЗавоСвания.

1066 and after 1066 and all that

The centuries after the Norman Conquest witnessed enormous changes in the English language. In the course of what is called the Middle English period, the fairly rich inflectional system of Old English broke down. It was replaced by what is broadly speaking, the same system English has today, which unlike Old English makes very little use of distinctive word endings in the grammar of the language. The vocabulary of English also changed enormously, with tremendous numbers of borrowings from French and Latin, in addition to the Scandinavian loanwords already mentioned, which were slowly starting to appear in the written language. Old English, like German today, showed a tendency to find native equivalents for foreign words and phrases (although both Old English and modern German show plenty of loanwords), whereas Middle English acquired the habit that modern English retains today of readily accommodating foreign words. Trilingualism in English, French, and Latin was common in the worlds of business and the professions, with words crossing over from one language to another with ease. One only has to flick through the etymologies of any English dictionary to get an impression of the huge number of words entering English from French and Latin during the later medieval period.Β This trend was set to continue intoΒ the early modern period with the explosion of interest in the writings of the ancient world.Β Β 
Π”ΠΎ ΠΈ послС 1066 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°.

Π’ Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΈΡ… Π²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²Β  послС Норманнского ЗавоСвания, Π²Β  Английском языкС происходили огромныС измСнСния. Π’Β Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΒ Π½Π°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ «БрСднСанглийского языка», довольно богатая флСктивная систСма сломалась. Π’ ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅ΠΌ - Ρ‚ΠΎ, ΠΎΠ½Π° Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‰Π΅Π½Π° Ρ‚ΠΎΠΉ модСлью, которая ΠΈ сСгодня сущСствуСт Π² английском языкС, ΠΈ Π² Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Ρ‚ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½Ρ‹Π΅ для Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π΅ окончания слов. Π’Π°ΠΊ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Π½ΡŒ сильно измСнилась ΠΈ лСксика английского языка: ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΌΠΎ скандинавского языка, ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌ ΡƒΠΆΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡŒ, Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ заимствованы слова ΠΈΠ· французского ΠΈ латинского. Π‘ΠΎ Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ΠΌ, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ ΠΈ Π² письмСнной Ρ€Π΅Ρ‡ΠΈ. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ Π²ΠΎ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ‚ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π² БрСднСанглийском языкС ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΎ мСсто заимствованиС слов, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΅, кстати, ΡΠΎΡ…Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡŒ ΠΈ Π² соврСмСнном Английском, Π² дрСвнСанглийском, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π² Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Ρ†ΠΊΠΎΠΌ, Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° тСндСнция ΠΊ Π½Π°Ρ…ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ эквивалСнтов для иностранных слов ΠΈ Ρ„Ρ€Π°Π·. Π’Ρ€Π΅Ρ…ΡŠΡΠ·Ρ‹Ρ‡ΠΈΠ΅ для английского, французского ΠΈ латинского языков Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹Ρ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ явлСниСм. Π§Π°Ρ‰Π΅ всСго иностранныС слова Π²ΡΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ‡Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡŒ Π² бизнСс-лСксикС. Π§Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ ΡƒΠ±Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ Π² Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ лСксика английского языка состоит ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΠ³Ρ€ΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ количСства заимствованных слов, ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΉΡ‚Π΅ этимологичСский ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ€ΡŒ ΠΈ посмотритС ΠΈΡ… происхоТдСниС – большая Ρ‡Π°ΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡˆΠ»Π° ΠΈΠ· французского ΠΈ латинского.Β Π­Ρ‚Π° тСндСнция ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡŒ ΠΈ в соврСмСнном ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π΅, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° появился Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹Ρ‡Π°ΠΉΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ интСрСс ΠΊ ΠΏΠΈΡΡŒΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ Π”Ρ€Π΅Π²Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΡ€Π°.

Standardization

The late medieval and early modern periods saw a fairly steady process of standardization in English south of the Scottish border. The written and spoken language of London continued to evolve and gradually began to have a greater influence in the country at large. For most of the Middle English period a dialect was simply what was spoken in a particular area, which would normally be more or less represented in writing - although where and from whom the writer had learnt how to write were also important. It was only when the broadly London standard began to dominate, especially through the new technology of printing, that the other regional varieties of the language began to be seen as different in kind. As the London standard became used more widely, especially in more formal contexts and particularly amongst the more elevated members of society,Β the other regional varieties came to be stigmatized, as lacking social prestige and indicating a lack of education. In the same period a series of changes also occurred in English pronunciation (though not uniformly in all dialects), which go under the collective name of theΒ Great Vowel Shift. These were purely linguistic sound changes which occur in every language in every period of history. The changes in pronunciation weren’t the result of specific social or historical factors, but social and historical factors would have helped to spread the results of the changes. As a result the so-called pure vowel sounds which still characterize many continental languages were lost to English. The phonetic pairings of most long and short vowel sounds were also lost, which gave rise to many of the oddities of English pronunciation, and which now obscure the relationships between many English words and their foreign counterparts.

Бтандартизация.

ΠŸΠΎΠ·Π΄Π½Π΅ΡΡ€Π΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΉ и соврСмСнный  ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹Β Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡŒΒ ΡƒΡΡ‚ΠΎΠΉΡ‡ΠΈΠ²Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈΒ  процСссами стандартизации английского  языка. ПисьмСнная и разговорная  Ρ€Π΅Ρ‡ΡŒ Π›ΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ½Π°Β ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°Π»Π° Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ, и постСпСнно Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»Π° ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΡŒΒ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡˆΠΎΠ΅Β  влияниС в странС Π²Β Ρ†Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ. Π’Β  ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄ срСднСанглийского языка  диалСктом считался язык, Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌΒ  Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²Β ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ области. Π­Ρ‚ΠΎΒ  стало замСтным, когда Лондонский стандарт ΡΠ·Ρ‹ΠΊΠ°Β Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»Β Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΒ ΡΡ‚ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈΒ Π²Ρ‹Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚Ρ‹. ΠŸΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΡƒΒ Π›ΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ модСль языка была болСС распространСна, особСнно срСди члСнов Π²Ρ‹ΡΡˆΠ΅Π³ΠΎΒ ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅ΡΡ‚Π²Π°,Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚Ρ‹ Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡ‡Π΅Π·Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΡΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡŒ ΡΠΎΡ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ прСстиТными ΠΈ ΡƒΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π° отсутствиС образования. Π’ Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΆΠ΅ самый ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π» ряд ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π² ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ (хотя Π½Π΅ сразу Π²ΠΎ всСх Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚Π°Ρ…) – Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ Π½Π°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ΅Β Β«Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ гласных». Π­Ρ‚ΠΎ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ лингвистичСскиС Π·Π²ΡƒΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π΅ измСнСния, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ происходят Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ языкС Π² любой ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄ истории. ИзмСнСния Π² ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΡΠΎΡ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ историчСских событий. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ Π½Π°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡ‹ΠΉ, чистый гласный Π·Π²ΡƒΠΊ, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π» Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡˆΠΈΠ½ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… языков, исчСз ΠΈΠ· английского. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ исчСзли ΠΈ фонСтичСскиС соСдинСния Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡˆΠΈΠ½ΡΡ‚Π²Π° Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠΈΡ… гласных Π·Π²ΡƒΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΈ являлись ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΡƒΠ΄Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ английского ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.

Colonization and Globalization

During the medieval and early modern periods the influence of English spread throughout the British Isles, and from the early seventeenth century onwards its influence began to be felt throughout the world. The complex processes of exploration, colonization and overseas trade that characterized Britain s external relations for several centuries became agents for change in the English language. This wasn t simply through the acquisition of loanwords deriving from languages from every corner of the world, which in many cases only entered English via the languages of other trading and imperial nations such as Spain, Portugal and the Netherlands, but through the gradual development of new varieties of English, each with their own nuances of vocabulary and grammar and their own distinct pronunciations. More recently still, English has become a lingua franca, a global language, regularly used and understood by many nations for whom English is not their first language. The eventual effects on the English language of both of these developments can only be guessed at today, butΒ there can be little doubtΒ that they will be as important as anything that has happened to English in the past sixteen hundred years.

ΠšΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ ΠΈΒ  глобализация.

Π’ тСчСниС срСднСвСкового и соврСмСнного ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², английский Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Β Π½Π° Британских островах, а с начала сСмнадцатого Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡ‡ΡƒΠ²ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡŒΒ  Сго влияниС и во всСм ΠΌΠΈΡ€Π΅. Π‘Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Π΅Β  процСссы исслСдований, колонизация, внСшняя  торговля, которая характСризовала  Π²Π½Π΅ΡˆΠ½ΠΈΠ΅Β ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ Π‘Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΈΡ… столСтий, стали ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² английском языкС. Π­Ρ‚ΠΎ происходило Π½Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ посрСдством заимствования слов, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π· постСпСнноС Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅ языка. ПозТС, английский стал Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΎΠΉ Ρ„Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠΉ (Ρ‚ΠΎ Π΅ΡΡ‚ΡŒ языком, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΡ‹ΠΌ людьми ΠΈΠ· Ρ€Π°Π·Π½Ρ‹Ρ… стан), Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ языком, рСгулярно ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΡ‹ΠΌ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ нациями, для ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ… английский Π½Π΅ являСтся ΠΈΡ… Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ. МоТно Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ эффСкт этих событий Π½Π° английский язык, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΡƒ они навряд Π»ΠΈΒ Π±ΡƒΠ΄ΡƒΡ‚ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΆΠ΅ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΠ²ΡˆΠ΅Π΅ΡΡ с английским языком Π·Π° послСдниС 1600 Π»Π΅Ρ‚.Β 


History of English