Internal combustion engine

Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ агСнтство по ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡŽ

Π“ΠžΠ£ Π’ΠŸΠž "Бибирской государствСнной  Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ-Π΄ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ (Π‘Π˜Π‘ΠΠ”Π˜)" Бургутский Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ°Π»

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РЕЀЕРАВ

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по английскому языку

Π½Π°Β Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΡƒ: internal combustion engine

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Выполнил студСнт АВ210cz3

Π¨Π΅ΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΡ†ΠΊΠΈΠΉ А.Н.

ЗачСтная книТка № А3 72/10

ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ»Β ΠšΠ€ΠΒ ΠΡ…ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Π·ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Β  Π€.Π‘.

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Π‘ΡƒΡ€Π³ΡƒΡ‚ 2011

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

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The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the combustion of a fuel (normally a fossil fuel) occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber. In an internal combustion engine, the expansion of the high-temperature and -pressure gases produced by combustion applies direct force to some component of the engine, such as pistons, turbine blades, or a nozzle. This force moves the component over a distance, generating useful mechanical energy.

The term internal combustion engine usually refers to an engine in which combustion is intermittent, such as the more familiar four-stroke and two-stroke piston engines, along with variants, such as the six-stroke piston engine and the Wankel rotary engine. A second class of internal combustion engines use continuous combustion: gas turbines, jet engines and most rocket engines, each of which are internal combustion engines on the same principle as

The internal combustion engine (or ICE) is quite different from external combustion engines, such as steam or Stirling engines, in which the energy is delivered to a working fluid not consisting of, mixed with, or contaminated by combustion products. Working fluids can be air, hot water, pressurized water or even liquid sodium, heated in some kind of boiler.

A large number of different designs for ICEs have been developed and built, with a variety of different strengths and weaknesses. Powered by an energy-dense fuel (which is very frequently gasoline, a liquid derived from fossil fuels). While there have been and still are many stationary applications, the real strength of internal combustion engines is in mobile applications and they dominate as a power supply for cars, aircraft, and boats.

Internal combustion engines are most commonly used for mobile propulsion in vehicles and portable machinery. In mobile equipment, internal combustion is advantageous since it can provide high power-to-weight ratios together with excellent fuel energy density. Generally using fossil fuel (mainly petroleum), these engines have appeared in transport in almost all vehicles (automobiles, trucks, motorcycles, boats, and in a wide variety of aircraft and locomotives).

Where very high power-to-weight ratios are required, internal combustion engines appear in the form of gas turbines. These applications include jet aircraft, helicopters, large ships and electric generators.

Four-stroke cycle (or Otto cycle)

1. Intake

2. Compression

3. Power

4. Exhaust

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As their name implies, four-stroke internal combustion engines have four basic steps that repeat with every two revolutions of the engine:

(1) Intake stroke (2) Compression stroke (3) Power stroke and (4) Exhaust stroke

1. Intake stroke: The first stroke of the IC engine is also known as the suction stroke because the piston moves to the maximum volume position (downward direction in the cylinder). The inlet valve opens as a result of piston movement, and the vaporized fuel mixture enters the combustion chamber. The inlet valve closes at the end of this stroke.

2. Compression stroke: In this stroke, both valves are closed and the piston starts its movement to the minimum volume position (upward direction in the cylinder) and compresses the fuel mixture. During the compression process, pressure, temperature and the density of the fuel mixture increases.

3. Power stroke: When the piston reaches the minimum volume position, the spark plug ignites the fuel mixture and burns. The fuel produces power that is transmitted to the crank shaft mechanism.

4. Exhaust stroke: In the end of the power stroke, the exhaust valve opens. During this stroke, the piston starts its movement in the minimum volume position. The open exhaust valve allows the exhaust gases to escape the cylinder. At the end of this stroke, the exhaust valve closes, the inlet valve opens, and the sequence repeats in the next cycle. Four stroke engines require two revolutions.

Many engines overlap these steps in time; jet engines do all steps simultaneously at different parts of the engines.

Combustion

All internal combustion engines depend on the combustion of a chemical fuel, typically with oxygen from the air (though it is possible to inject nitrous oxide in order to do more of the same thing and gain a power boost). The combustion process typically results in the production of a great quantity of heat, as well as the production of steam and carbon dioxide and other chemicals at very high temperature; the temperature reached is determined by the chemical make up of the fuel and oxidisers (see stoichiometry), as well as by the compression and other factors.

The most common modern fuels are made up of hydrocarbons and are derived mostly from fossil fuels (petroleum). Fossil fuels include diesel fuel, gasoline and petroleum gas, and the rarer use of propane. Except for the fuel delivery components, most internal combustion engines that are designed for gasoline use can run on natural gas or liquefied petroleum gases without major modifications. Large diesels can run with air mixed with gases and a pilot diesel fuel ignition injection. Liquid and gaseous biofuels, such as ethanol and biodiesel (a form of diesel fuel that is produced from crops that yield triglycerides such as soybean oil), can also be used. Engines with appropriate modifications can also run on hydrogen gas, wood gas, or charcoal gas, as well as from so-called producer gas made from other convenient biomass. Recently, experiments have been made with using powdered solid fuels, such as the magnesium injection cycle.

Internal combustion engines require ignition of the mixture, either by spark ignition (SI) or compression ignition (CI). Before the invention of reliable electrical methods, hot tube and flame methods were used. Experimental engines with laser ignition have been built.

Gasoline Ignition Process

Gasoline engine ignition systems generally rely on a combination of a lead-acid battery and an induction coil to provide a high-voltage electric spark to ignite the air-fuel mix in the engine's cylinders. This battery is recharged during operation using an electricity-generating device such as an alternator or generator driven by the engine. Gasoline engines take in a mixture of air and gasoline and compress it to not more than 12.8 bar (1.28 MPa), then use a spark plug to ignite the mixture when it is compressed by the piston head in each cylinder.

Diesel Ignition Process

Diesel engines and HCCI (Homogeneous charge compression ignition) engines, rely solely on heat and pressure created by the engine in its compression process for ignition. The compression level that occurs is usually twice or more than a gasoline engine. Diesel engines will take in air only, and shortly before peak compression, a small quantity of diesel fuel is sprayed into the cylinder via a fuel injector that allows the fuel to instantly ignite. HCCI type engines will take in both air and fuel but continue to rely on an unaided auto-combustion process, due to higher pressures and heat. This is also why diesel and HCCI engines are more susceptible to cold-starting issues, although they will run just as well in cold weather once started. Light duty diesel engines with indirect injection in automobiles and light trucks employ glowplugs that pre-heat the combustion chamber just before starting to reduce no-start conditions in cold weather. Most diesels also have a battery and charging system; nevertheless, this system is secondary and is added by manufacturers as a luxury for the ease of starting, turning fuel on and off (which can also be done via a switch or mechanical apparatus), and for running auxiliary electrical components and accessories. Most new engines rely on electrical and electronic engine control units (ECU) that also adjust the combustion process to increase efficiency and reduce emissions.

Engine cycle

Two-stroke

This system manages to pack one power stroke into every two strokes of the piston (up-down). This is achieved by exhausting and recharging the cylinder simultaneously.

The steps involved here are:

  1. Intake and exhaust occur at bottom dead center. Some form of pressure is needed, either crankcase compression or super-charging.
  2. Compression stroke: Fuel-air mix is compressed and ignited. In case of diesel: Air is compressed, fuel is injected and self-ignited.
  3. Power stroke: Piston is pushed downward by the hot exhaust gases.

Advantages: β€’ It has no valves or camshaft mechanism, hence simplifying its mechanism and construction β€’ For one complete revolution of the crankshaft, the engine executes one cycleβ€”the 4-stroke executes one cycle per two crankshafts revolutions. β€’ Less weight and easier to manufacture. β€’ High power to weight ratio

Disadvantages: β€’ The lack of lubrication system that protects the engine parts from wear. Accordingly, the 2-stroke engines have a shorter life. β€’ 2-stroke engines do not consume fuel efficiently. β€’ 2-stroke engines produce lots of pollution. β€’ Sometimes part of the fuel leaks to the exhaust with the exhaust gases. In conclusion, based on the above advantages and disadvantages, the 2-stroke engines are supposed to operate in vehicles where the weight of the engine is required to be small, and the it is not used continuously for long periods of time.

Idealised P/V diagram for two stroke Otto cycle

Four-stroke

Engines based on the four-stroke ("Otto cycle") have one power stroke for every four strokes (up-down-up-down) and employ spark plug ignition. Combustion occurs rapidly, and during combustion the volume varies little ("constant volume"). They are used in cars, larger boats, some motorcycles, and many light aircraft. They are generally quieter, more efficient, and larger than their two-stroke counterparts.

The steps involved here are:

  1. Intake stroke: Air and vaporized fuel are drawn in.
  2. Compression stroke: Fuel vapor and air are compressed and ignited.
  3. Combustion stroke: Fuel combusts and piston is pushed downwards.
  4. Exhaust stroke: Exhaust is driven out. During the 1st, 2nd, and 4th stroke the piston is relying on power and the momentum generated by the other pistons. In that case, a four-cylinder engine would be less powerful than a six or eight cylinder engine.

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Idealised Pressure/volume diagram of the Otto cycle showing combustion heat input Qp and waste exhaust output Qo, the power stroke is the top curved line, the bottom is the compression stroke

Diesel cycle

Most truck and automotive diesel engines use a cycle reminiscent of a four-stroke cycle, but with a compression heating ignition system, rather than needing a separate ignition system. This variation is called the diesel cycle. In the diesel cycle, diesel fuel is injected directly into the cylinder so that combustion occurs at constant pressure, as the piston moves.

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P-v Diagram for the Ideal Diesel cycle. The cycle follows the numbers 1-4 in clockwise direction.

Five-stroke

The British company ILMOR presented a prototype of 5-Stroke double expansion engine, having two outer cylinders, working as usual, plus a central one, larger in diameter, that performs the double expansion of exhaust gas from the other cylinders, with an increased efficiency in the gas energy use, and an improved SFC. This engine corresponds to a 2003 US patent by Gerhard Schmitz, and was developed apparently also by Honda of Japan for a Quad engine. This engine has a similar precedent in a Spanish 1942 patent, by Francisco Jimeno-Cataneo, and a 1975 patent by Carlos Ubierna-Laciana. The concept of double expansion was developed early in the history of ICE by Otto himself, in 1879, and a Connecticut (USA) based company, EHV, built in 1906 some engines and cars with this principle, that didn't give the expected results.

Six-stroke

First invented in 1883, the six-stroke engine has seen renewed interest over the last 20 or so years.

Four kinds of six-stroke use a regular piston in a regular cylinder, firing every three crankshaft revolutions. The systems capture the wasted heat of the four-stroke Otto cycle with an injection of air or water.

Brayton cycle

A gas turbine is a rotary machine somewhat similar in principle to a steam turbine and it consists of three main components: a compressor, a combustion chamber, and a turbine. The air after being compressed in the compressor is heated by burning fuel in it, this heats and expands the air, and this extra energy is tapped by the turbine which in turn powers the compressor closing the cycle and powering the shaft.

Gas turbine cycle engines employ a continuous combustion system where compression, combustion, and expansion occur simultaneously at different places in the engineβ€”giving continuous power. Notably, the combustion takes place at constant pressure, rather than with the Otto cycle, constant volume.

Brayton cycle

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Engine starting

An internal combustion engine is not usually self-starting so an auxiliary machine is required to start it. Many different systems have been used in the past but modern engines are usually started by an electric motor in the small and medium sizes or by compressed air in the large sizes.

Measures of engine performance

Engine types vary greatly in a number of different ways:

  • energy efficiency
  • fuel/propellant consumption (brake specific fuel consumption for shaft engines, thrust specific fuel consumption for jet engines)
  • power to weight ratio
  • thrust to weight ratio
  • Torque curves (for shaft engines) thrust lapse (jet engines)
  • Compression ratio for piston engines, overall pressure ratio for jet engines and gas turbines

Energy efficiency

Once ignited and burnt, the combustion productsβ€”hot gasesβ€”have more available thermal energy than the original compressed fuel-air mixture (which had higher chemical energy). The available energy is manifested as high temperature and pressure that can be translated into work by the engine. In a reciprocating engine, the high-pressure gases inside the cylinders drive the engine's pistons.

Once the available energy has been removed, the remaining hot gases are vented (often by opening a valve or exposing the exhaust outlet) and this allows the piston to return to its previous position (top dead center, or TDC). The piston can then proceed to the next phase of its cycle, which varies between engines. Any heat that isn't translated into work is normally considered a waste product and is removed from the engine either by an air or liquid cooling system.

Internal combustion engines are primarily heat engines, and as such their theoretical efficiency can be calculated by idealized thermodynamic cycles. The efficiency of a theoretical cycle cannot exceed that of the Carnot cycle, whose efficiency is determined by the difference between the lower and upper operating temperatures of the engine. The upper operating temperature of a terrestrial engine is limited by the thermal stability of the materials used to construct it. All metals and alloys eventually melt or decompose, and there is significant researching into ceramic materials that can be made with greater thermal stability and desirable structural properties. Higher thermal stability allows for greater temperature difference between the lower and upper operating temperatures, hence greater thermodynamic efficiency.

The thermodynamic limits assume that the engine is operating under ideal conditions: a frictionless world, ideal gases, perfect insulators, and operation for infinite time. Real world applications introduce complexities that reduce efficiency. For example, a real engine runs best at a specific load, termed its power band. The engine in a car cruising on a highway is usually operating significantly below its ideal load, because it is designed for the higher loads required for rapid acceleration. In addition, factors such as wind resistance reduce overall system efficiency. Engine fuel economy is usually measured in the units of miles per gallon (or fuel consumption in liters per 100 kilometers) for automobiles. The volume of hydrocarbon assumes a standard energy content.

Most steel engines have a thermodynamic limit of 37%. Even when aided with turbochargers and stock efficiency aids, most engines retain an average efficiency of about 18%-20%.Rocket engine efficiencies are better still, up to 70%, because they operate at very high temperatures and pressures and can have very high expansion ratios.

There are many inventions aimed at increasing the efficiency of IC engines. In general, practical engines are always compromised by trade-offs between different properties such as efficiency, weight, power, heat, response, exhaust emissions, or noise. Sometimes economy also plays a role in not only the cost of manufacturing the engine itself, but also manufacturing and distributing the fuel. Increasing the engine's efficiency brings better fuel economy but only if the fuel cost per energy content is the same.

Measures of fuel/propellant efficiency

For stationary and shaft engines including propeller engines, fuel consumption is measured by calculating the brake specific fuel consumption which measures the mass flow rate of fuel consumption divided by the power produced.

For internal combustion engines in the form of jet engines, the power output varies drastically with airspeed and a less variable measure is used: thrust specific fuel consumption (TSFC), which is the number of pounds of propellant that is needed to generate impulses that measure a pound force-hour. In metric units, the number of grams of propellant needed to generate an impulse that measures one kilonewton-second.

Air pollution

Internal combustion engines such as reciprocating internal combustion engines produce air pollution emissions, due to incomplete combustion of carbonaceous fuel. The main derivatives of the process are carbon dioxide CO2, water and some soot β€” also called particulate matter (PM). The effects of inhaling particulate matter have been studied in humans and animals and include asthma, lung cancer, cardiovascular issues, and premature death. There are, however, some additional products of the combustion process that include nitrogen oxides and sulfur and some uncombusted hydrocarbons, depending on the operating conditions and the fuel-air ratio.

Not all of the fuel will be completely consumed by the combustion process; a small amount of fuel will be present after combustion, some of which can react to form oxygenates, such as formaldehyde or acetaldehyde, or hydrocarbons not initially present in the fuel mixture. The primary causes of this is the need to operate near the stoichiometric ratio for gasoline engines in order to achieve combustion and the resulting "quench" of the flame by the relatively cool cylinder walls, otherwise the fuel would burn more completely in excess air. When running at lower speeds, quenching is commonly observed in diesel (compression ignition) engines that run on natural gas. It reduces the efficiency and increases knocking, sometimes causing the engine to stall. Increasing the amount of air in the engine reduces the amount of the first two pollutants, but tends to encourage the oxygen and nitrogen in the air to combine to produce nitrogen oxides (NOx) that has been demonstrated to be hazardous to both plant and animal health. Further chemicals released are benzene and 1,3-butadiene that are also particularly harmful; and not all of the fuel burns up completely, so carbon monoxide (CO) is also produced.

Carbon fuels contain sulfur and impurities that eventually lead to producing sulfur monoxides (SO) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the exhaust which promotes acid rain. One final element in exhaust pollution is ozone (O3). This is not emitted directly but made in the air by the action of sunlight on other pollutants to form "ground level ozone", which, unlike the "ozone layer" in the high atmosphere, is regarded as a bad thing if the levels are too high.

Noise pollution

Significant contributions to noise pollution are made by internal combustion engines. Automobile and truck traffic operating on highways and street systems produce noise, as do aircraft flights due to jet noise, particularly supersonic-capable aircraft. Rocket engines create the most intense noise.

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Π”Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒ внутрСннСго сгорания

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Π”Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒ внутрСннСго сгорания - это Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌ сгораниС Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π° (ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹Ρ‡Π½ΠΎ ископаСмого Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°) происходит с окислитСлСм (ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹Ρ‡Π½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡƒΡ…ΠΎΠΌ) Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ сгорания. Π’ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ сгорания, Ρ€Π°ΡΡˆΠΈΡ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ высокой Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹ ΠΈ давлСния Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ…ΡΡ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ сгорании примСняСтся прямоС дСйствиС Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² двигатСля, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡ€ΡˆΠ½ΠΈ, Π»ΠΎΠΏΠ°Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π±ΠΈΠ½, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ сопла. Π­Ρ‚Π° сила ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‰Π°Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ‚ Π½Π° расстоянии, создавая ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΡƒΡŽ ΡΠ½Π΅Ρ€Π³ΠΈΡŽ.

Π’Π΅Ρ€ΠΌΠΈΠ½Β Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒ Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ сгорания ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹Ρ‡Π½ΠΎ относится ΠΊ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŽ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌ сгораниС носит нСпостоянный Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ‹ΠΉ Ρ‡Π΅Ρ‚Ρ‹Ρ€Π΅Ρ…Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΈ Π΄Π²ΡƒΡ…Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡ€ΡˆΠ½Π΅Π²Ρ‹Π΅ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡˆΠ΅ΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡ€ΡˆΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒ ВанкСля ΠΈ Ρ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ. Π’Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΉ класс Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ сгорания, использованиС Π½Π΅ΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ€Ρ‹Π²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ горСния: Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π±ΠΈΠ½, Ρ€Π΅Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡˆΠΈΠ½ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎ Ρ€Π°ΠΊΠ΅Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ… ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ сгорания Π½Π° Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏΠ΅.

Π”Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒ внутрСннСго сгорания (Π”Π’Π‘Β ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ) довольно сильно отличаСтся ΠΎΡ‚ внСшнСго сгорания, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΡ…Β ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΒ  ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Β ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΒ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π‘Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π°, Π²Β  ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ… энСргия подаСтся Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‡Π΅ΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ, Π½Π΅ состоящих Π² ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡˆΠ°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ загрязнСнного ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈ горСния. Π Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΠ΅ Тидкости ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡƒΡ…, горячая Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π°, Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ натрия, Π½Π°Π³Ρ€Π΅Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ Π² ΠΊΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π».

Π‘ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡˆΠΎΠ΅ количСство Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… конструкций для Π”Π’Π‘ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π½Ρ‹ ΠΈ построСны, с Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ слабыми сторонами. Π Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π΅Ρ‚ Π½Π° высококалорийныС Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π° (Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Π½ΡŒ часто Π±Π΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠ½, Тидкости, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ископаСмых Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°). Π₯отя Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡ‚Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ стационарного примСнСния, Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Π°Ρ сила Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ сгорания Π² ΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… прилоТСниях, ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ Π² качСствС источника питания для Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΉ, самолСтов ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ².

Π”Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ внутрСннСго сгорания, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅Β Ρ‡Π°Ρ‰Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΒ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π΄Π»ΡΒ ΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ…Β Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ в автомобилях  ΠΈΒ ΠΏΠΎΡ€Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉΒ Ρ‚Π΅Ρ…Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ. Π’Β ΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡ€ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ, Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ сгорания являСтся Π²Ρ‹Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΡƒ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π²Ρ‹ΡΠΎΠΊΡƒΡŽ ΠΌΠΎΡ‰Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π½Π° Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ†Ρƒ вСса ΡΠΎΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ вмСстС с ΠΎΡ‚Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ энСргии Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°. Π’ΠΎΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅ с использованиСм ископаСмых Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π° (Π² основном Π½Π΅Ρ„Ρ‚ΡŒ), эти Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ появились Π² транспортС ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Ρ‚ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ всСх транспортных срСдств (Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ, Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠ·ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΠΌΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ†ΠΈΠΊΠ»Ρ‹, Π»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΈ Π² самых Ρ€Π°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π»Π΅Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ²).

Π“Π΄Π΅ ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Π½ΡŒΒ Π²Ρ‹ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉΒ ΠΌΠΎΡ‰Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ к вСсу ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡ‹, Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈΒ  внутрСннСго сгорания ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π²Β  Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ…Β Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π±ΠΈΠ½. Эти прилоТСния Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‚ Ρ€Π΅Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Π΅ самолСты, Π²Π΅Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ‚Ρ‹, ΠΊΠΎΡ€Π°Π±Π»ΠΈΒ ΠΈΒ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡˆΠΈΠ΅ элСктричСскиС Π³Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹.

Π§Π΅Ρ‚Ρ‹Ρ€Π΅Ρ…Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΉΒ Ρ†ΠΈΠΊΠ» (ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΒ  Ρ†ΠΈΠΊΠ» ΠžΡ‚Ρ‚ΠΎ)

1. ΠŸΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅

2. Π‘ΠΆΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ΅

3. ΠŸΠΈΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅

4. Π’Ρ‹Ρ…Π»ΠΎΠΏ

Как слСдуСт из ΠΈΡ… названия, Ρ‡Π΅Ρ‚Ρ‹Ρ€Π΅Ρ…Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Π”Π’Π‘Β ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡŽΡ‚Β Ρ‡Π΅Ρ‚Ρ‹Ρ€Π΅ основных шага, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅Β ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡΒ  с каТдым Π΄Π²Π° ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡ‚Π° двигатСля:Β 
(1) Впускной ΡƒΠ΄Π°Ρ€ (2) Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΡ‚ сТатия (3) ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ (4) Π’Ρ‹Ρ…Π»ΠΎΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡƒΠ΄Π°Ρ€

1. Впускной удар: ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²Ρ‹ΠΉ ΡƒΠ΄Π°Ρ€ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ IC Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ извСстСн ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ всасывания, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡ€ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΡŒ двиТСтся Π² максимальном ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ объСма (Π²Π½ΠΈΠ· Π² Ρ†ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΄Ρ€Π΅). Впускной ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΏΠ°Π½ открываСтся, Π² Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π΅ двиТСния ΠΏΠΎΡ€ΡˆΠ½Ρ, Π° ΠΈΡΠΏΠ°Ρ€ΡΡΡΡŒ топливная смСсь поступаСт Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Ρƒ сгорания. Впускной ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΏΠ°Π½ закрываСтся Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅ этого ΡƒΠ΄Π°Ρ€Π°.

2. Вакт сТатия: В этом  процСссС, ΠΎΠ±Π° ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΏΠ°Π½Π° Π·Π°ΠΊΡ€Ρ‹Ρ‚Ρ‹, ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡ€ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΡŒ Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½Π°Π΅Ρ‚ своС Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΡƒΠΌΡƒ объСма ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΉ (Π²Π²Π΅Ρ€Ρ… Π² Ρ†ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΄Ρ€Π΅) ΠΈ сТимаСт Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π½ΡƒΡŽ смСсь. Π’ΠΎ врСмя процСсса сТатия, давлСния, Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹ ΠΈ плотности ΡƒΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ‚ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π½ΡƒΡŽ смСсь.

3. ΠŸΠΈΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄: Когда ΠΏΠΎΡ€ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΡŒ достигаСт минимального объСма ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΉ, свСчи заТигания ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π΅Ρ‚ смСсь Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°. Π’ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ силу, которая пСрСдаСтся Π½Π° Π²Π°Π» ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡˆΠΈΠΏΠ½ΠΎ-ΡˆΠ°Ρ‚ΡƒΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°.

4. Π’Ρ‹Ρ…Π»ΠΎΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠΉΒ ΡƒΠ΄Π°Ρ€: Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Π³ΠΎ Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π°, открываСтся выпускной ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΏΠ°Π½. Π’ΠΎ врСмя этого ΡƒΠ΄Π°Ρ€Π°, ΠΏΠΎΡ€ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΡŒ Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½Π°Π΅Ρ‚ своС Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² минимальном ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ громкости. ΠžΡ‚ΠΊΡ€Ρ‹Ρ‚Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΏΠ°Π½ выпускной позволяСт Π²Ρ‹Ρ…Π»ΠΎΠΏΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ², Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ ΠΈΠ·Π±Π΅ΠΆΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒ Ρ†ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΄Ρ€Π°. Π’ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅ этого ΡƒΠ΄Π°Ρ€Π°, выпускной ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΏΠ°Π½ закрываСтся, впускной ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΏΠ°Π½ открываСтся, ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ повторяСтся Π² ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΌ Ρ†ΠΈΠΊΠ»Π΅. Π§Π΅Ρ‚Ρ‹Ρ€Π΅ двигатСля Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ Π΄Π²ΡƒΡ… Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡŽΡ†ΠΈΠΉ.

ΠœΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅Β Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈΒ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΡ€Ρ‹Ρ‚ΠΈΡ дСйствия Π²ΠΎ Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ; Ρ€Π΅Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡŽΡ‚ всС шаги ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π² Ρ€Π°Π·Π½Ρ‹Ρ… частях систСмы.

Π“ΠΎΡ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β 
ВсС Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ сгорания, зависит ΠΎΡ‚ сТигания химичСского Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, с кислородом ΠΈΠ· Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡƒΡ…Π° (хотя ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π²Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ закиси Π°Π·ΠΎΡ‚Π° для Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ большС Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ самоС ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΡƒΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒ мощности). ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΡ†Π΅ΡΡ горСния ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹Ρ‡Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ ΠΊ производству большого количСства Ρ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ»Π°, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ производства ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π° ΠΈ двуокиси ΡƒΠ³Π»Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΡ… химичСских вСщСств ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Π½ΡŒ высокой Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π΅, Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π° опрСдСляСтся химичСским составом Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ-окислитСлями (см. стСхиомСтрии), Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ сТатиС ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΡ… Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ².Β 
НаиболСС распространСнныС соврСмСнныС Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ‹ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π° состоят ΠΈΠ· ΡƒΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π² основном ΠΈΠ· ископаСмого Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π° (Π½Π΅Ρ„Ρ‚ΠΈ). Π˜ΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡ‹Π΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ‹ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π° Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‚ дизСльноС Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ, Π±Π΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈ нСфтяного Π³Π°Π·Π°, ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΠ΅ использованиС ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΏΠ°Π½Π°. Π—Π° ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ‡ΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°, Π² Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡˆΠΈΠ½ΡΡ‚Π²Π΅ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ сгорания, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½Ρ‹ для использования Π±Π΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π³Π°Π·Π΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ сТиТСнном нСфтяном Π³Π°Π·Π΅ Π±Π΅Π· сущСствСнных ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ. Π‘ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡˆΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ с Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡƒΡ…ΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡˆΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ с Π³Π°Π·Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ дизСльного Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π° заТигания. Π–ΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ‹ Π±ΠΈΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ этанол ΠΈ биодизСль (Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ° дизСльного Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ производится ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅Π»ΡŒΡΠΊΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΉΡΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ Π΄Π°ΡŽΡ‚ Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ³Π»ΠΈΡ†Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ², Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ соСвоС масло), Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ‹. Π”Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ с ΡΠΎΠΎΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌΠΈ измСнСниями Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Π³Π°Π·Π°, дрСвСсном Π³Π°Π·Π΅, ΡƒΠ³Π»Π΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π³Π°Π·Π΅, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ Π½Π°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ производитСля Π³Π°Π·Π° ΠΈΠ· Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΡ… ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½Ρ‹Ρ… биомасс. Π’ послСднСС врСмя экспСримСнты Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ сдСланы с использованиСм ΠΏΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡˆΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ‚Π²Π΅Ρ€Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Ρ†ΠΈΠΊΠ» ΠΈΠ½ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ магния.

Π”Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ внутрСннСго сгорания Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ воспламСнСниС смСси, Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ с искровым Π·Π°ΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ (SI) ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ с воспламСнСниСм ΠΎΡ‚ сТатия (Π”Π˜). Π”ΠΎ изобрСтСния Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… элСктричСских ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², горячиС Ρ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠ±Ρ‹ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹. Π­ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ построСны с Π»Π°Π·Π΅Ρ€Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ Π·Π°ΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ.

ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΡ†Π΅ΡΡ Π±Π΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ двигатСля

БСнзин систСмы заТигания  двигатСля обычно ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π½Π° сочСтаниС  свинцово-кислотныС батарСи и  ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡƒΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΡƒΡˆΠΊΠΈΒ Π΄Π»ΡΒ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ  высокого напряТСния элСктричСской  искры, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹Β Π·Π°ΠΆΠ΅Ρ‡ΡŒ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡƒΡˆΠ½ΠΎ-Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉΒ  смСси в цилиндрах двигатСля. Эта батарСя заряТаСтся Π²ΠΎ врСмя  ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ с использованиСм ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ…Β  устройств, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΡ…Β ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΒ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Β  или гСнСратор управлСния Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ. Π‘Π΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π΅ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡŽΡ‚ Π² смСси Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡƒΡ…Π° ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ ΡΠΆΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π΅Π΅ Π½Π΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌ Π΄ΠΎ 12,8 Π±Π°Ρ€ (1,28 МПа), Π° Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ свСчи заТигания для воспламСнСния смСси, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ½Π° сТимаСтся ΠΏΠΎΡ€ΡˆΠ½Π΅ΠΌ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Ρƒ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Ρ†ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΄Ρ€Π΅.Β 
Π”ΠΈΠ·Π΅Π»ΡŒ процСсса заТигания

Π”ΠΈΠ·Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈΒ ΠΈ HCCI (ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Π΅ с воспламСнСниСм ΠΎΡ‚ сТатия заряда) Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ Π½Π° Ρ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎ ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, создаваСмоС Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ Π² своСм процСссС сТатия для воспламСнСния. Π£Ρ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΡŒ сТатия, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ происходит, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, Π² Π΄Π²Π° Ρ€Π°Π·Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌ Π² Π±Π΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅. Π”ΠΈΠ·Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π±ΡƒΠ΄ΡƒΡ‚ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ Π² Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡƒΡ…Π΅, Π° Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΠΊΠ° сТатия, нСбольшоС количСство дизСльного Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π° впрыскиваСтся Π² Ρ†ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΄Ρ€ Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π· ΠΈΠ½ΠΆΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ позволяСт Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Ρƒ ΠΌΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ. Π”Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ HCCI сорта, Π·Π°ΠΉΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΡ… Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡƒΡ…Π° ΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°, Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°ΡŽΡ‚ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ Π½Π° Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΎΡ€ΡƒΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ автоматичСский процСсс сгорания, ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ высоких давлСния ΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ»Π°. По этой ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΈ HCCI Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ восприимчивыми ΠΊ Ρ…ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌΡƒ запуску, хотя ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π±ΡƒΠ΄ΡƒΡ‚ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΆΠ΅ Ρ…ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡˆΠΎ Π² Ρ…ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π°-Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡŒ. Π‘Π²Π΅Ρ‚ Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ с нСпрямым впрыском Π² автомобилях ΠΈ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΈΡ… Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠ·ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ… ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ свСчи накаливания, для ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°Π³Ρ€Π΅Π²Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Ρ‹ сгорания нСпосрСдствСнно ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π΄ запуском, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ ΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡŒΡˆΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ нСстартовыС условия Π² Ρ…ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ. Π‘ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡˆΠΈΠ½ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π±Π°Ρ‚Π°Ρ€Π΅ΠΈ ΠΈ систСмы зарядки, Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅, эта систСма срСднСго ΠΈ добавляСтся производитСлями ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Ρ€ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΡˆΡŒ для удобства, начиная, прСвращая Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π° ΠΈ Π²Ρ‹ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ (которая Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ сдСлана Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π· ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡƒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ мСханичСскиС устройства), ΠΈ для выполнСния Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… элСктричСских ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ аксСссуаров. Π‘ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡˆΠΈΠ½ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎ Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ основываСтся Π½Π° элСктричСскиС ΠΈ элСктронныС систСмы управлСния Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ†Ρ‹ (ECU), ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Ρ€Π΅Π³ΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ процСсс сгорания для ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ эффСктивности ΠΈ сокращСния выбросов.

Цикл двигатСля

Π”Π²ΡƒΡ…Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π½Ρ‹Π΅Β 
Β Π­Ρ‚Π° систСма управляСт ΡƒΠΏΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΠΉ Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Ρ‹Ρ… Π΄Π²ΡƒΡ… ΡƒΠ΄Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΡ€ΡˆΠ½Ρ (Π²Π²Π΅Ρ€Ρ…-Π²Π½ΠΈΠ·). Π­Ρ‚ΠΎ достигаСтся ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Π΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠ·Π½ΡƒΡ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ подзарядки Ρ†ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΄Ρ€Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ.

Π­Ρ‚Π°ΠΏΡ‹:

1. Впускного и выпускного  происходят в ниТнСй мСртвой  Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡ΠΊΠ΅. НСкоторыС из форм давлСния  Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ, либо сТатиС картСра  или супСр-зарядку.Β 
2. Π’Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π° сТатия: Π’ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ-Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡƒΡˆΠ½Π°Ρ смСсь сТимаСтся ΠΈ подТигаСтся. Π’ случаС дизСльного: Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡƒΡ… сТимаСтся, Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ впрыскиваСтся ΠΈ само-подТигаСтся.Β 
3. Π Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΠΉ Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄: ΠŸΠΎΡ€ΡˆΠ½Π΅Π²Ρ‹Π΅ выталкиваСтся Π² сторону пониТСния Π½Π° горячиС Π²Ρ‹Ρ…Π»ΠΎΠΏΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ Π³Π°Π·Ρ‹.

ΠŸΡ€Π΅ΠΈΠΌΡƒΡ‰Π΅ΡΡ‚Π²Π°: β€’Β ΠžΠ½ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ‚Β  ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΒ Ρ€Π°ΡΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π°Π»Π° ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°, ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ, ΡƒΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‰Π°Π΅Ρ‚ Π΅Π³ΠΎΒ  ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ ΠΈΒ ΡΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²Π°Β β€’Β Π—Π° ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½Ρ‡Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ Π²Π°Π»Π°, Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΒ Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ‚Β ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ Ρ†ΠΈΠΊΠ», 4-Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΉΒ  выполняСт один Ρ†ΠΈΠΊΠ» Π²Β Π΄Π²Π°Β ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½Ρ‡Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹Ρ… Π²Π°Π»ΠΎΠ². β€’Β ΠœΠ΅Π½ΡŒΡˆΠΈΠΉΒ Π²Π΅ΡΒ ΠΈΒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‰Π΅Β  Π²Β ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ. β€’Β Π’Ρ‹ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ΅Β ΡΠΎΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β  мощности и вСса

НСдостатки: ‒ отсутствиС систСмы смазки, которая защищаСт Π΄Π΅Ρ‚Π°Π»ΠΈ двигатСля от износа. БоотвСтствСнно, 2-Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π½Ρ‹Π΅Β Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈΒ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡŽΡ‚Β ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡŒΡˆΠΈΠΉΒ  рСсурс. β€’ 2-Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π° эффСктивно. β€’ 2-Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°ΡŽΡ‚ большСС количСство загрязнСний. β€’ Иногда Ρ‡Π°ΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΡƒΡ‚Π΅Ρ‡Π΅ΠΊ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π° Π² Π²Ρ‹Ρ…Π»ΠΎΠΏΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… с Π²Ρ‹Ρ…Π»ΠΎΠΏΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Π³Π°Π·Π°ΠΌΠΈ. Π’ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, исходя ΠΈΠ· ΡƒΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅ прСимущСства ΠΈ нСдостатки, 2-Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π² транспортных срСдствах, Π³Π΄Π΅ вСс двигатСля Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ нСбольшим, ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΠ΅Ρ‚ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ€Ρ‹Π²Π½ΠΎ Π² Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ.

Π§Π΅Ρ‚Ρ‹Ρ€Π΅Ρ…Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΉΒ 
Π”Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π½Π° основС Ρ‡Π΅Ρ‚Ρ‹Ρ€Π΅Ρ…-Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ("ΠžΡ‚Ρ‚ΠΎ Ρ†ΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°") ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡŽΡ‚ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΠΉ Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ‡Π΅Ρ‚Ρ‹Ρ€Π΅ ΡƒΠ΄Π°Ρ€Π° (Π²Π²Π΅Ρ€Ρ…-Π²Π½ΠΈΠ·-Π²Π²Π΅Ρ€Ρ…-Π²Π½ΠΈΠ·) ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ свСчи заТигания. Π“ΠΎΡ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ происходит быстро, ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ врСмя сгорания объСмом ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎ мСняСтся ("постоянном объСмС"). Они ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π² автомобилях, Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΊΡ€ΡƒΠΏΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… судов, Π² Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΌΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ†ΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°Ρ…, самолСтах ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΡ…. Они, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, Ρ‚ΠΈΡˆΠ΅, Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ эффСктивными ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΊΡ€ΡƒΠΏΠ½Ρ‹Π΅, Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌ ΠΈΡ… Π΄Π²ΡƒΡ…Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈ.Β 
Π­Ρ‚Π°ΠΏΡ‹:

1. ΠŸΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅: Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡƒΡ… ΠΈ испарСниС Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π° взяты дюйма 
2. Π’Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π° сТатия: Π’ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‹ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡƒΡ…Π° ΡΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΈ подТигаСтся.Β 
3. Π“ΠΎΡ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅: Π’ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ сгораСт ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡ€ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΡŒ выталкиваСтся Π²Π½ΠΈΠ·.Β 
4. Π’Ρ‹Ρ…Π»ΠΎΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡƒΠ΄Π°Ρ€: Π’Ρ‹Ρ…Π»ΠΎΠΏΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΠ½ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ. Π’ΠΎ врСмя 1-ΠΉ, 2-ΠΉ, ΠΈ 4-ΠΉ Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΡ€ΡˆΠ½Ρ, ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ€Π°ΡΡΡŒ Π½Π° силу ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ, Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡ€ΡˆΠ½ΠΈ. Π’ этом случаС, Ρ‡Π΅Ρ‚Ρ‹Ρ€Π΅Ρ…-Ρ†ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΄Ρ€ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΉ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒ Π±ΡƒΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΡ‰Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ, Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌ ΡˆΠ΅ΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ восСмь Ρ†ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΄Ρ€ΠΎΠ² двигатСля.

Π”ΠΈΠ·Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ Ρ†ΠΈΠΊΠ»

Π‘ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡˆΠΈΠ½ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎ Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΉΒ  ΠΈΒ Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ…Β Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ…Β Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ Ρ†ΠΈΠΊΠ» Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΉ Ρ‡Π΅Ρ‚Ρ‹Ρ€Π΅Ρ…Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Ρ†ΠΈΠΊΠ», Π½ΠΎ с систСмой заТигания отоплСния сТатия, ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π½ΡƒΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π² ΠΎΡ‚Π΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ систСмС заТигания. Π­Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚ Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ‚ называСтся Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ Ρ†ΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠΌ. Π’ дизСльном Ρ†ΠΈΠΊΠ»Π΅, дизСльноС Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ впрыскиваСтся нСпосрСдствСнно Π² Ρ†ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΄Ρ€ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ происходит ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ постоянном Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡ€ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΡŒ двиТСтся.

ΠŸΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΉΒ 
Британский Ilmor компания прСдставила ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠΏ 5-Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ двигатСля Π΄Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ Ρ€Π°ΡΡˆΠΈΡ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π²Π° Π²Π½Π΅ΡˆΠ½ΠΈΡ… Ρ†ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΄Ρ€ΠΎΠ², Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹Ρ‡Π½ΠΎ, плюс Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ, большС Π² Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ выполняСт Π΄Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Ρ€Π°ΡΡˆΠΈΡ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Ρ‹Ρ…Π»ΠΎΠΏΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡ‚ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ†ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΄Ρ€Π°, с ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡ„Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ Π² использовании энСргии Π³Π°Π·Π°, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡƒΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ SFC. Π­Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒ соотвСтствуСт 2003 ΠΏΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Π½Ρ‚ БША Π“Π΅Ρ€Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π΄Π° Schmitz, ΠΈ Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎ-Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΌΡƒ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Honda Π―ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΈ Π·Π° Quad двигатСля. Π­Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ†Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚ Π² испанских 1942 ΠΏΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Π½Ρ‚, Ѐрансиско Jimeno-Cataneo ΠΈ 1975 ΠΏΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π° ΠšΠ°Ρ€Π»ΠΎΡ Ubierna-Laciana. ΠšΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΡ†ΠΈΡ Π΄Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ€Π°ΡΡˆΠΈΡ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π½Π° Π² Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»Π΅ истории Π”Π’Π‘ ΠžΡ‚Ρ‚ΠΎ, Π² 1879 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ, ΠΈ ΠšΠΎΠ½Π½Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΡƒΡ‚ (БША) компания, свСрхвысокого напряТСния, построСнный Π² 1906 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ с этим ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ Π½Π΅ Π΄Π°Π» ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π΅ΠΌΡ‹Ρ… Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ².

ШСститактный 
ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Π²Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π΅Π» Π² 1883 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ ΡˆΠ΅ΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π» Π²ΠΎΠ·Ρ€ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ интСрСса Π·Π° послСдниС 20 Π»Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ. Π§Π΅Ρ‚Ρ‹Ρ€Π΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΡˆΠ΅ΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ рСгулярныС ΠΏΠΎΡ€ΡˆΠ½ΠΈ Π² Ρ†ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΄Ρ€Π΅ выпустив Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π· ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡ‚Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½Ρ‡Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π°Π»Π°. БистСм улавливания Π²ΠΏΡƒΡΡ‚ΡƒΡŽ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ»Π° Ρ‡Π΅Ρ‚Ρ‹Ρ€Π΅Ρ…Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Ρ†ΠΈΠΊΠ» ΠžΡ‚Ρ‚ΠΎ с Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡƒΡ…Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹.

Π¦ΠΈΠΊΠ»Β Π‘Ρ€Π°ΠΉΡ‚ΠΎΠ½Π°

Π“Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π±ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹Β Ρ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡˆΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉΒ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎΒ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ…, Π²Β ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏΠ΅, ΠΏΠ°Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉΒ Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π±ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹Β ΠΈΒ  она состоит из Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ… основных ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ²: компрСссор, ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π° сгорания ΠΈ Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π±ΠΈΠ½Π°. Π’ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡƒΡ… послС сТатия Π² компрСссорС нагрСваСтся Π·Π° счСт сТигания Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π° Π² Π½Π΅ΠΌ, нагрСваСтся ΠΈ Ρ€Π°ΡΡˆΠΈΡ€ΡΠ΅Ρ‚ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡƒΡ…, ΠΈ эта Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Π°Ρ энСргия поступаСт ΠΏΠΎ Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π±ΠΈΠ½Π΅, которая Π² свою ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΡŒ, полномочия компрСссора Π·Π°ΠΊΡ€Ρ‹Ρ‚ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ†ΠΈΠΊΠ»Π° ΠΈ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π²Π°Π»Π°.Β 
Π“Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π΅ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ, Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π±ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ Ρ†ΠΈΠΊΠ»Π° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ систСмы Π½Π΅ΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ€Ρ‹Π²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ сгорания, Π³Π΄Π΅ сТатиС, сгораниС, Ρ€Π°ΡΡˆΠΈΡ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ происходит ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π² Ρ€Π°Π·Π½Ρ‹Ρ… мСстах Π² машинном давая Π½Π΅ΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ€Ρ‹Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ мощности. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ‡Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ происходит ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ постоянном Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ, Π° Π½Π΅ с Ρ†ΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠΌ ΠžΡ‚Ρ‚ΠΎ, постоянном объСмС.Β 
Запуск двигатСля

Π”Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒ внутрСннСго сгорания, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΒ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, Π½Π΅ самозапускаСтся Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡˆΠΈΠ½Ρ‹, Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡ‹Π΅ для Π΅Π³ΠΎ запуска. Много Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… систСм Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ‹ Π² ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡˆΠ»ΠΎΠΌ, Π½ΠΎ соврСмСнныС Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, созданныС элСктродвигатСля Π² ΠΌΠ°Π»Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ срСдних Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΠΈ сТатого Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡƒΡ…Π° Π² ΠΊΡ€ΡƒΠΏΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ….

ΠœΠ΅Ρ€Ρ‹Β Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹ двигатСля

Π’ΠΈΠΏΡ‹Β Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ сильно Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡΒ  ΠΏΠΎ Ρ€Π°Π·Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ способам:

β€’ Π­Π½Π΅Ρ€Π³ΠΎΡΡ„Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ

β€’ Π’ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ / расход Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π° (Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡƒΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ расход Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π° Π½Π° Π²Π°Π»Ρƒ двигатСля, тяги ΡƒΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ расхода Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π° для Ρ€Π΅Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ)Β 
β€’ ΡΠΎΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ мощности ΠΈ вСса

β€’ тяги к вСсу

β€’ ΠšΡ€ΡƒΡ‚ΡΡ‰ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… (для  Π²Π°Π»ΠΎΠ²Β Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ) тяги ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡƒΡ‚ΠΊΠΎΠ² (Ρ€Π΅Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ)

β€’ Π‘Ρ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡŒΒ ΡΠΆΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ для  ΠΏΠΎΡ€ΡˆΠ½Π΅Π²Ρ‹Ρ…Β Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ, общий коэффициСнт  давлСния для рСактивных Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈΒ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ…Β Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π±ΠΈΠ½

Π­Π½Π΅Ρ€Π³ΠΎΡΡ„Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΒ 
Как Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ заТигаСтся ΠΈ сТигаСтся, ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚Ρ‹ сгорания, горячиС Π³Π°Π·Ρ‹, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡŽΡ‚ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡƒΠΏΠ½ΡƒΡŽ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡƒΡŽ ΡΠ½Π΅Ρ€Π³ΠΈΡŽ, Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌ сТатыС исходныС Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ-Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡƒΡˆΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ смСси (которая Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ высокой химичСской энСргии). Доступная энСргия проявляСтся Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ высокой Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹ ΠΈ давлСния, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ‹ Π½Π° Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρƒ двигатСля. Π’ ΠΏΠΎΡ€ΡˆΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ двигатСля, высокого давлСния Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ² Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈ Ρ†ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΄Ρ€ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΡ€ΡˆΠ½Π΅ΠΉ двигатСля. Как Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ доступная энСргия Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° ΡƒΠ΄Π°Π»Π΅Π½Π°, ΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π²ΡˆΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ горячиС Π³Π°Π·Ρ‹ выводятся (часто ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Π΅ΠΌ открытия ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΏΠ°Π½Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ подвСргая Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ΅ отвСрстиС), ΠΈ это позволяСт ΠΏΠΎΡ€ΡˆΠ½ΡΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ Π²Π΅Ρ€Π½ΡƒΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ ΠΊ своСй ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΈ (Π²Π΅Ρ€Ρ…Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Ρ‚Π²ΠΎΠΉ Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡ΠΊΠ΅, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ TDC). ΠŸΠΎΡ€ΡˆΠ½ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ΠΉΡ‚ΠΈ ΠΊ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ Ρ„Π°Π·Π΅ своСго Ρ†ΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°, которая колСблСтся Π² зависимости ΠΎΡ‚ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ. Π›ΡŽΠ±ΠΎΠ΅ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎ, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π΅ пСрСводится Π½Π° Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρƒ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, ΡΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΎΡ‚Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ ΠΈ ΡƒΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΈΠ· двигатСля Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡƒΡ…Ρƒ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Тидкостной систСмой охлаТдСния.

Internal combustion engine