Marketing Management
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Management, by definition, is a function of planning, organising, co-ordinating, directing and controlling. Any managerial system, at any managerial level, is characterised in terms of these general functions.Β
Management is revealed in a variety of specific activities. Marketing management refers to a broad concept covering organisation of production and sales of products, which is based on consumer requirements research. All companies must look beyond their present situation and develop a long-term strategy to meet changing conditions in their industry. Marketing management, therefore, consists of evaluating market opportunities, selecting markets, developing market strategies, planning marketing tactics and controlling marketing results.Β
Strategic planning includes defining the company's long-term as well as specific objectives, such as sales volume, market share, profitability and innovation, and deciding on financial, material and other resources needed to achieve those objectives.
In problems of market selection and product planning one of the keΡ concepts is that of the Product Life Cycle .That products pass through various stages between life and death (introduction β growth βmaturity β decline) is hard deny Equally accepted is the understanding that a company should have a mix of products with representation in each of these stages. Companies can make far more effective marketing decisions if they have time to find out where each of their products stands in its life cycle.Β
However, the concept of the product life cycle seems frequently forgotten in marketing planning, which leads to wrong decision-making. This may well be seen in the following story.
A supplier of some light industrial equipment felt that the decline in the sales of his major product was due to the fact that it was not receiving the sales support it deserved. In order to give extra sales support to this problem case a special advertising campaign was run. This required cutting into marketing budgets of several promising products that were still in their "young" growth phase. In fact, the major product has long since passed the zenith of its potential sales, and no amount of additional sales support could have extended its growth. This became quite clear in the end-of-year sales results which showed no improvement. The promising products, however, went into gradual sales decline. In short, management has failed to consider each product's position in its life cycle.
Every product has to be properly promoted so as to be profitably sold. So various methods of promotion are used by genius marketers and advertisers. They include classified advertisements in newspapers, open air hoardings, neon signs as well as display advertisements. Moreover, TV commercials are also a popular method of advertising. TV commercials can include product endorsement. Publicity can be gained by other promotional activities such as special offers, free samples, free gifts, competition with prizes, loyalty cards and cross promotion.
So if you want your product to be highly competitive and market-oriented, your company should pay a lot of attention to marketing and product promotion.
The key points of marketing concept are customer satisfaction, profit, and properly organized efforts to make profit through customer satisfaction. At the same time, strategically, it is important to understand that a business can be profitable, or successful, only if it finds a way to satisfy customers better than its competitors. This means, that today's business can attract customers only through successful competition. Because of the highly competitive environment, today it is not enough just to satisfy. The important thing is to be better. In other words, if a business is unable to compete, it fails to implement the key marketing ideas simply because such business will fail to satisfy customers.
Moreover, under the competitive environment it becomes important not only to meet, but also to exceed the customers' needs.
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ΠΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΆΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ, ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ. ΠΡΠ±Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π² Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅, Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ.
ΠΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΆΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. Π£ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡ, ΠΎΡ Π²Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π½Π° ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π²ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ Π·Π° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ Π½ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈ. Π£ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ, Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ², ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ.
Π‘ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅Β ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π²Β ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΆ, Π΄ΠΎΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ°, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ, ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ , ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ², Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ.
Π Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠ°Ρ Β Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ° ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ°Β ΠΈΒ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈΒ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠΉΒ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΒ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉΒ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ» ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ°, ΡΡΠΎΒ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π·Β ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Β ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΒ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΒ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΡ (Π²Π½Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β βΒ ΡΠΎΡΡ- Π·ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΡΡ - ΡΠΏΠ°Π΄). Π’ΡΠΆΠ΅Π»ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΠ². ΠΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ Π³ΠΎΡΠ°Π·Π΄ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Ρ Π½ΠΈΡ Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π²ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ, Π³Π΄Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π΅.
ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ, ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ Π·Π°Π±ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΠΌ Π² ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π΅ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΡΠΎ, Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ, Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ.
ΠΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΊ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ
ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΆ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ, Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π·Π°ΠΏΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π² ΠΈΡ "ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ" ΡΠ°Π·Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΡΠ°.Β
Π€Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ,
Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΡΠΉΒ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΒ ΡΠΆΠ΅Β Π΄Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΒ
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π»Β Π·Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ Π΅Π³ΠΎΒ
ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉΒ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΒ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌΒ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌΒ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±ΡΒ ΡΒ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠΉΒ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΡ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅Β ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Β ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ Π³Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅Β ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π³Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΒ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ.
ΠΠ½ΠΈ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π²Β ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ½ΡΠ΅Β ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Β Π³Π°Π·Π΅ΡΠ°Ρ , ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ½ΡΡ Β ΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ , Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ, Π°Β ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅Β ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ½ΡΠ΅Β ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Β ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ½ΡΠ΅Β ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅Β ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Β ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΡ. Π’Π ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΡΒ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΒ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π²Β ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ. Π Π΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ°Β ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΒ Π±ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π½ΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΒ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ½ΡΡ Β ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ Β ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΒ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Β ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ±Π΅.
Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ,
Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²Ρ Ρ
ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎΠ±ΡΒ Π²Π°ΡΒ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΒ
Π±ΡΡΒ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠΌΒ ΠΈΒ
ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅Β ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠΈΒ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π° ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΒ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΒ ΠΈΒ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΒ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±ΡΒ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡΒ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΒ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ².Β
Π ΡΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΒ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΒ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎΒ Π±ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΒ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ Π½Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ.Β ΠΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΡ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ.Β ΠΠ·-Π·Π° Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ,Β ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.Β ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅.Β ΠΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Ρ Π½Π΅ Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ, Π½Π΅ Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Ρ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ Π½Π΅ Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ².Β
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