Motivationi
1
The best form of motivation is self-motivation. Pupils need to connect with teachers if they are achieve this. Teachers can motivate their pupils by meeting their needs for the three βAsβ: affiliation, agency and autonomy. They do this through the energisers that create a motivating learning climate; the flip side of the energisers are the drainers β things that staff need to avoid doing.
EnergisersΒ
The energisers provide the ingredients of the classroom climate that
are needed to whet pupilsβ appetites for learning. The energisers
effectively engage most pupils and are accessible to most teachers:
- Engagement β how teachers show they are interested in and value pupils.
- Structure β provides clear pathways towards the learning goals and boundaries that let pupils know what is expected of them.
- Stimulation β comes from a curriculum that highlights the relevance of activities and sets achievable goals.
- Feedback β provides information that lets pupils know how they are doing, guiding them from where they are to where they need to be.
DrainersΒ
Drainers expose pupils to painful and unpleasant experiences that they
will want to avoid:
- Engagement β showing they are disinterested in their pupils by embarrassing them, threatening them or voicing comparisons between them.
- Structure β dictating the agenda and denying pupil participation by, for example, setting too many rules and refusing any choice.
- Stimulation β leaving pupils confused as to the purpose and relevance of activities, setting goals that are too easy or too difficult and generally failing to create enthusiasm.
- Feedback β undermining confidence through personalised blame, judgemental criticism and feedback that is generally highly evaluative and emotion-laden.
Pupil driversΒ
Teachers need to understand their pupils as much as possible. The pupil
drivers integrate the latest thinking on emotional intelligence, self-esteem
and positive psychology into an account of what motivates students.
Learner needs are at the core of the pupil driver model. A need is something that, when met, promotes our wellbeing. It is our needs that give our goals their power. However, if our needs are thwarted, we may become driven to get them met in alternative and inappropriate ways.
Personality organises how we meet our needs. How well we meet our needs is both reflected in, and influenced by, our emotions β especially how we feel about ourselves.
PersonalityΒ
While all pupils share the same basic needs and the same range of emotions,
each has a unique personality that leads him or her to follow different
strategies for getting needs met. Most pupils want to do their best.
For some, though, their goals become restricted, distorted or overwhelmed.
This usually results from a combination of:
- their own problems
- their family and peer relationships
- how they are treated in the classroom.
Each childβs personality organises
how they meet their needs through their social competence. This is the
use of social skills to get what we want within relationships. Personality
shapes how we think, feel and behave and so determines how we adjust
to the classroom. The study of our earliest attachments as babies helps
explain how personality develops within these close relationships, and
how we take these experiences on board in such a way that attachment
patterns come to form the prototype for our later relationships.Β
Personality influences, in particular, how we think and feel about ourselves,
our self-emotions. When our needs have been met we enjoy self-energising
emotions. When they are blocked we experience self-draining emotions.
EmotionsΒ
The main function of our emotions is to tell us how weβre coping and
so motivate us to adapt to the context in which we find ourselves. Emotions
are crucial in the development of pro-social behaviour. This is particularly
true of empathy, the ability to understand another personβs emotional
state.
The self has evolved as a mechanism to prioritise all the demands made on our consciousness. It helps us make sense of who we are and what to expect of the self and others. The self emotions can be mapped onto the three βAsβ:
- Agency β our sense of getting ahead or our self-belief: a key factor underlying agency is the idea we hold about ability. Pupils can see intelligence as fixed or can recognise that their ability will be increased through effort.
- Affiliation β our sense of getting along with others.
- Autonomy β our sense of self-realisation: marked in the classroom by our attitudes towards achievement, which influence how we approach learning.
While there is much to be gained by a deeper understanding of the pupil drivers, it is important to remember that motivational resilience is not a quality of the learner but of the transaction between the learner and the learning climate. The three βAsβ are not so much personal qualities of learners as acquired states that are more likely when certain conditions obtain in the classroom.
The learning stancesΒ
Teachers donβt need to develop different motivational strategies for
each individual: pupils have more similarities than they have differences.
To engage all of their pupils, teachers need to adapt the energisers
to pupilsβ learning stances. There are seven learning stances that
reflect how students feel about themselves as learners.
The learning stances describe
the fit between the learner and the learning climate. Each of the stances
illustrates how learners with similar attitudes engage with the learning
climate. The learning stances framework offers teachers and pupils a
language with which they can discuss and make sense of motivation. It
helps teachers get to know their pupils better and find ways to engage
them.Β Β
Motivation to learn gradually evolves into an enduring disposition.
For pupils it is shaped by and reflected in the learning stances they
adopt towards a specific context or activity.
Learning stances frameworkΒ
The framework allows pupils to label their feelings and motivations,
and so gives them more self-control. This creates the possibility of
communicating their motivation appropriately to their teachers. It lets
pupils see that they can change and:
- helps teachers become more aware of their own value judgements
- lets them acquire a fresh perspective on their pupils
- helps them to better understand pupilsβ motives and underlying personality factors
- helps depersonalise the situation for teachers struggling with difficult pupils.
The framework can help enhance the βpsychologicalβ contract between pupils and the school. The framework helps schools take a coherent and integrated approach to initiatives including citizenship, health promotion and enterprise education.
Classroom strategiesΒ
The learning stances provide the clues needed to work out the specific
energisers and drainers in any learning situation. Each stance can be
accommodated by a subtle adaptation to the energisers. Teachers should
use their general energisers to establish their learning climate, then
supplement as appropriate with specific adaptations for each stance.
When teachers maximise the energisers and minimise the drainers, they create a positive classroom climate that engages the majority of pupils. Some children will in addition be engaged by specific stance-enhancing hooks that are tailored to particular learning stances. These are strategies that are opportunistic and are often creatively or unconventionally used. A positive stance can also be further improved by a stance-enhancing hook. Some pupils are not engaged by the staple diet of energisers and need customised hooks.
When the drainers pollute the classroom climate some pupils will become disengaged. There are also stance-specific drainers. A positive stance can be damaged by a stance-spoiler. The pupil can be re-engaged by a hook. A defensive stance can be further spoiled by a stance-aggravator. Finally, a defensive stance can be transformed by a stance-fixer.
The energisers are good for most pupils. The stance-enhancing hooks and fixers are particularly good for some stances but can in fact be counterproductive for others. For example, encouragement is an energiser that works with everyone but praise is only a hook because it doesnβt work for every pupil. Praise, like any gift, can backfire and be received as insulting.
In the same way, the drainers
are bad for most pupils. The stance-spoilers and aggravators are particularly
off-putting for some stances but can in fact motivate others. For example,
humiliation demoralises every pupil but provocation will have varying
effects across the learning stances. The same approach can be an enhancer
or a spoiler.Β
ΠΡΡΡΠ°ΡΒ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Β
ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈΒ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ.Β
EnergisersΒ
Energisers ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΠ½Π³ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ΅
ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΡ
Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.Energisers
ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²
ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ:
- Π£ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ - ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ².
- Π‘ΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ° - ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΠΈ ΠΊ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΡ Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ.
- Π‘ΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ - ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠΈΠΌΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ.
- ΠΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Ρ - ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡ ΠΈΡ , ΠΎΡΠΊΡΠ΄Π° ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ, Π³Π΄Π΅ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ.
Π‘ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΊΠΈΒ
Π‘ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΊΠΈ Π²ΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅
ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π°Ρ
ΠΎΡΡΡ,
ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π±Π΅ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ:
- Π£ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ - ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Ρ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡ Π½Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΡ , ΡΠ³ΡΠΎΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ.
- Π‘ΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ° - Π΄ΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΡ Π΄Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Π· ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Π· Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ°.
- Π‘ΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ - ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ² ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ½ΡΡΠ·ΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΌ.
- ΠΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Ρ - ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ½Ρ, ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΌΠ° ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ.
Π£ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊ Π΄ΡΠ°ΠΉΠ²Π΅ΡΡΒ
Π£ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²
ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅.Β Π£ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊ Π΄ΡΠ°ΠΉΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ,
ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ
ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ
ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ².
Π£ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΒ Π²Β ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π΄ΡΠ°ΠΉΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°.Β ΠΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ-ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ, ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ.Β ΠΡΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ.ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠ²Π°Π½Ρ, ΠΌΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π² Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ.
ΠΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΒ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΒ ΠΌΡ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΒ Π½Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ.Β ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΌΡ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ, ΠΈ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅, Π½Π°ΡΠΈ ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ - ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅.
ΠΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΒ
Π₯ΠΎΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅
ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡ ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ, Ρ
ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅
ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ.Β ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Ρ
ΠΎΡΡΡ
ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΡ
Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅.Β ΠΠ»Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
, Ρ
ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ, ΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ
ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ.Β ΠΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ
ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ:
- ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ
- ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ
- ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ΅.
Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΒ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ
ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ°Β ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅Ρ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΒ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΒ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡΡΒ
ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ.Β ΠΡΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π½Π°Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ², ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΡ Ρ
ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌ
Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
.Β ΠΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΡ Π΄ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡ,
ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ,
ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΡ Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅.Β ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΡ
Π²Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅Π²
ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ
Π² ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²Π·ΡΡΡ
ΡΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ Π½Π° Π±ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΈ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡ
Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ.Β
ΠΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ, Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΡ Π΄ΡΠΌΠ°Π΅ΠΌ
ΠΈ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅, Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ.ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π½Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ
ΠΌΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ»Π°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ·Π±ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ.Β ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π°
ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π°Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΌΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΆ
ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ.
ΠΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠΈΒ
ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡ
Π½Π°ΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΡ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ
Π½Π°Ρ Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ
ΠΌΡ Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡΡ.Β ΠΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ
Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎ-ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅.Β ΠΡΠΎ
ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΠΌΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°.
Π‘Π°ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ ΠΊ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΡ.Β ΠΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°Π΅Ρ Π½Π°ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡ, ΠΊΡΠΎ ΠΌΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ .Β Π‘Π°ΠΌΠΎ ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° Π½Π° ΡΡΠΈ "ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ":
- ΠΠ³Π΅Π½ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ - Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΠ°Π±Π΅Π³Π°Ρ Π²ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π²Π΅ΡΠ° Π² ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ: ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΌΡ Ρ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ.Β Π£ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΉ.
- ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ - Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π»Π°Π΄ΠΈΡΡ Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ.
- ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡ - Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ: ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π² ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ΅, Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌ ΠΊ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
Π₯ΠΎΡΡΒ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Β Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΒ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅Β Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΒ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Β Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ, Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΒ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΈΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎΒ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅Β ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠ°.Β Π’ΡΠΈ "ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ" Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΡΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ΅.
ΠΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈΒ
Π£ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅
ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»ΠΈΡΠ°: ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π°,
ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ.Β Π§ΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΡ
Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ
ΠΊ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ energisers ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ.Β ΠΡΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ,
ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΡ Π΄ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ.
ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉΒ
ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΒ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΒ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ
ΠΈΒ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠ°.Β ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ Ρ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠ°.Β ΠΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌ ΠΈ
ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ, Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΡ.Β ΠΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌ
Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ·Π½Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΉΡΠΈ
ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΡ ΠΈΡ
.Β
ΠΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΡ Π² ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ
Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ.Β ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ½ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ
ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ.
ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ
ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
Β
Π Π°ΠΌΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ
ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Ρ, ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅
ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ.ΠΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ
ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ.Β ΠΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ
Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅:
- ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ
- ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠΉ Π²Π·Π³Π»ΡΠ΄ Π½Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²
- ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠΌ Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Ρ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
- ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°Π΅Ρ depersonalise ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ.
Π‘ΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΒ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ "Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΒ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΒ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈΒ ΠΈΒ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΉ.Π Π°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΒ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊ ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠ², Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π³ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, ΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ.
ΠΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΉΒ
ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈ,
Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
energisers ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΊΠΈ Π² Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.Β ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Ρ
ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΈΡ
Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊ energisers.Π£ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ
ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΅ energisers ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠ°, ΡΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ
Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ
ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ.
ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΒ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ energisers ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΡΠΌΡ ΡΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ°, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π΅Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ².Β ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈ, ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ, ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ.Β ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ.ΠΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠΊ.Β ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ energisers ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡ ΠΊΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ.
ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΡΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΊΠΈ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·Π½ΡΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Ρ
ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π½.Β ΠΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ
ΡΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΊΠΈ.Β ΠΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΡ-ΡΠΏΠΎΠΉΠ»Π΅Ρ.Β Π£ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ
Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΊ ΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠΊ.Β ΠΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ-ΡΠ°Π·Π΄ΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ.Β
Energisers Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΒ Π΄Π»ΡΒ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π°Β ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ.Β ΠΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π² Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ .Β ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ°ΠΉΠ·Π΅Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ, Π½ΠΎ Ρ Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΊΡΡΠΊ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΠΎΠ½ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°.Β Π₯Π²Π°Π»Π°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΎΠΊ, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅.
Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΊΠΈΒ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡ ΠΎΒ Π΄Π»ΡΒ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π°Β ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ.Β ΠΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΡ-ΡΠΏΠΎΠΉΠ»Π΅ΡΡ ΠΈ aggravators ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ .ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ.Β Π’Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ Enhancer ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΠΉΠ»Π΅Ρ.
2
Motivating Learners
Promoting Engagement in Language Learning
Language teachers promote or discourage students' engagement by the ways they define successful language learners. When the successful language learner is one who can pass tests and make good grades, learning about the language is all that is required and success is defined by mastery of rules and forms. When the successful language learner is one who has the ability to use the language to accomplish communication goals, success is defined as making the language oneβs own.
To promote engagement in language learning:
- Encourage students to use the language spontaneously to communicate ideas, feelings, and opinions
- Identify informal out-of-class language learning experiences
- Ask students to evaluate their progress in terms of increases in their functional proficiency
Studentsβ motivation for learning a language increases when they see connections between what they do in the classroom and what they hope to do with the language in the future. Their attention increases when classroom activities are relevant to their other interests.
To make these connections, begin by having students list the ways they may use the language in future. Have them include both the ways they plan to use it and other ways that might arise. Ask them to be as specific as possible. For each way of using language, ask them to list specific communication tasks that they will need to be able to do. Use these purposes and tasks as the basis for task-oriented classroom communication activities.
Some lower level students will respond that they donβt plan to use the language β that they are taking the course to fulfill a university language requirement. Encourage these students to develop an imaginary scenario for themselves in which they have some reason for using the language. In doing this, some students may think of ways in which they really might use it, and others will come to understand that purpose is an integral part of language learning.
Sample Ways of Using a Language
- When traveling in a country
where it is spokenΒ
Tasks: ask for directions (and understand responses), purchase tickets and book hotel rooms, read signs and informational materials - To study at a university
in a country where it is spokenΒ
Tasks: understand lectures, take notes, read academic materials, talk with other students (social and academic talk) - To become knowledgeable
about the history and culture of a country where it is spokenΒ
Tasks: read about history and culture, understand plays, movies, and other performances, interview people from the country - To provide legal assistance
to native speakers who are immigrants to this countryΒ
Tasks: gather personal statistical information, explain legal requirements, explain social and cultural expectations, describe procedures, understand and answer questions.
Another way of making language instruction relevant and interesting to students is to find out what topics they are studying and draw materials for reading and discussion from those fields. However, remember that reading and discussion do not always have to be about serious issues or academic topics. Students enjoy talking about movies and television programs, vacation plans, famous people, and other popular culture topics.
Finally, don't be afraid to drop a topic if students' interest begins to fade. Ask them to suggest alternatives. When students know that they have some control over what they do in the language classroom, they take ownership as engaged learners.
ΠΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ
Π‘ΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΒ Π²Β ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°
ΠΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°Β
ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΒ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΒ
Π‘ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅Β ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΒ Π²Β ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°:
- ΠΠΎΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΊ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ, ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ² ΠΈ ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ
- ΠΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π²Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ° ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΎΠΌ
- ΠΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Π² ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Π΅ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ
ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ²Β ΠΊΒ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΡΒ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π°Β ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΒ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΡΒ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈΒ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΒ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎΒ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΒ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ Π²Β ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΒ ΡΡΠΎΒ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΒ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡΒ ΡΒ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π²Β Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ.Β ΠΡ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ .
Π§ΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡΒ ΡΡΠΈΒ
ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±ΡΒ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΌΠΈΒ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΒ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡΒ
ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΡ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΒ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎΒ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΒ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡΡΡΒ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ, - ΡΡΠΎΒ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΒ Π±Π΅ΡΡΡΒ ΠΊΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΡΒ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅.Β ΠΠΎΠΎΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°.Β ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ, Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π΄ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈ Π±Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎ, ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°.
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°
- ΠΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π·Π΄ΠΊΠ΅ Π²
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ, Π³Π΄Π΅ Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΌ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΒ
ΠΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ: ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³Ρ (ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡ), ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π±ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ - ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Π±Ρ Π² ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅
Π² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅, Π³Π΄Π΅ Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΌ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΒ
ΠΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ: ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ, Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Π°ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ (ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π°ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ) - ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ± ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ,
Π³Π΄Π΅ Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΌ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΒ
ΠΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ: ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ± ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡ, ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ - ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²
Π² ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΒ
ΠΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ: ΡΠ±ΠΎΡ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅, ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ.
ΠΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉΒ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ± ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡΒ
ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΡΒ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈΒ ΠΈΒ
ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ, Π½Π΅ Π±ΠΎΠΉΡΠ΅ΡΡΒ
Π±ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΒ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ²
Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π·Π°ΡΡ.Β Π‘ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡ
, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΡ
Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΡ.Β ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΡ
Π·Π½Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ
Π½Π°Π΄ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅ Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ,
ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π²Π·ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ
Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ.Β
3
Motivating Learners
Achieving Success with Learning Strategies
Students learning a language have two kinds of knowledge working for them:
- Their knowledge of their first language
- Their awareness of learning strategies, the mechanisms they use, consciously or unconsciously, to manage the absorption of new material
Students differ as language learners in part because of differences in ability, motivation, or effort, but a major difference lies in their knowledge about and skill in using "how to learn" techniques, that is, learning strategies. Classroom research demonstrates the role of learning strategies in effective language learning:
- Good learners are able to identify the best strategy for a specific task; poor learners have difficulty choosing the best strategy for a specific task
- Good learners are flexible in their approach and adopt a different strategy if the first one doesnβt work; poor learners have a limited variety of strategies in their repertoires and stay with the first strategy they have chosen even when it doesnβt work
- Good learners have confidence in their learning ability; poor learners lack confidence in their learning ability
- Good learners expect to succeed, fulfill their expectation, and become more motivated; poor learners: expect to do poorly, fulfill their expectation, and lose motivation
Learning strategies instruction shows students that their success or lack of it in the language classroom is due to the way they go about learning rather than to forces beyond their control. Most students can learn how to use strategies more effectively; when they do so, they become more self reliant and better able to learn independently. They begin to take more responsibility for their own learning, and their motivation increases because they have increased confidence in their learning ability and specific techniques for successful language learning.
Instructors can tap into studentsβΒ knowledge about how languages work and how learning happens βΒ their metacognition -- to help them direct and monitor the language learning process in two ways:
- By encouraging them to recognize their own thinking processes, developing self-knowledge that leads to self-regulation: planning how to proceed with a learning task, monitoring one's own performance on an ongoing basis, and evaluating learning and self as learner upon task completion. Students with greater metacognitive awareness understand the similarity between the current learning task and previous ones, know the strategies required for successful learning, and anticipate success as a result of knowing how to learn.
- By describing specific learning strategies, demonstrating their application to designated learning tasks, and having students practice using them. In order to continue to be successful with learning tasks, students need to be aware of the strategies that led to their success and recognize the value of using them again. By devoting class time to learning strategies, teachers reiterate their importance and value.
To teach language learning strategies effectively, instructors should do several things:
- Build on strategies students already use by finding out their current strategies and making students aware of the range of strategies used by their classmates
- Integrate strategy instruction with regular lessons, rather than teaching the strategies separately from language learning activities
- Be explicit: name the strategy, tell students why and how it will help them, and demonstrate its use
- Provide choice by letting students decide which strategies work best for them
- Guide students in transferring a familiar strategy to new problems
- Plan continuous instruction in language learning strategies throughout the course
- Use the target language as much as possible for strategies instruction
ΠΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ
ΠΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β ΡΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ Π° Π² Π‘ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π‘ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ Β ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π²Π°Β Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π° Π·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π½ΠΈΡ :
- ΠΡ Π·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅
- ΠΡ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π±Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π°
Π‘ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΡΒ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΒ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ Π²Β ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΒ ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ Π²Β ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ , ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈΒ ΠΈΒ Π±Π΅Π·Β Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΉ, Π½ΠΎ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ΅Β ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Β Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡΒ Π²Β ΠΈΡ Π·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡ Β ΠΎΒ ΠΈΒ Π½Π°Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Β Π²Β ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ "ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ" ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΡΠΎ Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΈΒ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.Β ΠΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°:
- Π₯ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ; Π±Π΅Π΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ° Π½Π°ΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ
- Π₯ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΉ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π΅Ρ, Π±Π΅Π΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ, Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½Π° Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π΅Ρ
- Π₯ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ; Π±Π΅Π΄Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ Π½Π΅ Ρ Π²Π°ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
- Π₯ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ , Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ; Π±Π΅Π΄Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ: ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡ ΠΎ, Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΡ
Π‘ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎΒ ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ Β ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΒ Π΅Π³ΠΎΒ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Β ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅Β ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΒ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΒ ΠΈΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΎΠ± ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ, Π°Β Π½Π΅ ΡΠΈΠ»Ρ Π²Π½Π΅Β ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ.Β ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ·Π½Π°ΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎ, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ ΠΈ Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ.Β ΠΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π΅ΡΡ Π² ΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°.

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