The Court system of the UK, USA
Courts of England and Wales
(http://www.kevinboone.com/
Her Majesty's Courts of Justice of England and Wales are the civil and criminal courts responsible for the administration of justice in England and Wales; they apply the law of England and Wales and are established under Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. These are such courts as The Court of Appeal, the High Court, the Crown Court and the Magistrates' Courts. The County Courts are administered by Her Majesty's Courts Service, an executive agency of the Ministry of Justice.
Appellate Committee of the House of Lords
The House of Lords is the highest appeal court in almost all cases in England and Wales. The judicial functions of the House of Lords are entirely separate from its legislative role. Its decisions are binding on all lower courts.
Its judicial functions were abolished by the Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873, but an election was held before the act came into force, and the new Parliament passed the Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1875 which amended the first Act to preserve the House of Lords' judicial function. The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 will transfer these functions to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. The House is also the court of trial in impeachment cases, although impeachment in England is now obsolete.
Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
The Privy Council is the highest court of appeal for the UK. In addition, it is the highest court of appeal for a dwindling number of Commonwealth countries and the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. The judges who sit on the Privy Council are for the most part also members of the Appellate Committee of the House of Lords.
The Supreme Court of England and Wales
The Supreme Court was created by the Judicature Acts as "Supreme Court of Judicature". It was renamed the Supreme Court of England and Wales in 1981. It is the most important superior court of England and Wales. It consists of the following courts:
- Court of Appeal
- High Court of Justice
- Crown Court
When all the provisions of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 come into force the courts comprised in the present Supreme Court of England and Wales will become known as the Senior Courts of England and Wales. This change is being made consequent to the establishment of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom by that Act.
Court of Appeal
The Court of Appeal deals only with appeals from other courts. The Court of Appeal consists of two divisions: the Civil Division hears appeals from the High Court and County Court and certain superior tribunals, while the Criminal Division may only hear appeals from the Crown Court connected with a trial on indictment (i.e. trial by judge and jury (the jury is only present if the defendant pleads "not guilty")).Its decisions are binding on all courts apart from the House of Lords.
High Court
The High Court of Justice functions both as a civil court of first instance and a criminal appellate court for cases from the subordinate courts. It consists of three divisions: the Queen's Bench, the Chancery and the Family divisions. The divisions of the High Court are not separate courts. Although particular kinds of cases will be assigned to each division depending on their subject matter, each division may exercise the jurisdiction of the High Court. However, beginning proceedings in the wrong division may result in a costs penalty.
Crown Court
The Crown Court is a criminal court of both original and appellate jurisdiction which in addition handles a limited amount of civil business both at first instance and on appeal. It was established by the Courts Act of 1971. It replaced the Assizes whereby High Court judges would periodically travel around the country hearing cases, and Quarter Sessions which were periodic county courts. The Old Bailey is the unofficial name of London's most famous Criminal Court, which is now part of the Crown Court. Its official name is the "Central Criminal Court". The Crown Court also hears appeals from Magistrates' Courts.
The Crown Court is the only court in England and Wales that has the jurisdiction to try cases on indictment and when exercising such a role it is a superior court in that its judgments cannot be reviewed by the Administrative Court of the Queen’s Bench Division of the High Court.
The Crown Court is an inferior court in respect of the other work it undertakes, viz. inter alia, appeals from the Magistrates’ court and other tribunals.
The most common subordinate courts in England and Wales are the
- Magistrates' Courts
- Family Proceedings Courts
- Youth courts
- County Courts
Magistrates', Family Proceedings and Youth Courts
Magistrates' Courts are presided over by a legally-trained district judge (formerly known as a stipendiary magistrate), sitting in each local justice area. There are no juries. They hear minor criminal cases, as well as certain licensing applications. Youth courts are run on similar lines to Adult magistrates' courts but deal with offenders aged between the ages of 10 and 17 inclusive. Youth courts are presided over by a specially trained subset of experienced Adult Magistrates or a District Judge. Youth Magistrates have a wider catalogue of disposals available to them for dealing with young offenders and often hear more serious cases against youths (which for adults would normally be dealt with by the Crown Court). In addition some Magistrates' Courts are also a Family Proceedings Court and hear Family law cases including care cases and they have the power to make adoption orders. Family Proceedings Courts are not open to the public. The Family Proceedings Court Rules 1991 apply to cases in the Family Proceedings Court. Youth courts are not open to the public for observation, only the parties involved in a case being admitted.
County Courts
County Courts are statutory courts with a purely civil jurisdiction. They are presided over by Circuit Judge and, except in a small minority of cases such as civil actions against the Police, the judge sits alone as Trier of fact and law without assistance from a jury. County courts have divorce jurisdiction and undertake private family cases, care proceedings and adoptions.
County Courts are local courts in the sense that each one has an area over which certain kinds of jurisdiction such as actions concerning land or cases concerning children who reside in the area. For example, proceedings for possession of land must be started in the county court in whose district the property lies. However, in general any county court in England and Wales may hear any action and claims are frequently transferred from court to court.
Tribunals
The Court Service administers the tribunals that fall under the direct responsibility of the Lord Chancellor. Tribunals can be considered the lowest rung of the court hierarchy in England and Wales.
Special courts and tribunals
In addition, there are many other Special courts. These are often described as "Tribunals" rather than courts, but the difference in name is not of any great consequence. For example an Employment Tribunal is an inferior court of record for the purposes of the law of contempt of court. In many cases there is a statutory right of appeal from a tribunal to a particular court or appellate tribunal. In the absence of a specific appeals court, the only remedy from a decision of a Tribunal may be a judicial review to the High Court, which will often be more limited in scope than an appeal.
Examples of Special courts are:
- Employment Tribunals (formerly Industrial Tribunals) with appeal to the Employment Appeal Tribunal
- the Employment Appeal Tribunal, which is a superior court of record, and therefore not subject to judicial review, appeals go to the Court of Appeal
- Leasehold Valuation Tribunals, with appeal to the Lands Tribunal
- the Lands Tribunal
- VAT and Duties Tribunals (who deal with indirect tax cases)
- the General Commissioners and Special Commissioners (who deal with direct tax cases)
- Rent assessment committees
Coroners' courts
The post of coroner is ancient, dating from the 11th Century, and coroners still sit today to determine the cause of death in situations where people have died in potentially suspicious circumstances, abroad, or in the care of central authority.
Ecclesiastical courts
The Church of England is an established church (i.e.. it is the official state church) and formerly had exclusive or non-exclusive subject matter jurisdiction over marriage and divorce cases, testamentary matters, defamation, and several other areas. Since the nineteenth century, the jurisdiction of the ecclesiastical courts has narrowed principally to matters of church property and errant clergy. Each Diocese has a 'Chancellor' (either a barrister or solicitor) who acts as a judge in the consistory court of the diocese. The Bishop no longer has the right to preside personally.
Other courts
- Court-martial (military)
- Admiralty court (maritime)
- Court of Chivalry (heraldry)
- Patents County Court (Intellectual property cases)
- Restrictive Practices Court
Criminal cases
(Herring Jonathan «Criminal Law: text, cases and materials», Oxford University Press. p. 1088)
There are two kinds of criminal trial: summary and on indictment. For an adult, summary trials take place in a magistrate’s court, while trials on indictment take place in the Crown Court. Despite the possibility of two venues for trial, almost all criminal cases, however serious, commence in the Magistrates' Courts. It is possible to start a trial for an indictable offence by a voluntary bill of indictment, and go directly to the Crown Court, but that would be unusual.
A criminal case that starts in the Magistrates' Court, may begin, either by the defendant being charged and then being brought forcibly before Magistrates, or by summons to the defendant to appear on a certain day before the Magistrates. A summons is usually confined to very minor offences. The hearing (of the charge or summons) before the Magistrates is known as a "first appearance".
Offences are of three categories: indictable only, summary. Indictable only offences such as murder and rape must be tried on indictment in the Crown Court. On first appearance, the Magistrates must immediately refer the defendant to the Crown Court for trial, their only role being to decide whether to remand the defendant on bail or in custody.
Summary offences, such as most motoring offences, are much less serious and most must be tried in the Magistrates' Court, although a few may be sent for trial to the Crown Court along with other offences that may be tried there (for example assault). The vast majority of offences are also concluded in the Magistrates' Court (over 90% of cases).
Either way offences are intermediate offences such as theft and, with the exception of low value criminal damage, may be tried either summarily (by magistrates) or by Judge and Jury in the Crown Court. If the magistrates consider that an either way offence is too serious for them to deal they may "decline jurisdiction" which means that the defendant will have to appear in the Crown Court. Conversely even if the magistrates accept jurisdiction, an adult defendant has a right to compel a jury trial. Defendants under 18 years of age do not have this right and will be tried in the Youth Court (similar to a Magistrates' Court) unless the case is homicide or else is particularly serious.
A Magistrates' Court is made up in two ways. Either a group (known as a 'bench') of 'lay magistrates', who do not have to be, and are not normally, lawyers, will hear the case. A lay bench must consist of at least three magistrates. Alternatively a case may be heard by a district judge (formerly known as a stipendiary magistrate), who will be a qualified lawyer and will sit singly, but has the same powers as a lay bench. District judges usually sit in the more busy courts in cities or hear complex cases (extradition). Magistrates have limited sentencing powers.
In the Crown Court, the case is tried by a Recorder (part time judge), Circuit Judge or a High Court judge, with a jury. The status of the judge depends on the seriousness and complexity of the case. The jury is involved only if the defendant pleads "not guilty".
International Relationships
(Edited by Jan Sikuta «European Court of Human Rights» Cambridge Academ, 2007 г.)
Relationship with the European Court of Justice
Contrary to popular belief, there is no right to appeal at any stage in UK court proceedings to the European Court of Justice (ECJ). Any court in the UK may refer a particular point of law relating to European Union law to the ECJ for determination. However, once the ECJ has given its interpretation, the case is referred back to the court that referred it. This is symptomatic of the fact that although the European Union is increasingly federal, there is no federal court system, just laws that must be interpreted in the same way across all member states.
The decision to refer a question to the ECJ can be made by the court of its own initiative, or at the request of any of the parties before it. Where a question of European law is in doubt and there is no appeal from the decision of a court, it is required to refer the question to the ECJ; otherwise any referral is entirely at the discretion of the court.
Some first-instance cases, such as applications for annulment of an EU law or a claim for damages against an EU institution, can be brought before the EU-wide Court of First Instance and other EU tribunals, the decisions of which can be directly appealed to the ECJ on points of law only.
Relationship with the European Court of Human Rights
(ECtHR). Although it is frequent to hear media references to an "appeal" being taken "to Europe", what actually takes place is rather different.
The ECtHR is an international court that hears complaints concerning breaches of the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. An unsatisfied litigant in England and Wales might complain to the ECtHR that English law has violated his rights. A decision in the ECtHR will not change English law, and it is up to the Government of the United Kingdom to decide what action to take after an adverse finding.
Courts in England and Wales are not bound to follow a decision of the ECtHR, although they should "take into account" ECtHR jurisprudence when applying the Convention. The Convention has always had an influence on decisions of courts in England and Wales, but now the Convention has two further effects:
- a court, being a public body, must act in accordance with the Convention Rights found in the Human Rights Act 1998, which includes a requirement to construct statutes in accordance with the Convention; and
- direct claims may be made under the Human Rights Act 1998 against a public body for breach of Convention rights.
Relationship with the International Criminal Court
History
For nearly 300 years, from the time of the Norman Conquest until 1362, French was the language of the courts, rather than English. The Supreme Court of judicature was formed in 1873 from the merging of various courts then existing, such as the:
- Court of Queen's Bench
- High Court of Chancery
- Court of Exchequer
- High Court of Admiralty
- Court of Common Pleas
- Court of Probate and Matrimonial Causes
Other historical courts include:
- Star Chamber
- Court of Pie powders (marketplace courts)
- Stannaries’ Court (Cornish mining court)
- Assize Court
- Judiciary of England and Wales
- Her Majesty's Courts Service
List of Courts in England and Wales:
- Legal year
- English law
- Contemporary Welsh Law
- Scots Law
- European Union Law
- Canon Law
- Courts of the Republic of Ireland
Magistrates' Court
(http://www.judiciary.
A magistrates' court or court of petty sessions, formerly known as a police court, is the lowest level of court in England and Wales and many other common law jurisdictions. A magistrates' court is presided over by a tribunal consisting of two or more (most commonly three) justices of the peace or by a district judge (formerly known as a stipendiary magistrate), and dispenses summary justice, under powers usually limited by statute. The tribunal that presides over the Court is often referred to simply as the Bench.
Legal adviser
(http://www.homeenglish.
Magistrate judges or district judges are always assisted by a professional legal adviser or clerk to the justices, whose role it is to ensure that procedures are adhered to and that the Bench is properly directed as to the law and its powers, as well as to see that the Courts' business is dealt with efficiently. Unsurprisingly, the clerk's role is far more significant where lay magistrates are presiding because they are not legally trained and so require more advice on legal matters than a district judge. The clerk ought not to exert any influence upon the Bench - the advice which they provide must be neutral - but nevertheless the advice of the clerk carries considerable weight. To the end, the Practice Direction 2000 attempts to resolve issues concerning the influence of clerks of magistrates. It states that clerks should only advise on point of law and all advice should be given in open court.
Committal
(http://www.bing.com/
When dealing with committal proceedings, it is the role of the Bench to decide whether a case to answer, or "prima facie" case, exists on the basis of the prosecution statements. In the vast majority of cases this will have been agreed beforehand by the defendant's representative, but where this is in dispute, the Bench must read, or have read to them, the entire prosecution case and then hear argument from the prosecution and defiance before ruling on the issue. If the Court finds that there is no case to answer, the matter is discharged; if not, the case is committed to the Crown Court for trial.
Challenges to decisions of magistrates' courts
(http://www.bing.com/
There are four mechanisms under which a decision of a magistrates' court may be challenged:
- reconsideration by the same magistrates' Courts Act 1980
- appeal to the Crown Court
- appeal to the High Court (Queen's Bench Division)
- judicial review in the High Court (Administrative Division).
List of Courts in England and Wales
- Local justice area
- Petty sessions area
- Family Proceedings Court
The Court System
(http://www.leeds.ac.uk/
THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE LEGAL SYSTEMS
The structure of the courts in all three jurisdictions within the United Kingdom tends to be arranged according to the subject-matter of cases brought before the courts rather than the source of the laws to be applied. The latter did form the basis for a great deal of court structure until the end of the nineteenth century and even now has some influence.
England and Wales courts
Criminal Cases
The more serious criminal cases are tried on the basis of a document called the indictment - the defendant is indicted on criminal charges specified in the indictment by the prosecutor. In most cases, the prosecution is on behalf of the Crown (the State) and is handled by an official agency called the Crown Prosecution Service, which takes the case over from the police who have already investigated most of the evidence. The first stage will be to decide whether there is a case to answer - what is called a prima facie case. This process, called committal, will be dealt with by a magistrate on the basis of evidence disclosed in papers provided by the prosecutor. If the case proceeds, it is heard in the Crown Court (there is only one Crown Court but it has about 70 centers around the jurisdiction). The trial is before a judge and jury. The judge presides over the trial process by attempting to ensure clarity and fairness. The judge must also consider and decide on legal issues (such as whether a piece of evidence is admissible - should be put before the jury) and also instruct the jury as to the correct view of the law relevant to the case. The jury decides the facts - whose story is more believable - and applies the law to those facts. So, it is the jury not the judge which reaches a verdict on the guilt or innocence of the defendant. In criminal cases, the prosecution has the burden of proof - it must prove guilt, rather than the defendant having to prove innocence. The standard (level) of proof is heavy - guilt must be proven beyond reasonable doubt.
In less serious criminal cases (which comprise over 90% of criminal cases), the case is sent for summary trial in one of over 400 magistrates’ courts. A summary trial means there is no committal and no jury.
The trial is before a bench of magistrates. In most cases, there are three magistrates who are "lay" persons - in other words, they are not professional judges nor are they lawyers, but, like the jury, they are persons from the local community. However, there is now an increasing number of "stipendiary" magistrates - paid magistrates who are qualified lawyers. Stipendiary magistrates are, for historical reasons, most common in London and in other large cities. See The Place Of The Magistrates Court In The English Judicial System, and also The English Magistrate which gives a description of the nature and role of the English Magistracy.
Those defendants who are dissatisfied by the verdict may be able to appeal:
- from the Magistrates’ Courts, there is an appeal to the Crown Court on matters of fact or law .
- from the Crown Court, it might be possible to appeal to the Criminal Division of the Court of Appeal on matters of fact or law
- certain legal disputes arising in the magistrates’ courts or the Crown Court can be taken before the Divisional Court of the High Court.
- finally, matters of important legal dispute arising in the Crown Court or Divisional Court may be appealed to the House of Lords - see Information on the Judicial Work of the House of Lords describing the jurisdiction of the House, the Law Lords, procedure, and the history of the House's judicial role. See also the judgments of the House of Lords delivered since November 1996 on-line. Abstracts of House of Lords cases since 1992 are available here.
THE FEDERAL JUDICIARY (THE USA)
(Lawrence Baum «The Supreme court», CaPress297 C.)
The third branch of government, in addition to the legislative (Congress) and executive (President) branches, is the federal judiciary. Its main instrument is the Supreme Court, which watches over the other two branches. It determines whether or not their laws and acts are in accordance with the Constitution. Congress has the power to fix the number of judges sitting on the Court, but it cannot change the powers given to the Supreme Court by the Constitution itself. The Supreme Court consists of a chief justice and eight associate justices. They are nominated by the President but must be approved by the Senate. Once approved, they hold office as Supreme Court justices for life. A decision of the Supreme Court cannot be appealed to any other court. Neither the President nor Congress can change their decisions. In addition to the Supreme Court, Congress has established 11 federal courts of appeal and, below them, 91 federal district courts.
The Supreme Court has direct jurisdiction in only two kinds of cases: those involving foreign diplomats and those in which a state is a party. All other cases which reach the Court are appeals from lower courts. The Supreme Court chooses which of these it will hear. Most of the cases involve the interpretation of the Constitution. The Supreme Court also has the "power of judicial review", that is, it has the right to declare laws and actions of the federal, state, and local governments unconstitutional. While not stated in the Constitution, this power was established over time.
The Court system of the USA
(http://www.tarasei.
The American court system is complex. It functions as the part of the federal system of government. Each state runs its own court system. In addition, we have a system of courts for the national government. These federal courts coexist with state courts.
Individuals fall under the jurisdiction of two different court systems, their state court and federal courts. They can sue or be sued either system, depending mostly on what there case is about. The vast majority of cases are resolved in the state courts.
The federal courts are organized in three tiers, like a pyramid. At the bottom of the pyramid are the district courts, where litigation begins. In the middle are the US courts of appeals. At the top is the US Supreme Court. To appeal means to take a case to a higher court. The court of appeal and the Supreme Court are appellate courts, with few exceptions; they review cases that have been decided in lower courts. Most federal courts hear and decide a wide array of cases; the judges in these courts are known as generalists.
COURTS IN THE UNITED STATES
(Lawrence Baum «The Supreme court», CaPress297 C.)
Courts in the United States, judicial organs of government, comprising two principal systems: the federal courts, referred to as United States courts, and the state courts. The federal courts were provided for in the Constitution of the United States on the theory that the judicial power of the federal government could not be entrusted to the states, which was necessary for a strong national government. Congress passed passed Judiciary Act of 1789, organizing the Supreme Court of the United States and establishing a system of federal courts of inferior jurisdiction.
Federal Courts
The courts established under the power granted by the U.S. Constitution are known as constitutional courts. Judges of constitutional courts are appointed for life by the President with the approval of the Senate. They are the district courts', the courts of appeals (before 1948, circuit courts ofappeals), and the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court is the highest appellate tribunal in the country. The Supreme Court is also the final judicial arbiter of federal constitutional question.
Other federal courts are called legislative courts. These are the Claims Court, the Court of International Trade, the Та Court, and the territorial courts established in the federally administered territories of the United States.
State Courts
Each state has an independent system of courts operating under the constitution and laws of the state. The character and names of the courts differ from state to state. The state courts as a whole have general jurisdiction, except in cases in which exclusive jurisdiction has been vested in the federal courts.
РЕФЕРАТИВНЫЙ ПЕРЕВОД
Суды Англии и Уэльса
Суды ее Величества Англии и Уэльса – гражданские и уголовные суды, ответственные за отправление правосудия в Англии и Уэльсе; они применяют закон Англии и Уэльса и установлены согласно законам Парламента Соединенного Королевства. Это такие суды как Апелляционный суд, Верховный суд, Королевский суд и Мировой Суд. Окружные суды управляются Обслуживанием Судов Ее Величества, исполнительным агентством Министерства юстиции.
Апелляционный Комитет Палаты лордов
Палата лордов – самый высокий апелляционный суд в почти всех случаях в Англии и Уэльсе. Судебные функции Палаты лордов являются полностью отдельными от ее законодательной роли. Его решения привязывают все суды низшей инстанции.
Его судебные функции были отменены законом 1873 Верховного суда Англии, но выборы были проведены прежде, чем закон вступил в силу, и новый Парламент издал закон 1875 Верховного суда Англии, который исправил первый закон, чтобы сохранить судебную функцию Палаты лордов. Закон 2005 о Конституционной реформе передал эти функции Верховному Суду Соединенного Королевства. Палата Лордов – также суд рассматривающий в случаи импичмента, хотя импичмент в Англии является теперь устаревшим.
Судебный Комитет Тайного Совета
Тайный
Совет – самый высокий
Верховный Суд Англии и Уэльса
Верховный Суд был создан Законами о судоустройстве как «Верховный суд Англии». В 1981 его переименовали в Верховный Суд Англии и Уэльса. Это самый важный Верховный суд Англии и Уэльса. Он состоит из следующих судов:
• Апелляционный Суд
• Верховный Суд
• Королевский Суд
Когда все условия закона 2005 о Конституционной реформе вступят в силу, суды, состоявшие в существующем Верховном Суде Англии и Уэльса, станут известными как Старшие Суды Англии и Уэльса. Это изменение делается последовательным в учреждении Верховного Суда Соединенного Королевства тем законом.
Апелляционный суд
Апелляционный суд занимается только с обращениями от других судов. Апелляционный суд состоит из двух подразделений: Гражданское Подразделение заслушивает обращения от Верховного суда и Окружного суда и определенных превосходящих трибуналов, в то время как Уголовное Подразделение может заслушать только обращения от Королевского суда, связанного с судебным разбирательством относительно обвинительного акта (то есть судебное разбирательство судьей и присяжных заседателей (присяжные заседатели только присутствует, если ответчик заявляет о своей «невиновности»). Эти решения имеют силу во всех судах кроме Палаты лордов.
Верховный суд
Верховный суд правосудия функционирует и как гражданский суд первой инстанции и как уголовный апелляционный суд для судебного решения по делу от нижестоящих судов. Верховный Суд состоит из трех подразделений: Королевский Суд, Суд Лорда Канцелера и Семейные подразделения. Подразделения Верховного суда не отдельные суды. Хотя специфические виды случаев будут назначены на каждое подразделение в зависимости от их предмета, каждое подразделение может осуществить юрисдикцию Верховного суда. Однако, начало слушаний в неправильном подразделении может привести к судебным издержкам.
Королевский суд
Королевский суд – уголовный суд и 1-й и апелляционной инстанции, которая кроме того обращается с ограниченным количеством гражданских дел и в первой и в апелляционной инстанции. Это было установлено законом Судов 1971. Это заменяло Выездную сессию суда присяжных, посредством чего члены Верховного суда будут периодически ездить по стране, слушая дела, и Сессий Четверти, которые были периодическими окружными судами. The Old Bailey – неофициальное название самого известного Уголовного суда Лондона, который является теперь частью Королевского суда. Его официальное название – «Центральный Уголовный суд». Королевский суд также заслушивает обращения от Мировых Судей.
Королевский суд – единственный суд в Англии и Уэльсе, который имеет право рассматривать дела на обвинительном акте и когда существует такая необходимость, Верховный суд и его решения не могут быть пересмотрены Административным судом Отделения Суда Королевы Высшего Суда.
Королевский
суд – нижестоящий суд
Самые общие нижестоящие суды в Англии и Уэльсе
• Мировые Суды
• Семейные Суды Слушаний
• Молодежные суды
• Окружные суды
Уголовные дела
Существует два вида уголовного процесса: усеченный и на обвинительном акте. Для взрослого человека усеченное судопроизводство производится в Мировом Суде, в то время как судебное разбирательство относительно обвинительного акта слушается в Королевском суде. Несмотря на возможность двух мест проведения судебного разбирательства, почти все уголовные дела, серьезные, начинаются в Мировом Суде. Возможно, начать судебное разбирательство относительно преступления подлежащего уголовному рассмотрению в соответствии с добровольным обвинительным актом, и пойти непосредственно в Королевский суд, но это было бы необычно.
Уголовное дело, которое начинает слушаться в Мировом Суде, может начать либо по факту обвинения подсудимого и привода его в суд, или вызов доставляется обвиняемому, в котором указывается, когда он должен появиться в суде. Вызов обычно ограничен очень незначительными преступлениями. Слушание (обвинения или вызова) перед Судьями известно как «первое появление».
Преступления имеют три категории: подлежащий уголовному рассмотрению только усеченно. Подлежащий уголовному рассмотрению только преступления, такие как убийство и насилие нужно рассматривать по обвинительному акту в Королевском суде. На первом появлении Судьи должны немедленно послать ответчика к Королевскому суду для судебного разбирательства, их единственная роль решить, возвратить ли под стражу ответчика либо выпустить под залог.
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