Internal combustion engine
Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΒ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
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Π ΠΠ€ΠΠ ΠΠ’
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ΠΏΠΎΒ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΒ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΡ
Π½Π°Β ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ: internal combustion engine
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ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΠ»Β ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΒ ΠΠ’210cz3
Π¨Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π.Π.
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Π‘ΡΡΠ³ΡΡ 2011
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
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The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the combustion of a fuel (normally a fossil fuel) occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber. In an internal combustion engine, the expansion of the high-temperature and -pressure gases produced by combustion applies direct force to some component of the engine, such as pistons, turbine blades, or a nozzle. This force moves the component over a distance, generating useful mechanical energy.
The term internal combustion engine usually refers to an engine in which combustion is intermittent, such as the more familiar four-stroke and two-stroke piston engines, along with variants, such as the six-stroke piston engine and the Wankel rotary engine. A second class of internal combustion engines use continuous combustion: gas turbines, jet engines and most rocket engines, each of which are internal combustion engines on the same principle as
The internal combustion engine (or ICE) is quite different from external combustion engines, such as steam or Stirling engines, in which the energy is delivered to a working fluid not consisting of, mixed with, or contaminated by combustion products. Working fluids can be air, hot water, pressurized water or even liquid sodium, heated in some kind of boiler.
A large number of different designs for ICEs have been developed and built, with a variety of different strengths and weaknesses. Powered by an energy-dense fuel (which is very frequently gasoline, a liquid derived from fossil fuels). While there have been and still are many stationary applications, the real strength of internal combustion engines is in mobile applications and they dominate as a power supply for cars, aircraft, and boats.
Internal combustion engines are most commonly used for mobile propulsion in vehicles and portable machinery. In mobile equipment, internal combustion is advantageous since it can provide high power-to-weight ratios together with excellent fuel energy density. Generally using fossil fuel (mainly petroleum), these engines have appeared in transport in almost all vehicles (automobiles, trucks, motorcycles, boats, and in a wide variety of aircraft and locomotives).
Where very high power-to-weight ratios are required, internal combustion engines appear in the form of gas turbines. These applications include jet aircraft, helicopters, large ships and electric generators.
Four-stroke cycle (or Otto cycle)
1. Intake
2. Compression
3. Power
4. Exhaust
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As their name implies, four-stroke internal combustion engines have four basic steps that repeat with every two revolutions of the engine:
(1) Intake stroke (2) Compression stroke (3) Power stroke and (4) Exhaust stroke
1. Intake stroke: The first stroke of the IC engine is also known as the suction stroke because the piston moves to the maximum volume position (downward direction in the cylinder). The inlet valve opens as a result of piston movement, and the vaporized fuel mixture enters the combustion chamber. The inlet valve closes at the end of this stroke.
2. Compression stroke: In this stroke, both valves are closed and the piston starts its movement to the minimum volume position (upward direction in the cylinder) and compresses the fuel mixture. During the compression process, pressure, temperature and the density of the fuel mixture increases.
3. Power stroke: When the piston reaches the minimum volume position, the spark plug ignites the fuel mixture and burns. The fuel produces power that is transmitted to the crank shaft mechanism.
4. Exhaust stroke: In the end of the power stroke, the exhaust valve opens. During this stroke, the piston starts its movement in the minimum volume position. The open exhaust valve allows the exhaust gases to escape the cylinder. At the end of this stroke, the exhaust valve closes, the inlet valve opens, and the sequence repeats in the next cycle. Four stroke engines require two revolutions.
Many engines overlap these steps in time; jet engines do all steps simultaneously at different parts of the engines.
Combustion
All internal combustion engines depend on the combustion of a chemical fuel, typically with oxygen from the air (though it is possible to inject nitrous oxide in order to do more of the same thing and gain a power boost). The combustion process typically results in the production of a great quantity of heat, as well as the production of steam and carbon dioxide and other chemicals at very high temperature; the temperature reached is determined by the chemical make up of the fuel and oxidisers (see stoichiometry), as well as by the compression and other factors.
The most common modern fuels are made up of hydrocarbons and are derived mostly from fossil fuels (petroleum). Fossil fuels include diesel fuel, gasoline and petroleum gas, and the rarer use of propane. Except for the fuel delivery components, most internal combustion engines that are designed for gasoline use can run on natural gas or liquefied petroleum gases without major modifications. Large diesels can run with air mixed with gases and a pilot diesel fuel ignition injection. Liquid and gaseous biofuels, such as ethanol and biodiesel (a form of diesel fuel that is produced from crops that yield triglycerides such as soybean oil), can also be used. Engines with appropriate modifications can also run on hydrogen gas, wood gas, or charcoal gas, as well as from so-called producer gas made from other convenient biomass. Recently, experiments have been made with using powdered solid fuels, such as the magnesium injection cycle.
Internal combustion engines require ignition of the mixture, either by spark ignition (SI) or compression ignition (CI). Before the invention of reliable electrical methods, hot tube and flame methods were used. Experimental engines with laser ignition have been built.
Gasoline Ignition Process
Gasoline engine ignition systems generally rely on a combination of a lead-acid battery and an induction coil to provide a high-voltage electric spark to ignite the air-fuel mix in the engine's cylinders. This battery is recharged during operation using an electricity-generating device such as an alternator or generator driven by the engine. Gasoline engines take in a mixture of air and gasoline and compress it to not more than 12.8 bar (1.28 MPa), then use a spark plug to ignite the mixture when it is compressed by the piston head in each cylinder.
Diesel Ignition Process
Diesel engines and HCCI (Homogeneous charge compression ignition) engines, rely solely on heat and pressure created by the engine in its compression process for ignition. The compression level that occurs is usually twice or more than a gasoline engine. Diesel engines will take in air only, and shortly before peak compression, a small quantity of diesel fuel is sprayed into the cylinder via a fuel injector that allows the fuel to instantly ignite. HCCI type engines will take in both air and fuel but continue to rely on an unaided auto-combustion process, due to higher pressures and heat. This is also why diesel and HCCI engines are more susceptible to cold-starting issues, although they will run just as well in cold weather once started. Light duty diesel engines with indirect injection in automobiles and light trucks employ glowplugs that pre-heat the combustion chamber just before starting to reduce no-start conditions in cold weather. Most diesels also have a battery and charging system; nevertheless, this system is secondary and is added by manufacturers as a luxury for the ease of starting, turning fuel on and off (which can also be done via a switch or mechanical apparatus), and for running auxiliary electrical components and accessories. Most new engines rely on electrical and electronic engine control units (ECU) that also adjust the combustion process to increase efficiency and reduce emissions.
Engine cycle
Two-stroke
This system manages to pack one power stroke into every two strokes of the piston (up-down). This is achieved by exhausting and recharging the cylinder simultaneously.
The steps involved here are:
- Intake and exhaust occur at bottom dead center. Some form of pressure is needed, either crankcase compression or super-charging.
- Compression stroke: Fuel-air mix is compressed and ignited. In case of diesel: Air is compressed, fuel is injected and self-ignited.
- Power stroke: Piston is pushed downward by the hot exhaust gases.
Advantages: β’ It has no valves or camshaft mechanism, hence simplifying its mechanism and construction β’ For one complete revolution of the crankshaft, the engine executes one cycleβthe 4-stroke executes one cycle per two crankshafts revolutions. β’ Less weight and easier to manufacture. β’ High power to weight ratio
Disadvantages: β’ The lack of lubrication system that protects the engine parts from wear. Accordingly, the 2-stroke engines have a shorter life. β’ 2-stroke engines do not consume fuel efficiently. β’ 2-stroke engines produce lots of pollution. β’ Sometimes part of the fuel leaks to the exhaust with the exhaust gases. In conclusion, based on the above advantages and disadvantages, the 2-stroke engines are supposed to operate in vehicles where the weight of the engine is required to be small, and the it is not used continuously for long periods of time.
Idealised P/V diagram for two stroke Otto cycle
Four-stroke
Engines based on the four-stroke ("Otto cycle") have one power stroke for every four strokes (up-down-up-down) and employ spark plug ignition. Combustion occurs rapidly, and during combustion the volume varies little ("constant volume"). They are used in cars, larger boats, some motorcycles, and many light aircraft. They are generally quieter, more efficient, and larger than their two-stroke counterparts.
The steps involved here are:
- Intake stroke: Air and vaporized fuel are drawn in.
- Compression stroke: Fuel vapor and air are compressed and ignited.
- Combustion stroke: Fuel combusts and piston is pushed downwards.
- Exhaust stroke: Exhaust is driven out. During the 1st, 2nd, and 4th stroke the piston is relying on power and the momentum generated by the other pistons. In that case, a four-cylinder engine would be less powerful than a six or eight cylinder engine.
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Idealised Pressure/volume diagram of the Otto cycle showing combustion heat input Qp and waste exhaust output Qo, the power stroke is the top curved line, the bottom is the compression stroke
Diesel cycle
Most truck and automotive diesel engines use a cycle reminiscent of a four-stroke cycle, but with a compression heating ignition system, rather than needing a separate ignition system. This variation is called the diesel cycle. In the diesel cycle, diesel fuel is injected directly into the cylinder so that combustion occurs at constant pressure, as the piston moves.
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P-v Diagram for the Ideal Diesel cycle. The cycle follows the numbers 1-4 in clockwise direction.
Five-stroke
The British company ILMOR presented a prototype of 5-Stroke double expansion engine, having two outer cylinders, working as usual, plus a central one, larger in diameter, that performs the double expansion of exhaust gas from the other cylinders, with an increased efficiency in the gas energy use, and an improved SFC. This engine corresponds to a 2003 US patent by Gerhard Schmitz, and was developed apparently also by Honda of Japan for a Quad engine. This engine has a similar precedent in a Spanish 1942 patent, by Francisco Jimeno-Cataneo, and a 1975 patent by Carlos Ubierna-Laciana. The concept of double expansion was developed early in the history of ICE by Otto himself, in 1879, and a Connecticut (USA) based company, EHV, built in 1906 some engines and cars with this principle, that didn't give the expected results.
Six-stroke
First invented in 1883, the six-stroke engine has seen renewed interest over the last 20 or so years.
Four kinds of six-stroke use a regular piston in a regular cylinder, firing every three crankshaft revolutions. The systems capture the wasted heat of the four-stroke Otto cycle with an injection of air or water.
Brayton cycle
A gas turbine is a rotary machine somewhat similar in principle to a steam turbine and it consists of three main components: a compressor, a combustion chamber, and a turbine. The air after being compressed in the compressor is heated by burning fuel in it, this heats and expands the air, and this extra energy is tapped by the turbine which in turn powers the compressor closing the cycle and powering the shaft.
Gas turbine cycle engines employ a continuous combustion system where compression, combustion, and expansion occur simultaneously at different places in the engineβgiving continuous power. Notably, the combustion takes place at constant pressure, rather than with the Otto cycle, constant volume.
Brayton cycle
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Engine starting
An internal combustion engine is not usually self-starting so an auxiliary machine is required to start it. Many different systems have been used in the past but modern engines are usually started by an electric motor in the small and medium sizes or by compressed air in the large sizes.
Measures of engine performance
Engine types vary greatly in a number of different ways:
- energy efficiency
- fuel/propellant consumption (brake specific fuel consumption for shaft engines, thrust specific fuel consumption for jet engines)
- power to weight ratio
- thrust to weight ratio
- Torque curves (for shaft engines) thrust lapse (jet engines)
- Compression ratio for piston engines, overall pressure ratio for jet engines and gas turbines
Energy efficiency
Once ignited and burnt, the combustion productsβhot gasesβhave more available thermal energy than the original compressed fuel-air mixture (which had higher chemical energy). The available energy is manifested as high temperature and pressure that can be translated into work by the engine. In a reciprocating engine, the high-pressure gases inside the cylinders drive the engine's pistons.
Once the available energy has been removed, the remaining hot gases are vented (often by opening a valve or exposing the exhaust outlet) and this allows the piston to return to its previous position (top dead center, or TDC). The piston can then proceed to the next phase of its cycle, which varies between engines. Any heat that isn't translated into work is normally considered a waste product and is removed from the engine either by an air or liquid cooling system.
Internal combustion engines are primarily heat engines, and as such their theoretical efficiency can be calculated by idealized thermodynamic cycles. The efficiency of a theoretical cycle cannot exceed that of the Carnot cycle, whose efficiency is determined by the difference between the lower and upper operating temperatures of the engine. The upper operating temperature of a terrestrial engine is limited by the thermal stability of the materials used to construct it. All metals and alloys eventually melt or decompose, and there is significant researching into ceramic materials that can be made with greater thermal stability and desirable structural properties. Higher thermal stability allows for greater temperature difference between the lower and upper operating temperatures, hence greater thermodynamic efficiency.
The thermodynamic limits assume that the engine is operating under ideal conditions: a frictionless world, ideal gases, perfect insulators, and operation for infinite time. Real world applications introduce complexities that reduce efficiency. For example, a real engine runs best at a specific load, termed its power band. The engine in a car cruising on a highway is usually operating significantly below its ideal load, because it is designed for the higher loads required for rapid acceleration. In addition, factors such as wind resistance reduce overall system efficiency. Engine fuel economy is usually measured in the units of miles per gallon (or fuel consumption in liters per 100 kilometers) for automobiles. The volume of hydrocarbon assumes a standard energy content.
Most steel engines have a thermodynamic limit of 37%. Even when aided with turbochargers and stock efficiency aids, most engines retain an average efficiency of about 18%-20%.Rocket engine efficiencies are better still, up to 70%, because they operate at very high temperatures and pressures and can have very high expansion ratios.
There are many inventions aimed at increasing the efficiency of IC engines. In general, practical engines are always compromised by trade-offs between different properties such as efficiency, weight, power, heat, response, exhaust emissions, or noise. Sometimes economy also plays a role in not only the cost of manufacturing the engine itself, but also manufacturing and distributing the fuel. Increasing the engine's efficiency brings better fuel economy but only if the fuel cost per energy content is the same.
Measures of fuel/propellant efficiency
For stationary and shaft engines including propeller engines, fuel consumption is measured by calculating the brake specific fuel consumption which measures the mass flow rate of fuel consumption divided by the power produced.
For internal combustion engines in the form of jet engines, the power output varies drastically with airspeed and a less variable measure is used: thrust specific fuel consumption (TSFC), which is the number of pounds of propellant that is needed to generate impulses that measure a pound force-hour. In metric units, the number of grams of propellant needed to generate an impulse that measures one kilonewton-second.
Air pollution
Internal combustion engines such as reciprocating internal combustion engines produce air pollution emissions, due to incomplete combustion of carbonaceous fuel. The main derivatives of the process are carbon dioxide CO2, water and some soot β also called particulate matter (PM). The effects of inhaling particulate matter have been studied in humans and animals and include asthma, lung cancer, cardiovascular issues, and premature death. There are, however, some additional products of the combustion process that include nitrogen oxides and sulfur and some uncombusted hydrocarbons, depending on the operating conditions and the fuel-air ratio.
Not all of the fuel will be completely consumed by the combustion process; a small amount of fuel will be present after combustion, some of which can react to form oxygenates, such as formaldehyde or acetaldehyde, or hydrocarbons not initially present in the fuel mixture. The primary causes of this is the need to operate near the stoichiometric ratio for gasoline engines in order to achieve combustion and the resulting "quench" of the flame by the relatively cool cylinder walls, otherwise the fuel would burn more completely in excess air. When running at lower speeds, quenching is commonly observed in diesel (compression ignition) engines that run on natural gas. It reduces the efficiency and increases knocking, sometimes causing the engine to stall. Increasing the amount of air in the engine reduces the amount of the first two pollutants, but tends to encourage the oxygen and nitrogen in the air to combine to produce nitrogen oxides (NOx) that has been demonstrated to be hazardous to both plant and animal health. Further chemicals released are benzene and 1,3-butadiene that are also particularly harmful; and not all of the fuel burns up completely, so carbon monoxide (CO) is also produced.
Carbon fuels contain sulfur and impurities that eventually lead to producing sulfur monoxides (SO) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the exhaust which promotes acid rain. One final element in exhaust pollution is ozone (O3). This is not emitted directly but made in the air by the action of sunlight on other pollutants to form "ground level ozone", which, unlike the "ozone layer" in the high atmosphere, is regarded as a bad thing if the levels are too high.
Noise pollution
Significant contributions to noise pollution are made by internal combustion engines. Automobile and truck traffic operating on highways and street systems produce noise, as do aircraft flights due to jet noise, particularly supersonic-capable aircraft. Rocket engines create the most intense noise.
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ΠΠ²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΒ ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ
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ΠΠ²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΒ ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ - ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π° (ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°) ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ (ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ ΠΎΠΌ) Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ. Π Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΈ, Π»ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°. ΠΡΠ° ΡΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡ.
Π’Π΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Β Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΊ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄Π²ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΡ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΠ°Π½ΠΊΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ. ΠΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ: Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½, ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠ΅.
ΠΠ²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΒ ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ (ΠΠΠ‘Β ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ) Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ Β ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΒ ΠΏΠ°ΡΒ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΒ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π‘ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π°, Π²Β ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΡ, Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ , Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π°, Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ, Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π».
ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΠΠ‘ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½Ρ, Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π°Π±ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ. Π Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π½Π° Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠΉΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π° (ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ Π±Π΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠ½, ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°). Π₯ΠΎΡΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΠ»Π° Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ , ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΉ, ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ².
ΠΠ²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΒ ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Β ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΒ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π»ΡΒ ΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Β Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π²Β Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ Β ΠΈΒ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉΒ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ. ΠΒ ΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ, Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠ° ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°. ΠΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π° (Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π΅ΡΡΡ), ΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π² ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² (Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ, Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Ρ, Π»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΈ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ Π»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ²).
ΠΠ΄Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΒ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉΒ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΒ Π²Π΅ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡ, Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΒ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΒ ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π²Β Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ Β ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½. ΠΡΠΈΒ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΡ, Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΈΒ ΠΈΒ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΡ.
Π§Π΅ΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠΉΒ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ» (ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΒ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ» ΠΡΡΠΎ)
1. ΠΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
2. Π‘ΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅
3. ΠΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅
4. ΠΡΡ Π»ΠΎΠΏ
ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΒ ΠΈΠ· ΠΈΡ
Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ,
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΠΠ‘Β ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΒ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π³Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Β ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΒ
ΡΒ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΌ Π΄Π²Π° ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ° Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ:Β
(1) ΠΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΄Π°Ρ (2) ΡΠ°ΠΊΡ ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ (3) ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅
ΠΈ Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ (4) ΠΡΡ
Π»ΠΎΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΄Π°Ρ
1. ΠΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠΉΒ ΡΠ΄Π°Ρ: ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΄Π°Ρ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ IC ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° (Π²Π½ΠΈΠ· Π² ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠ΅). ΠΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΏΠ°Π½ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ, Π² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½Ρ, Π° ΠΈΡΠΏΠ°ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ°Π΅Ρ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΏΠ°Π½ Π·Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠ°.
2. Π’Π°ΠΊΡΒ ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ: ΠΒ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΒ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅, ΠΎΠ±Π° ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΏΠ°Π½Π° Π·Π°ΠΊΡΡΡΡ, ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΡΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ (Π²Π²Π΅ΡΡ Π² ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠ΅) ΠΈ ΡΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ. ΠΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ.
3. ΠΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΠ΄: ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°. Π’ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ»Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π²Π°Π» ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°.
4. ΠΡΡ Π»ΠΎΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠΉΒ ΡΠ΄Π°Ρ: Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π°, ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΏΠ°Π½. ΠΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π³ΡΠΎΠΌΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΏΠ°Π½ Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π²ΡΡ Π»ΠΎΠΏΠ½ΡΡ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ², ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π±Π΅ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠ°. Π ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠ°, Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΏΠ°Π½ Π·Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ, Π²ΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΏΠ°Π½ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π΅. Π§Π΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΡΡ Π΄Π²ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΉ.
ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅Β Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΒ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ; ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π³ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ.
ΠΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β
ΠΡΠ΅ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡ ΡΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ
ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, Ρ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ· Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ
Π° (Ρ
ΠΎΡΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π²Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΈΡΠΈ Π°Π·ΠΎΡΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ
ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ). ΠΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π³ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π°, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π°
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π΄Π²ΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅,
ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ
ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ-ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ (ΡΠΌ. ΡΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ),
Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ².Β
ΠΠ°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅
Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π° ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²
ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π° (Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΈ). ΠΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°
Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ, Π±Π΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈ
Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³Π°Π·Π°, ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅
ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠ°Π½Π°. ΠΠ° ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈ
ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°, Π² Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ
ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
Π±Π΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π³Π°Π·Π΅
ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΆΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π³Π°Π·Π΅ Π±Π΅Π· ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ
Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Ρ Π³Π°Π·Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π° Π·Π°ΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠ΅
Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ» ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ·Π΅Π»Ρ
(ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ° Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ
ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΉΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅
Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΠ³Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΅
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎ), ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ.
ΠΠ²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Π³Π°Π·Π°,
Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π³Π°Π·Π΅, ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π³Π°Π·Π΅, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅
ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π³Π°Π·Π°
ΠΈΠ· Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΡ
Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡ. Π ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π΅
Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½Ρ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅,
ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ» ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡ.
ΠΠ²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΒ ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ, Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ Π·Π°ΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ (SI) ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ (ΠΠ). ΠΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ±Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½Ρ Ρ Π»Π°Π·Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π·Π°ΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ.
ΠΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π±Π΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ
ΠΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠ½Β ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΒ Π·Π°ΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΒ
Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΒ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β
ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎ-ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Β Π±Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΈΒ ΠΈΒ
ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΒ Π΄Π»ΡΒ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ
Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉΒ
ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±ΡΒ Π·Π°ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉΒ
ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΒ Π²Β ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠ°Ρ
Β Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ.
ΠΡΠ°Β Π±Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΒ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΒ
ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΒ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Β
ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ², ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
Β ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΒ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΒ
ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΒ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΒ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ.
ΠΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ Π² ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ
Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ
Π° ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡ Π΅Π΅ Π½Π΅
Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄ΠΎ 12,8 Π±Π°Ρ (1,28 ΠΠΠ°), Π° Π·Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ
ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ,
ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½Π΅ΠΌ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Ρ Π²
ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠ΅.Β
ΠΠΈΠ·Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°
Π·Π°ΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΠΈΠ·Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΒ ΠΈ HCCI (ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΒ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ΄Π°) Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎ ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π£ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, Π² Π΄Π²Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π² Π±Π΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅. ΠΠΈΠ·Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π² Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ Π΅, Π° Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, Π½Π΅Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π° Π²ΠΏΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΄Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΈΠ½ΠΆΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Ρ ΠΌΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠ²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ HCCI ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°, Π·Π°ΠΉΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ Π° ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°, Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π°. ΠΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ HCCI Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΠΈΠΌΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊ Ρ ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΊΡ, Ρ ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΆΠ΅ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎ Π² Ρ ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π°-ΡΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΡ. Π‘Π²Π΅Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΡΠΌΡΠΌ Π²ΠΏΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π² Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ ΠΈ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΈΡ Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ΅Π²Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ Π² Ρ ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π±Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅, ΡΡΠ° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π°, Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π° ΠΈ Π²ΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ (ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°), ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡ (ECU), ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ².
Π¦ΠΈΠΊΠ»Β Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ
ΠΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Β
Β ΠΡΠ° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΏΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½
ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΡ
Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½Ρ
(Π²Π²Π΅ΡΡ
-Π²Π½ΠΈΠ·). ΠΡΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠ·Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ
ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π·Π°ΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ.
ΠΡΠ°ΠΏΡ:
1. ΠΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ ΠΈΒ Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΒ Π²Β Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΉΒ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΒ
ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅.Β ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Β ΠΈΠ·Β ΡΠΎΡΠΌΒ
2. Π’Π°ΠΊΡΠ° ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ: Π’ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ-Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ
ΡΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ. Π ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ:
Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ
ΡΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ Π²ΠΏΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎ-ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ.Β
3. Π Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄: ΠΠΎΡΡΠ½Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ
Π² ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΡ
Π»ΠΎΠΏΠ½ΡΠ΅
Π³Π°Π·Ρ.
ΠΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°: β’Β ΠΠ½ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅ΡΒ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΒ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π°Π»Π° ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°, ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎΒ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ ΠΈΒ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π°Β β’Β ΠΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ Π²Π°Π»Π°, Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΒ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΒ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ», 4-ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠΉΒ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΒ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ» Π²Β Π΄Π²Π°Β ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π²Π°Π»ΠΎΠ². β’Β ΠΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΠΉΒ Π²Π΅ΡΒ ΠΈΒ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Β Π²Β ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ. β’Β ΠΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ΅Β ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΒ Π²Π΅ΡΠ°
ΠΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ: β’Β ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΒ ΡΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°ΡΒ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅Ρ
Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΒ ΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΠ°. Π‘ΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ,
2-ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Β Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΒ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΒ
Π§Π΅ΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠΉΒ
ΠΠ²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ
-ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ("ΠΡΡΠΎ
ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°") ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ΅
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠ° (Π²Π²Π΅ΡΡ
-Π²Π½ΠΈΠ·-Π²Π²Π΅ΡΡ
-Π²Π½ΠΈΠ·) ΠΈ
ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎ, ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ("ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅"). ΠΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ Π² Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ
,
Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ², Π² Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°Ρ
,
ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
. ΠΠ½ΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, ΡΠΈΡΠ΅,
Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ
ΠΈΡ
Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈ.Β
ΠΡΠ°ΠΏΡ:
1. ΠΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅: Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π° Π²Π·ΡΡΡ Π΄ΡΠΉΠΌΠ°Β
2. Π’Π°ΠΊΡΠ° ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ: Π’ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ
Π°
ΡΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ.Β
3. ΠΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅: Π’ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ
Π²Π½ΠΈΠ·.Β
4. ΠΡΡ
Π»ΠΎΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΄Π°Ρ: ΠΡΡ
Π»ΠΎΠΏΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΡ.
ΠΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ 1-ΠΉ, 2-ΠΉ, ΠΈ 4-ΠΉ Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½Ρ, ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡ
Π½Π° ΡΠΈΠ»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡ, Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΈ. Π ΡΡΠΎΠΌ
ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅, ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ
-ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ
Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ
ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ.
ΠΠΈΠ·Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»
ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΉΒ
ΠΈΒ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Β Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Β
ΠΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠΉΒ
ΠΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Ilmor ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΏ
5-ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π΄Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ,
ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π²Π° Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ,
ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΏΠ»ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ, Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ Π²
Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
Π²ΡΡ
Π»ΠΎΠΏΠ½ΡΡ
Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠ°,
Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ
ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Π³Π°Π·Π°, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ SFC. ΠΡΠΎΡ
Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ 2003 ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π‘Π¨Π
ΠΠ΅ΡΡ
Π°ΡΠ΄Π° Schmitz, ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎ-Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΌΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Honda Π―ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΈ Π·Π° Quad Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ. ΠΡΠΎΡ
Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π²
ΠΈΡΠΏΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
1942 ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ, Π€ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎ Jimeno-Cataneo
ΠΈ 1975 ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎΡ Ubierna-Laciana. ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
Π΄Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π°
Π² Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠΠ‘ ΠΡΡΠΎ, Π² 1879 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΠΈ
ΠΠΎΠ½Π½Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΡΡ (Π‘Π¨Π) ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π² 1906 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅
Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠΌ,
ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π½Π΅ Π΄Π°Π» ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ².
Π¨Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠΉΒ
ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π» Π² 1883 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠΉ
Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π» Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°
Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 20 Π»Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ. Π§Π΅ΡΡΡΠ΅
Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅
ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΈ Π² ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΠ² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ΅
ΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π°Π»Π°. Π‘ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ
ΡΠ»Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΏΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠΉ
ΡΠΈΠΊΠ» ΠΡΡΠΎ Ρ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ
Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ.
Π¦ΠΈΠΊΠ»Β ΠΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠΎΠ½Π°
ΠΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½ΡΒ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉΒ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎΒ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
,
Π²Β ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠ΅, ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉΒ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½ΡΒ ΠΈΒ
ΠΎΠ½Π°Β ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΒ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ²:
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°.
ΠΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ΅Π²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ
Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π° Π² Π½Π΅ΠΌ, Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ΅Π²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ
, ΠΈ ΡΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ
ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠ°
Π·Π°ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π° ΠΈ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π²Π°Π»Π°.Β
ΠΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π³Π΄Π΅ ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅,
ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ
Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Ρ
Π² ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π°Π²Π°Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ
ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ, Π°
Π½Π΅ Ρ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΡΡΠΎ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅.Β
ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΡΠΊ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ
ΠΠ²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΒ ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΒ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ, Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌ, Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π² ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ Π° Π² ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ .
ΠΠ΅ΡΡΒ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ
Π’ΠΈΠΏΡΒ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΒ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΌ:
β’ ΠΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ
β’ Π’ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ / ΡΠ°ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°
(ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π° Π½Π°
Π²Π°Π»Ρ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, ΡΡΠ³ΠΈ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π°
ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ)Β
β’ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π²Π΅ΡΠ°
β’ ΡΡΠ³ΠΈ ΠΊΒ Π²Π΅ΡΡ
β’ ΠΡΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΡΡ (Π΄Π»ΡΒ Π²Π°Π»ΠΎΠ²Β Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ) ΡΡΠ³ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ² (ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ)
β’ Π‘ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΒ ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π»ΡΒ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½Π΅Π²ΡΡ Β Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠΉΒ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΒ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»ΡΒ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈΒ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ Β ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½
ΠΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΒ
ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ
ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π³Π°Π·Ρ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅
ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ-Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ (ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π±ΡΠ»Π°
Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ). ΠΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½Π°Ρ
ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ
ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ
Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ. Π ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ,
Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ² Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠ²
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ. ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ
Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΡΠ΄Π°Π»Π΅Π½Π°, ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ
Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π³Π°Π·Ρ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ (ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΏΠ°Π½Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ³Π°Ρ Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅),
ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡΡ
ΠΊ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ (Π²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ
ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ TDC). ΠΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΈ ΠΊ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ
ΡΠ°Π·Π΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π±Π»Π΅ΡΡΡ
Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ. ΠΡΠ±ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎ,
ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ
ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ
ΠΈΠ· Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ
Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡ
Π»Π°ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ.

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