Norman Conquest
The Norman
conquest of England began on 28 September 1066 with the invasion
of England by William, Duke
of Normandy. William
became known as William
the Conqueror after
his victory at the Battle
of Hastings on
14 October 1066, defeating King Harold
II of England.
Harold's army had been badly depleted in the English victory at the Battle of Stamford
Bridge in Northern England on 25 September 1066 over the army
of King Harald
III of Norway.
By early 1071, William had secured control of most of England, although
rebellions and resistance continued until approximately 1088.Β
The Norman conquest was a pivotal event in English history. It largely removed the native ruling
class, replacing it with a foreign, French-speaking monarchy, aristocracy, and clerical
hierarchy. This,
in turn, brought about a transformation of the English language and the culture
of England in a
new era often referred to as Norman
England.Β
By bringing
England under the control of rulers originating in France, the Norman
conquest linked the country more closely with continental Europe, lessened Scandinavian influence, and also set the stage
for a rivalry with France that would continue intermittently for many
centuries. It also had important consequences for the rest of the British Isles, paving the way for further Norman
conquests in Wales and Ireland, and the extensive penetration of
the aristocracy of Scotland by Norman and other French-speaking
families, with the accompanying spread of continental institutions and
cultural influences.Β
ΠΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΠ½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΈ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π½Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΡ 28 ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ±ΡΡ
1066 Ρ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΠ½Π³Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΠΈΠ»ΡΠ³Π΅Π»ΡΠΌΠ°, Π³Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ³Π°
ΠΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΈΠΈ. Π£ΠΈΠ»ΡΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π» ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΠΈΠ»ΡΠ³Π΅Π»ΡΠΌ
ΠΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ±Π΅Π΄Ρ Π² Π±ΠΈΡΠ²Π΅
ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΡΠ΅ 14 ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ±ΡΡ 1066 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°, ΠΏΠΎΠ±Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ²
ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΄Π° II Π² ΠΠ½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠΌΠΈΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΄Π°
Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π² Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ±Π΅Π΄Ρ
Π² Π±ΠΈΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π‘ΡΡΠΌΡΠΎΡΠ΄ ΠΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΆ Π² Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ
ΠΠ½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° 25 ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ±ΡΡ 1066 Π½Π°Π΄ Π°ΡΠΌΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ»Ρ
Π₯Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ΄Π° III ΠΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΈ. Π Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Ρ 1071, Π£ΠΈΠ»ΡΡΠΌ
Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π½Π°Π΄ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΠ½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΈ,
Ρ
ΠΎΡΡ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎ 1088.Β
Β
ΠΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ½ΡΠΌ
ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π² Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎ Π² Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ
ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ΄Π°Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡ,
Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ, ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΠΎΡΠ·ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅
ΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΡ
ΠΈΡ, Π°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ
ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ
ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎ, Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΎ
ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈ
ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΠ½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΈ Π² Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ
ΠΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π½ ΠΠ½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΈ.Β
Β
Π‘ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π² ΠΠ½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ,
ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΎ Π€ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
Π·Π°Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ
ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠΉ,
ΡΠΊΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°Π²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅
ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°
Ρ Π€ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ, ΡΡΠΎ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ
Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ
Π²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ². ΠΠ½Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π»Π°
Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ², ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΠ² ΠΏΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ
Π·Π°Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π½ Π² Π£ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΡΠ»Π°Π½Π΄ΠΈΠΈ,
Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ
Π¨ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π½Π΄ΠΈΠΈ ΠΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π½Π° ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΠΎΡΠ·ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉ, ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ.
Language
ΒOne of the
most obvious changes was the introduction of Anglo-Norman, a northern dialect of Old French, as the language of the ruling classes
in England, displacing Old English. French words entered the English
language, and a further sign of the shift was the usage of French names
instead of English ones. Male names changed first, with names such as
William, Robert, Richard, becoming common quickly. Female names changed
more slowly. One area where the Norman invasion did not change naming
practices was in placenames, which unlike the earlier invasions by the
Vikings and Cnut, did not change much after the Norman Conquest.[60] This predominance was further reinforced
and complicated in the mid-twelfth century by an influx of followers
of the Angevin dynasty, speaking a more mainstream
dialect of French. Not until the fourteenth century would English regain
its former primacy, while the use of French at court continued into
the fifteenth century.[citation
needed]Β
By this time,
English had itself been profoundly transformed, developing into the
starkly different Middle
English, which
formed the basis for the modern language. During the centuries when
the elite spoke French, a large proportion of the words in the English
language had disappeared and been replaced by French words, leading
to the present hybrid tongue in which an English core vocabulary is
combined with a largely French abstract and technical vocabulary. The
grammatical structures of the language had also changed dramatically,
although the relationship, if any, between this transformation and the
neglect of English by the elite resulting from the cΒ
ΠΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ
ΠΈΠ· Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ
Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΎ-Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ
Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ
Π³ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΠ½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΈ, Π²ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²
Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ. Π€ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°
Π²ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈ Π² Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ, ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΠΊ
ΡΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ,
Π° Π½Π΅ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅. ΠΡΠΆΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½Ρ
Π²ΠΎ-ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ
, Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π£ΠΈΠ»ΡΡΠΌ,
Π ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΡ, Π ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΄, ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎ.
ΠΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ.
ΠΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ, Π³Π΄Π΅ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π½
Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ» ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ» Π²
ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π² ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΠ½ΡΡΠ°, Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠ΅Π»Π° ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ.
[60] ΠΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π΄Π²Π΅Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ°
ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ½ΠΆΡΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ,
Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ½Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π±Ρ Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ,
Π² ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ° Π² ΡΡΠ΄Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ Π² ΠΏΡΡΠ½Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ
Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ΅. [ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ?]Β
Π ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ, Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ ΠΠ»ΠΈΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π»Π΅Π³ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°. Π ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ° Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π° Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ, Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ² Π² Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π·Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΎ ΠΊ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π³ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΄ΡΠΎ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π°Π±ΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ .ΠΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ, Ρ ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΡ, ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π½Π΅Π±ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ

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