The information technologies and their role in the modern economy

Financial University under the government of the Russian Federation

 

 

 

 

 

The Course work at the topic:

"The information technologies and their role in the modern economy"

 

 

 

 

 

Made by Varlakhin Ilya

group 1-2 
1st year student on

the International Financial Faculty

Scientific director: Slobodyanik V. V.

 

 

 

Moscow 2013

The plan of the course work:

 

Chapter 1: Information technologies (IT) the essence and the main characteristics 6

Paragraph 1: The essence and origin of IT6

Paragraph 2: The main characteristics and the role of IT;11

Chapter 2: The present-day development of IT: foreign and Russian experience4

Paragraph 1: Foreign practices and main concepts5

Paragraph 2: Russian experience and main problems6

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Introduction

Information technology is a very common phenomenon in our modern society. This industry has already changed the world and continue to play a key role in its further transformation. Without computers and information technology has become indispensable. Not many truly evaluate their influence on many processes in the social sphere, the historic progress, as well as in the economy, which I would like to dwell a bit more.

According to the definition adopted by UNESCO, Information Technology (IT) is "a set of interrelated scientific, technological, engineering Sciences studying the methods of effective organization of the work of the people involved in the processing and storage of information with the help of computer technology and methods of organization and interaction with people and production equipment, their practical application, as well as the associated social, economic and cultural problems"

My goal is to reveal the essence of information technologies, to tell about their origin and impact on the economy in Russia and also in different countries of Europe. In my work, I will do a comparative analysis of different statistical data and draw up a detailed report on the impact of information technologies on the economic sphere of human life.

I believe that my work is very relevant now, firstly, due to the increased popularity of information technologies in general, and, secondly, owing to the fact that the information as a resource economy, is becoming the most important factor for economic development. Because the one who owns the information, can predict the near and not-so-distant future, thereby reducing his risk to a minimum, and the net profit to the maximum.

Informatization of the economy, is the transformation of information in economic resource of primary importance. This happens on the basis of computerization and telecommunications, and ensure a fundamentally new opportunities for economic development, the numerical growth of labour productivity, solve social and economic problems, the formation of a new type of economic relations.

Information technologies act as a kind of intermediary at sale and purchase of goods, securities and exchange, play an important role in advertising and executive services and auditing, equipped with new modern information technology.

Information technologies play a significant role in the information interaction between people, and also in systems of preparation and distribution of mass information. These funds quickly assimilate the culture of our society, as they not only provide great convenience, but removed many of the industrial, social and domestic problems caused by the processes of globalization and integration in the world community, expansion of domestic and international economic and cultural relations, migration of the population and the increasingly dynamic movement of the planet. In addition already become traditional means of communication (telephone, Telegraph, radio and television) in the social sphere more and more wide use of electronic telecommunication, electronic mail, facsimile transmission of information and other forms of communication.

The interaction of information technology and business is manifested in the following:

1. IT technologies improve the efficiency and competitiveness of almost any business;
2. Now the whole business of moving to the Internet, therefore, any company must have a strategy for a new reality;
3. If the company does not have such a strategy - it has no future.

Information technology as a tool to improve the efficiency of the core business must use reasonable and rational. Positive effect is achieved only if the management company has a clear idea about the purposes of future actions. That is, if a tool that can bring value to the business, it is necessary to foresee several steps forward, how to develop the business and how it is necessary to develop the use of information technologies to support successful implementation of the business strategy. Otherwise, it is a very powerful tool, also expensive and difficult to use, good business, unfortunately, will not bring, and it will be wasted.

Work includes: introduction, two chapters, each of which, in turn, is divided into two paragraphs, and a conclusion.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Chapter 1:Information technology: their nature, origin and characteristics.

Paragraph 1: The nature and origin of Information technologies.

Strict classification of information does not exist. Distinguish statistical information, production and economic, commercial, business, market, banking, stock market, a reference (including taxes, prices and tariffs), scientific and economic, regulatory (governing legal relations in the economic sphere), and other

Clear boundaries between these types of information are missing. So, the concept of "business information" may include: economic and statistical information (numeric economic, demographic, social) in the form of dynamic series, models and assessments; commercial information - information about the companies, firms, their associations, as well as prices, the financial situation of companies, their relationships, transactions, products, etc.; the exchange and financial information - information on exchange rates, interest rates and securities quotations, investments, prices.

Depending on the area of knowledge in which the study was conducted, information received numerous definitions: "Information is the designation for the content obtained from the outside world in the process of adaptation to it" (N. Wiener); "Is a denial of the entropy" (HP Бреллюэн); "Is communication and relationship, during which eliminates uncertainty" (K. Shannon); "Is the transfer of diversity" (W. R. Ashby); "Is a measure of the complexity of structures" (X. Mol); "This is the probability of choosing" (A. M. Яглом and I. M. Яглом) and so on, Each of the definitions reveals a particular facet of this concept.

 

The analysis of different definitions can see two common features:

1. Information is always associated with a process, a movement;
2. Information helps to clarify the situation.

Information in its ordinary sense has always played a decisive role in man's activity. In contrast to the higher animals, engaged sometimes quite complex activities based upon the information generated and transmitted mainly through biophysical structures, human activity as it develops increasingly regulated by the knowledge, that is, special небиологической form of information. They are stored, produced and transmitted with the help of symbolic language systems in the form of abstractions, дескрипций, regulations, norms and rules, that is, in the structures of culture and civilization. After reaching a certain level and volume, knowledge begin to perform the role of a decision-making matrix of activities and play the role of its regulators.

Information is data, sifted for specific people, problems, objectives and situations. Price includes: time of managers and subordinates spent on gathering information and actual costs associated with the analysis of the market, payment of computer time, using the services of external consultants and other

In addition, special attention is paid to the concept of economic information. Knowledge, information, data, generated in the field of Economics and management, but also created as a result of studying this sphere. Information economic reflects the macroeconomic processes, movement of labor, goods and capital, the state and trends of the market, production and consumption.

As the complexity of human activity volume of knowledge required for its implementation, increases dramatically. In traditional societies with slower changes in technique and technology of a relatively small amount of knowledge to ensure the smooth implementation of relevant activities, transmitted from generation to generation without significant changes. With the transition to the modern stage of development, characterized by the growing pace of technical and technological innovations, the amount of knowledge required for their substantiation, development, implementation and distribution, should grow exponentially (in other words, in accordance with the exponential growth of the function y = kx).

It is estimated that to increase the volume of material production in 2 times it is necessary to fourfold increase in the volume providing its information. In several activities of this curve of the exponential growth of information, apparently, much steeper. Several decades ago the scientific information necessary for the decision of technological, and social samples doubles every 7-10 years, and in the 90s of the XX century such doubling occurs in 1-2 years. In modern conditions of absence of necessary knowledge may not be an insurmountable obstacle social and scientific and technological progress. To overcome the cognitive (cognitive) deficit traditional methods of learning a man totally unsuitable.

Consequently, if businessmen need information, which will be briefly described, contain a lot of useful information and, most importantly, reflect the situation in the present moment-line monitoring of the situation on various markets, each company must exist qualified IT managers that need to constantly update and maintain such a database of documents. So, we already speak about the emergence of the information markets.

Before continuing, I would like to decipher the concept that meets below. Information market system of economic, legal and organizational relations on trade in information technology, information products and services.

Information services - the actions of subjects (proprietors and owners of information base) to ensure the users of the information products. Under the information product (products) refers to documented information prepared in accordance with user needs and intended to satisfy the needs of users.

Structures that work in the information market, offer the following services:

1. Direct access to databases - on-line mode;
2. Packet access to databases - mode off-line;
3. Database on diskettes and CD-ROMs;
4. Consultations by experts in information resources;
5. Training of access to world information resources.

These services have their efficient use and complement each other.

It should be noted that information is a basis for decision-making in all spheres of human activity. It contributes to labor productivity in various fields. This circumstance determines the fact that the consumers (users) information services are specialists in almost all spheres of production.

It is worth highlighting that the world practice development of the information market shows that entrepreneurial and management activities need more to promptly supplied information about the General economic climate; statistical information for economic and social nature, necessary for the analysis and forecast of the medium-term and long-term trends; business news about events occurring in the markets; legal information, regulating economic activities; commercial information about the market participants - enterprises-suppliers and customers about the product.

  A significant share of the said information can be presented in the media market only with the help of electronic communications, and its effective use is possible when performing transactions in electronic form. The market of electronic transactions includes: a system for electronic Bank operations; electronic exchange; a system of ticketing and reservation of places in hotels, ordering goods and services.

In Russia electronic banking transactions are implemented using Western technologies. One example is the system of SWIFT that enables commercial banks to immediately connect to participate in the electronic international settlements. In addition, a system of electronic banking transactions between the Central Bank of Russia, its territorial offices, Central banks of the CIS countries and leading commercial banks. Some commercial banks use the Western system operations on credit cards of international and American companies, such as VISA, Mastercard, American Express.

Many modern specialists are several approaches to the definition of the structure of the information market, and on the basis of their claims, they represent the infrastructure of the information market in five main sectors:

1) Scientific and technical production in the form of project, technological, methodological developments in various sectors;

2) Objects of artistic culture in the form of text, visual and audio;

3) education Services - all kinds of study;

4) Management of data and messages: political and economic information, statistical data, information about market situation, advertising messages, evaluation and recommendations for the adoption of decisions;

5) Household info: General messages, information on the consumer market, information about the labor market.

However, this structure is missing several aspects, without which it is impossible to review the information society in the complex. One of the supporters of this idea, candidate of economic Sciences, - Petrova, Elena. In its opinion, the proposed structure requires addition of 3 aspects:

1. a Technical - all hardware and technical base of Informatics;
2. software - all the software products of Informatics;
3. communication - all types of computer networks and their ability to transfer information, all kinds of telephone and facsimile communication.

Information market, despite the different concepts and different views on its infrastructure, exists and develops, it means that you can talk about business information products, services, by which we mean not only the trade and intermediary, but also production.

 

Paragraph 2: the Basic characteristics and the role of information technologies in the economy.

We have highlighted some of the basic concepts in the field of information technology with regards to the economic sphere. And now is the time to determine the main characteristics of the information technologies and their influence on development of economy. It has long been no secret that information is a priority factor of production, and the need in it, it ceases to be a free commodity. However, most of the circulating in the information society is consumed as a public good, the cost of training and dissemination of which the state undertakes. This means that this part of the information is in two characteristic properties of a public good, namely:

1. Uncompetable: increase the number of consumers does not entail a reduction of value delivered to each of them;
2. Unexcludable: restriction of access of consumers to such good is almost impossible.

Indeed, firstly, information and knowledge is not decrease, as they are used because their use does not limit the possibilities of other consumers synchronously apply for their own purposes the same information, which is durable and retains the usefulness after consumption. Purchase a certain amount of knowledge in any way diminish the ability of another person to acquire this knowledge, you cannot say, for example, the portion of ice cream or a bus.

Secondly, although the information generated by the conditions of the commodity economy, may be the subject of property and exchange, and as such its distribution may be restricted and on the conditions defined by the rights of ownership, such restrictions apply only to a fairly specific types of (secret or proprietary information) and leave ample opportunities for dissemination of information on which generates new knowledge.

Artificial rarity information is usually short. Secret information becomes available, or destroyed, as is the case in the military-strategic sphere. The period of the existence of the patent also last forever, and sooner or later the information contained herein is distributed among key stakeholders not only by leaks, but also completely legal way. It is characteristic that the ownership of the information it can maximize the distribution, as it serves as a source of income for the owner of such rights. The consumption of information is identical to the formation of new knowledge, according to many researchers, knowledge is increasing and self-regulated, they have intensified as they are used.

Thus, information and knowledge have the characteristics of a public good and, therefore, there are prerequisites for their removal from the field of commodity-money relations. However, despite its character as a public good, can and should also be seen as a benefit unique, and there is no knowledge that is not knowledge personalized. This determines the possibility of the production and sale of information as a commodity on the information market.

Production costs of information are not comparable with results of its application, as soon as «sometimes a very small investment can lead to a lot of knowledge, while attempts to get new knowledge through major investments sometimes end in complete failure, that if the explicit knowledge transform in written tacit knowledge, unexpressed remains the property of the individual and cannot be explained».

Firstly, although the information generated by the conditions of the commodity economy, may be the subject of property and exchange, and as such its distribution may be restricted and on the conditions defined by the rights of ownership, such limitations relate only to sufficiently specific to its types and leave ample opportunities for dissemination of information on which generates new knowledge, the ownership of the information does not contradict the possibility of its maximum distribution, but assumes it spread as source of income of the owner of such rights.

Secondly, the consumption of information is identical to the formation of new knowledge. This means that every time we consume what the quantity of information we generate new knowledge. After analyzing the information, the person passes the information through the prism of their own ideals, opinions and subjective points of view and, therefore, each time receiving information, we will divide it into something new.

Thirdly, the information might not be attributed to such characteristic as expendable in the traditional sense of the term. The use of information leads to the emergence of new information and new knowledge, without restricting the possibilities of other members of society synchronously apply for their own purposes the same information, which is durable and saves the cost of after use. Knowledge can be used not only person that reached them, but those who received part of their information.

And finally, fourthly, a modern technological revolution has made the information more easily replicated good, creating an additional amount which demands costs, seeking to zero and fulfilling in most cases the consumer.

The qualitative characteristics of the goods «information» can also be attributed properties such as objectivity; the reliability, relevance, adequacy.

Information is objective, if it does not depend on someone's opinion, the information is reliable if it reflects the true situation. Under the information relevance understand the importance and relevance of the information for the present time. The adequacy of information means a certain level of adherence created with the help of the received information image of the real object, process, phenomenon.

Also, it is worth noting that such goods as "information" has to have some usefulness, and hence a price equivalent to this utility. However, the user can not advance to objectively assess the usefulness of the information. First evaluates its potential usefulness, whereas the real utility and then use value he can evaluate only in the process of consumption, use, processing.

The quality of the goods «information» is not always obvious and often determined solely subjective, from the point of view of the customer, which is very rarely mass. It should be noted that it is semantic characteristics of information are crucial in making decisions about buying it. General characteristics of the goods «information» is presented in the table below.

 

Characteristics of information	Evaluation parameters
Amount of information	1. Technical dimension: number (bits, bytes), transfer rate, range of distribution etc. 2. Market-based measurement: sales unit of service (for example, time use, copy)
Semantic characteristics	1. The quantitative side: adequacy - failure 2. The qualitative aspect: adequacy - failure 3. Psychological side: foreseeability - unforeseeability

 

 

Summarizing some results of the first Chapter, we note that information technology deduce humanity to a new level of economic development. This is largely determined by the change of the main economic factors , namely, the replacement of labor as an economic factor that has come to dominate after the industrial revolution in the 19th century, the brand-new economic factor - information, providing a completely innovative approach to the distribution of resources (information), the competitiveness of companies, to the level of profitability that can be achieved with the help of information.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Chapter №2:The present-day development of IT of foreign countries and Russia especially.

Paragraph №1: Foreign practices of IT and their influences on Economy

The experience of developed countries shows that skilled managers, in fact, are the guarantee of success of the innovation project. In these countries, the preparation of specialists in the field of innovative activity is not limited only by the knowledge in educational institutions, but also training in corporations and firms engaged in introduction of scientific and technological developments. Such approach allows to carry out preparation of specialists on management of innovative projects, having the certificates of the world level.

Also, the development of commercial components of the information infrastructure of science and scientifictechnical sphere can be realized according to following directions:

1. Marketing of high-tech products and services, including through the use of Internet technologies;
2. Rendering of intermediary brokerage services in the dissemination of scientific and technical products, the search for buyers, implementation of projects in practice;
3. Searching in the country and abroad partners for developing joint projects in the field of high technologies and their information support at various stages of implementation;
4. Information support of the process of examination of projects and programs, proposals, performed in the framework of public procurement, and also on the orders of firms, organizations and private persons;
5. Training of representatives of small and average business information management, information management, skills in using new information technologies.

The experience of developed countries shows that the economy, based on new technologies, innovations, has the developed system of anticipatory ensure its industries information on new domestic and world achievements of science, engineering thought, organization of production processes.

  In practice, the main part of the information technologies used by IT managers in foreign large companies, this modeling and forecasting of the various variants of development of events after the application of innovations in production.

In our days of economic forecasting is important in the development of the management of the economy, due to the high uncertainty of events. Forecasting is of special scientific research on specific prospects for the development of any process.

In some key countries are of the opinion that modern agriculture cannot properly be without models and long-term forecasts. For forecasting the parameters of production in the world is widely used models of economic processes that use elasticity estimates depending on the sales price and the price level of the means of production.

The beginning of the modern global modeling can be attributed to the appearance in 1968 «the Roman club», the international public organization, created by Italian industrialist Aurelio Peccei. Club marked the beginning of the research, called «Global issues». To answer the questions many outstanding scientists made a series of reports under the General name «Difficulties of mankind». Predictions prospects were drafted with the aid of computer models. Project Dennis meadows «Limits to growth» (1972) was the first report «to the club of Rome.

This marked the beginning of a number of reports clubs that have been extensively studied issues related to economic growth, learning, development, consequence of the use of new technologies, global thinking. Model meadows - foster-and Мессаровича - Pestel laid the basis of the idea of limiting the consumption of resources by the so-called industrially underdeveloped countries. Later the US government began to use these models in their forecasts.

One of the most famous models is the LINK, developed under the direction of Nobel laureate Lawrence Klein of University of Pennsylvania. Development began in 1968 with the purpose of creation of the first global macroeconomic model, which matches the model of individual countries, so that changes in the economy of one country affect other countries. Thus, the LINK includes 10 national models (9 European countries and Japan). The main advantage of this model is the application of knowledge and experience in the field of modeling and analysis, as its design involved scientists from the countries of the OECD(Organization for economic cooperation and development). The model is a set of models of individual countries, independent, and United with the help of the submodel for international trade. The system LINK were проимитированы consequences for the economy of the U.S. and other countries.

The world community has long was trying to create a system of models of the functioning of the national AIC (agro-industrial complexes). The world food model BLS (Basic Linked System) is the most large-scale model created in cooperation of specialists from many countries. Included in the BLS national and regional models are all global space and include 20 countries. Covers the production of more than 80% of the world's food.

Thus, practically all the developed countries of the West and East are forecasting model, by which achieved national and regional goals, mobilised the resources of the state for implementation of target programs. Almost all developed countries have sought to understand the "new economy"

 

 

The core of the "new economy" are information and communication technology (ICT). Along with them there are the following segments:

1. education;
2. science (as a fundamental and innovations);
3. intellectual services (information mediation, consulting, marketing services, Analytics);
4. microelectronics;
5. robotics;
6. biotechnology.

  In European Union countries, on the basis of the obtained forecasts, regulating the national and agrarian policy, in the USA, forecasting is one of the integral parts of the management of the economy.

In the preparation of forecasts involve state-owned units, research organizations, commercial firms, private industry, banking and trade and trade Corporation. Forecasts are made both for the country itself and for individual countries or groups of countries.

Predictive research has gradually become more sophisticated through the introduction of new models and information technologies.

In France in predicting the two approaches are used: extrapolation of current trends and graphic methods and modeling of the future development of agriculture.

  Also, do not leave without attention the fact that the methodology of forecasting and planning of the economy depends on the production and economic, organizational characteristics, historical, cultural and other traditions. In each country develops its own economic model. The American model is aimed at achieving personal success, Japanese high national self-consciousness, Swedish - involves the use of private capital for social purposes etc.

  Each developed country taking into account the specifics of the national economy uses approaches to forecasting and economic planning processes, continuously improving them.

Speaking about the foreign experience of planning and modeling of economy, it is necessary to note, that the main potential lies in the scientific and technical level software production process, in the proper use of limited resources on the basis of raising the effectiveness of the management system.

The international transfer of technology represents a new form of global economic relations, which arose on the crossroads of production, scientific-technical and trade and economic cooperation. Technology holders are patents for invention and licenses, technical documentation, specialized literature, any finished products and semi-finished products in which it is realized, the specialists of professionals possessing the knowledge, experience, and skills to solve specific practical problems in various fields.

Implementation of the technology may be in the alienable and inalienable form, as in the form of materialized, and неовеществленной. Thus, international trade technologies can be considered both a broad and narrow sense. In the narrow sense of the word - is the transfer of a set of design and technological solutions, systematic knowledge, work experience for the manufacture of the product, process changes, or rendering of services. In a broad sense, technology transfer includes both the technology in a "pure" (неовеществленном)and material (овеществленном) form when technology transfer is made in the form of comprehensive solutions, including the technical means to implement them

Let us turn to the historical statistics and see that many countries are already 15 years ago started to invest heavily in research of information technologies.

Statistical data of the last decades shows permanent growth of expenditure on research and development, both among developed and developing countries. So, according to UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on trade and development), in the 1990s, the total expenditures for these purposes in the world amounted to 438 billion, and in 2000, this number increased by 54% to 676,5 billion. Although the list of ten leaders and has undergone changes and became include China and South Korea, more than 2/3 of all research and development costs in the 2000s, is still carried out by countries from the group of developed.

Of course, Russia should not copy European or American economic models that may not be appropriate for the country in connection with the geographical position and climatic conditions. But, despite this, remove the positive experience of agricultural forecasting models and developments in foreign countries to improve the effectiveness of functioning of agriculture.

 

 

 

 
 

Paragraph №2: The Russian experience of information technologies in production

Formation of the Russian IT sector actually began 15 years ago at the same time with the development of a market economy. Period of strict regulation of the telecommunications market , when the expansion of demand in all segments was based on the spontaneous shape economic incentives ended after the 1998 financial crisis , which at the time limited the growth of the industry. The concept of development of the Russian telecommunications market , adopted in 2000. , Control and optimization of its individual segments, gave new impetus to the market , and economic growth expanded domestic demand for telecommunications services. As a result, the growth rate is significantly higher than the industry of industries .

Russian Federation for the advanced development of the IT industry is particularly important , as it allows to make a significant contribution to the increase in gross domestic product ( GDP) , contribute to the elimination of commodity dependence of the Russian economy and the successful implementation of the country's ongoing reform program in the social sector and in public administration .

The favorable factors of the Russian IT market are continued economic growth and high base level of education of the population. Economic recovery , growth management culture and the emergence of the companies free investment resources leads to increase the share of corporate costs of implementing large-scale IT implementation projects with a total cost structure . High level of education a significant part of the population is an important resource to ensure the needs of industry for qualified experts and users in the field of IT.

 

These factors and due to the rapid growth in domestic demand for IT in Russia. Growth in the Russian IT industry every year since 2000 exceeds the rate of economic growth of the country , on average, 4 times. In 2006, the industry grew by 20 percent compared to 2005 and exceeded $ 1 trillion. 160 billion rubles. In the ranking of information technologies in 2010-2011 of the World Economic Forum (WEF ) , Russia ranks 77th of 138 countries. Sweden tops the list , and Singapore , the third place is occupied by Finland , 4th - in Switzerland and 5th - the United States .

According to the survey , in 2010, the IT-industry resumed growth , but has not yet reached pre-crisis levels . According to experts , " RIA-Analysis " , after falling in 2009 by 12-14 % , the growth of the domestic IT- market in 2010 amounted to 13-15 % - to the level of 570-580 billion rubles. Forecast growth in IT-market in 2011 - 15-20%. Post-crisis recovery of the Russian economy is primarily reflected in the leading companies that are able to increase their market share at the expense of an established access to public and okologosudarstvennye projects.

Russia also is the development of the new economy. What is the institutional structure of the new economy in Russia ? For Russia, the new economy is characterized by the division by 2 units , radically different from each other. Science and education is still organized on a costly basis. At the same time, at the other extreme - the ICT market and information services to its purely market basis and the lack of state property.

In developed economies dominated by bio-, nano - , information technology, while the Russian economy is still on the industrial stage . Russia just needs innovative scenario , otherwise existing between civilized nations and Russia gap in economic development will inevitably increase, which threatens her secondary role in the international division of labor.

 

Recent years have been characterized favorable for Russian conditions in the global energy market . Economic growth in the previous years ( an average of 6 % ​​per year) was due to the influx of petrodollars in Russia . This hinders the development of the national innovation economy : high oil prices (up to a hundred dollars per barrel ) does not contribute to the development of innovation. To this dangerous trend pointed out by many famous scientists , in particular S.Yu.Glazev: "With the restructuring of the global economy , based on the unfolding of new technologies in the technological structure of the Russian economy regressing narrows growth potential of modern and new technological paradigms , the economy loses ability to self- reproduce.

Overlooked the possibility of using hundreds of billions of dollars profits from oil and gas exports to modernize the Russian economy , the competitiveness of which continues to plummet. "

A major problem is the lack (resulting from an event in the 1990s, the collapse of production ) demand for scientific applied research ( innovation) . These applied research should deal with industrial research institutes , and today they are being asked to fundamental science. But to be engaged in what is no demand - means to destroy domestic fundamental science .

Scientific and Technological Complex of Russia is in a deep crisis. This is evidenced by the following figures given E.B.Lenchuk : development and adoption of innovations are now no more than 10 % of industrial enterprises in Russia ( for comparison, in developed economies, the norm is 60 - 80%).

The level of development of high -tech country "rollback" 10-25 years , and its share in world production of high-tech products has become negligible and now according to various estimates does not exceed 0.3-1 % ( US- 36 %, Japan 30 %). Innovative demand created only individual branches , but the best can only be considered an innovative model of development for the whole economy .

The state today announced its support for strategic industries such as nanotechnology , nuclear energy , space and information technology. The growth of the innovation sector , along with the above , also provide deep processing technology - oil , gas, timber , metals and other minerals.

One of the most pressing problems - innovation. To date, no established state management mechanism innovation economy . Domestic fundamental science offers many exciting developments , but they often remain only on paper, not communicated to industrial implementation . Academician L.I.Abalkin indicates the need to consider a number of factors affecting the establishment and functioning of the mechanism of innovation development :

1. The accumulation and preservation of scientific capacity , innovative projects and structures ;
2. Regular updating of innovative technologies , projects and approaches ;
3. Creation of a production base allowing secure access to the market , subject to market research , innovative projects;
4. Adequate public policy, as well as the prioritization of relevant technologies and innovation , government regulation ;
5. There should be established a system of budgetary , monetary , credit and fiscal instruments .

Underdevelopment and the availability of telecommunications infrastructure hinders the development of small and medium enterprises sector , prevents their entry into the world market and the development of relations with foreign partners.

Mismatch of vocational training in the IT sector 's leading international standards leads to a shortage of personnel necessary skills , especially mid-career professionals and executives informatization projects , inability to compete effectively Russian specialists with experts from other countries .

Lack of an effective application of the legislation on the protection of intellectual property rights leads to loss of income and Russian manufacturers is an important obstacle to the creation in Russia of large international companies own research and development centers .

Enterprise IT industry alone cannot solve these problems . For this purpose it is necessary to pursue a coordinated state policy aimed at eliminating these barriers and providing state support for development of the IT market in Russia.

As the experience of some countries such as Ireland, Israel , India , Malaysia and China to stimulate the development of the IT industry suggests the priority development areas that have high export potential , as well as attracting the world's leading manufacturers in the IT sector for placement in the country of their research and production centers.

Key areas for action :

Implementation of measures of state support for the information technology industry in Russia should be implemented in five main areas :

1. Improvement of the legislation ;
2. The development of the internal market;
3. Development of export ;
4. Institutional Development ;
5. Measures to improve the legislation .

Thus , the domestic IT market lags behind most of the characteristics of both developed and many developing countries . This situation is caused by general economic reasons : the consequence of the decline in production in the 1990s , the unwillingness of many companies to invest in long-term IT- projects , a low level of material well-being of the general population . However , the development of IT industry in Russia is further constrained by a number of other barriers.

 

 

 

 

Bibliography: 

Books:

1. Colin C. Williams, John Round, Peter Rodgers "The Role of Informal Economies in the Post-Soviet World - The End of Transition?"
2. William J.Kramer; Beth Jenkins; Robert S.Katz "The role of the Information and communications technology sector in expanding economic opportunity" edited by Harvard University 2010
3. Dirk Niebel; Gudrun Kopp; Hans-Jurgen "Information and communications technology" 2009
4. Veronique Stolz; Tobias Stolz "The Role of Mass Media in Local and Regional Economic Development " 2011
5. Karla Hoff Joseph E. Stiglitz "Modern Economic Theory and Development" 2011 [p 389-459]
6. Niebel D. Kopp G. Beerfeltz H. “Information and communication technology” 2013
7. Mel'nik L.G. «Dictation: Economics and Information: economics of information and the information in the economy» 2007
8. Nael Jebril, Vaclav Stetka, Matthew Loveless "Media and Democratisation:What is Known about the Role of Mass Media in Transitions to Democracy" 2009
9. "Knowledge and information as a basis of society’s economical development" O. Lavrinchenko , T. Bonchuk 2012
10. Cortada, James W. "Information and the Modern Corporation" 2008

Article:

1. By James W. Cortada, Ashish M. Gupta and Marc Le Noir  "How nations thrive in the Information Age" edited by IBM Institute for Business Value 2010
2. Helena Tapper "Information Society Strategy – Seeking New Solutions for Post-Modern Societies" (Finland) 2005
3. Kabalinskii D. " Information Technology " 
4. Aleksanyan Natalia Konstantinovna "Ambiguous role of mass media in modern society" 2009
5. Soumitra Dutta Irene Mia "Global Information Technology Report 2009–2010"
6. Benat Bilbao-Osorio, Soumitra Dutta, and Bruno Lanvin, Editors "The Global Information Technology Report 2013 Growth and Jobs in a Hyperconnected World" 2013

Magazines:

1. "Economic Issues", №4, april 2009 г.
2. I.I. Rodionov, R.S. Giryaleskii, V.A. Tsvetkova, G.Z. Zalaev “Market information services and products”
3. Journal of International Law and International Relations 2007 — № 3

Internet Source:

1. "Role of mass media" /http://www.shvoong.com/medicine-and-health/1693130-role-mass-media// (04.01.2014)
2. The Role and Influence of Mass Media http://www.cliffsnotes.com/sciences/sociology/contemporary-mass-media/the-role-and-influence-of-mass-media  (04.01.2014)