The secrets of the human cell

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Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β  Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β  Β Β Β Β Β Β  The secrets of the human cell

Β Every human being begins life as a single cell, a fertilized egg, by the time reachers adulthood, his body consists of 100 trillion cells. The cell is a fundamental component of all living thing. As cells malfunction, people get sick. If cells were better understood, people might live longer and stay healthier and thanks to a recent series of extraordinary breakthroughs, scientists are beginning to learn more about them. One of the molecular biologists says that we are on the verge of a revolution in the understanding of cells.

Β Β  Scientists discovered three centuries age that living things contain cells, but only in the last three decades have they begun to piece together the puzzle of how cells operate. They know a few fundamental things: every single adult cell (except ova and sperm) contains the same set genes as the original cell. Still cells come in all shapes, sixes and functions slim nerve cells: more than 3 feet long and about 1 forty-thousandth of an inch wide: transmit impulses between the limbs and the brain: red blood cells 3 ten- thousandth of an inch in a diameter carry life giving oxygen around the body.Β  But researchers remain baffled by the chemical mechanism that enables particular genes in different cells to switch themselves on and off perform differently in varying circumstances.

Β Β  Each of those trillion cells functions like a walled city. Power plants generate the cells functions like energy. Factories produce proteins, vital units of chemical commerce. Complex transportation systems guide specific chemical point to point within the cell and beyond. Sentries at the barricades control the expert and import markets, and monitor the outside world for signs of danger. Disciplined biological armies stand ready to grapple with invaders. A centralized genetic government maintains order.

Β Β  Toxic garbage. Cells occasionally go wrong. Recycling systems can break down, overloading the cells with their own toxic garbage the result fatal Tay-Sachs disease, or some similarly horrendous genetic ailment. Confused by erroneous information, internal factories can add many chemicals to an already abundant supple that they eventually flood the whole body: the resulting accumulations of cholesterol lead directly to cardiovascular disease. A breardown in communications between the nuclei of cells and their outer borders can produce the unrestricted growth that causes cancer. Even if they operate smoothly, normal cells eventual succumb to old age the process of biological decay that alters the cells and kills organism of which they for the basic units.

Β Β  Biologists think they eventually can treat many of defects by turning the intricate machinery in each cell to the patient’s advantage. For instance, chemicals find their way to appropriate places in the cells through what scientists callΒ  β€œzip code”. To overcome genetic diseases that leave cells bereft of vital chemicals, biologists might manufacture the chemicals in a test tube, attach the proper chemical address to them, and inject them into the dody-knowing that they will end up where they will do the most good. Similarly, to treat certain forms of cancer, scientists are learning to manufacture digestive sacs within the cells known as lysosomes. A cell ordinarily wills reicet many poisons. But if a drug-intended to poison a cancerous cell-is disguised with food, it might be accepted by the cell and released by the lysosomes

Π‘Π΅ΠΊΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Ρ‹ чСловСчСской ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ.

ΠšΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Ρ‹ΠΉΒ Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΒ  Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½Π°Π΅Ρ‚ Тизнь как одна ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠ°, которая оплодотворСна, Ρ‚. С яйцСклСтка, со Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡŽΡ‰Π°ΡΒ ΡΠΎΠ·Ρ€Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π΅Π³ΠΎΒ Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΎ состоит из 100 Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊ. ΠšΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠ° - основной ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ‚Β  всСх Тивых сущСств. ЧСловСк старССт ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ. Π‘ Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹ ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊ, Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊ становится Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ. Если Π±Ρ‹ ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠ° Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° Π»ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π°, Ρ‚ΠΎ Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊ ΠΆΠΈΠ» Π±Ρ‹ дольшС ΠΈ стал Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΌ. И благодаря ряду Π½Π΅Π΄Π°Π²Π½ΠΈΡ… Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΡ€Ρ‹Ρ‚ΠΈΠΉ, ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»ΠΈ большС ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π΅Π΅. Один ΠΈΠ· молСкулярных Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ² Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‚, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΌΡ‹ Π½Π° Π³Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡŽΡ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ пониманию ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ.

Π’Ρ€ΠΈ Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π½Π°Π·Π°Π΄Β ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΡ€Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ, что ТизнСнныС формы содСрТат в сСбС ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ, Π½ΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π·Β Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΒ  дСсятилСтия они начали Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π·Π°Π³Π°Π΄ΠΊΡƒΒ  ΠΎΒ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΒ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠ°. Они  Π·Π½Π°ΡŽΡ‚Β Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ основных Π²Π΅Ρ‰Π΅ΠΉ: каТдая взрослая ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠ° (ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ яйцСклСтки ΠΈ спСрматозоида) содСрТит ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ количСство Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ², Ρ‚.ΠΊ. настоящая ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ ΠΏΠΎ всСм Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°ΠΌ ΠΈ функциям Π½Π΅Ρ€Π²Π°, Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 3-Ρ… дюймов Π² Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Ρƒ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 40000 дюймов Π² Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π΄Π°ΡŽΡ‚ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡΡ‹ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ конСчностями ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π³Π°ΠΌΠΈ, красныС кровяныС ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ… насчитываСтся 30000, Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡ€Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ кислород ΠΏΠΎ Ρ‚Π΅Π»Ρƒ. Но исслСдования ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ Ρ‚Π°ΠΉΠ½Ρƒ химичСских процСссов, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ‚ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ спСцифичСскиС Π³Π΅Π½Ρ‹ Π² Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ для смСны ΠΎΠ±ΡΡ‚ΠΎΡΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²Π°.

КаТдая из этих Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠΆΠ° Π½Π° Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΄. ΠœΠΎΡ‰Π½Ρ‹Π΅ растСния ΠΏΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡŽΡ‚Β Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΡƒΡŽΒ Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΡŽΒ ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΒ ΡΠ½Π΅Ρ€Π³ΠΈΡŽ. ΠšΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ производят ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ - ТизнСнныС Сдиницы химичСского  ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°. БлоТная транспортная систСма  ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ спСцифичСскиС химичСскиС ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ Π² Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΡƒΡŽ Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ снаруТи. ЧасовыС Π² ΠΌΠ΅ΠΌΠ±Ρ€Π°Π½Π°Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ экспорт ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠΎΡ€Ρ‚ вСщСств ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‚ сигналам ΠΎΠ± опасности Π² ΠΎΠΊΡ€ΡƒΠΆΠ°ΡŽΡ‰ΡƒΡŽ срСду. Π£ΠΏΠΎΡ€ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ биологичСскиС Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠΈΠΈ, готовят ΠΈΡ… ΠΊ схваткС с Π·Π°Ρ…Π²Π°Ρ‚Ρ‡ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. Π¦Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ Π³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎ ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡŽ порядка.

ВоксичныС ΠΎΡ‚Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹. ΠšΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΠ°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡΒ  случайно. ΠšΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΠ½Π°ΡΒ ΡΠΈΡΡ‚Π΅ΠΌΠ°Β ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚Β  Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΠΈΡ‚ΡŒΡΡΒ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΈ собствСнными токсичными ΠΎΡ‚Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ, Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈ которых являСтся ΡΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Π°ΡΒ Π°ΠΌΠΎΠ²Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ идиотия, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΒ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅Β ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½Ρ‹Π΅ уТасныС заболСвания. Π₯имичСскиС вСщСства ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‹ ΠΊ Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΌ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°ΠΌ, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π°Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ вСщСства, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†ΠΎΠ² Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡŽΡ‚ всС Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΎ; Π² Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π΅ этого накоплСния холСстСрола ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ привСсти ΠΊ сСрдСчно - сосудистым заболСваниям. Π Π°Π·Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΠ°Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ связь ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ ядром ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π³Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ†Π°ΠΌΠΈ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ привСсти ΠΊ Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡƒ. Π”Π°ΠΆΠ΅ Ссли Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΡ€Π°ΠΉΠ½Π΅ остороТно ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ, обычная ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠ°, Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†ΠΎΠ², ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ биологичСскому гниСнию, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ мСняСт ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΡƒ ΠΈ ΡƒΠ±ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΌ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΡƒΠ΅Ρ‚ основныС части Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π°.

Β Π‘ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΒ  ΡΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°ΡŽΡ‚,Β Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΒ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΒ Π²Β ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ³Π΅Β  ΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚Β ΠΈΠ·Π»Π΅Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒΒ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅Β ΠΈΠ·Β  этих дСфСктов, сдвинув слоТный  ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΒ Π²Β ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΉΒ ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠ΅Β ΠΊΒ  ΡƒΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡŽΒ ΡΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡΒ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°. НапримСр, Ρ…ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Ρ‹Β Π½Π°Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ‚Β ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΒ ΠΏΡƒΡ‚ΡŒΒ  ΠΊΒ ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠ΅Β Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ€ΡΒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡŽΒ  мСст, Π·Π° счСт Ρ‡Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π½Π°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ Β«Π·ΠΈΠΏ-ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Β». Для прСодолСния гСнСтичСских Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ, Π»ΠΈΡˆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ТизнСспособности Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈ, Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ, Π±ΡƒΠ΄ΡƒΡ‚ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ лСкарства Π² протСстированных Ρ‚ΡŽΠ±ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ…, ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΌ прилагаСтся адрСс лСкарства, ΠΈ вводится ΠΈΠ½ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΡ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅, для лСчСния Ρ€Π°ΠΊΠ°, ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‚ производство высасывания Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π· ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΡƒ лизосом. ΠšΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠ° Π±ΡƒΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚ пСриодичСски Π²Ρ‹Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ яд. Но Ссли лСкарства ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½Ρ‹ для яда злокачСствСнной ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ, скрываСмыС с ΠΏΠΈΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ, это ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΡƒΡΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ лизосомой.

Β 

1)New words:

Fertilized – оплодотворСнный

Deteriorate β€“Β ΠΏΠΎΡ€Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ

Transmit – ΠΏΠΎΡΡ‹Π»Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ

To grapple β€“Β Π±ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ

Cardiovascular – сСрдСчно-сосудистый

Unrestricted – нСограничСнный

Succumb to old age – ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ±Π½ΡƒΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΡ‚ старости

Decay β€“Β Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅

Alter β€“Β ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ‚ΡŒ

Intricate – слоТный

Bereave β€“Β Π»ΠΈΡˆΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒ

Sac – сумка

Reject β€“Π²Ρ‹Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡ‚ΡŒ

Intended – прСдназначСнный

Disguised with – замаскированный ΠΏΠΎΠ΄

Release β€“Β ΡΡ…Π²Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ

Β 

2)Irregular verbs

be

was, were

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get

got

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learn

learnt

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have

had

had

know

knew

known

come

came

come

find

found

found


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3) Every human being begin life as a single cell, by the time reaches adulthood, his body consists of 100 trillion cells. The cell is the fundamental component of all living things. As cells deteriorate, people age. As cells malfunction, people get sick. If cells were better understood, people might live longer and stay healthier. Scientists know a few fundamental things: every single adult cell (except ova and sperm) contains the same set of genes as the original cell. Still, cells come in all shapes, sizes and functions: slim nerve cells, more than 3 feet long and about 1 forty-thousandth of an inch wide, transmit impulses between the limbs and the brain; red blood cells 3 ten-thousands of an inch in diameter, carry life-giving oxygen around the body. Each of those 100 trillion cells functions like a walled city. Power plants generate the cell's energy. Factories produce proteins. Complex transportation systems guide specific chemicals from point to point within the cell and beyond. Sentries at the barricades control the export and import markets. Cells occasionally go wrong. Recycling systems can break down, overloading the cells with their own toxic garbage; the result is the fatal Tay-Sachs disease, or some similarly horrendous genetic ailment. Even if they operate smoothly, normal cells eventually succumb to old age β€” the process of biological decay that alters the cells and kills the organisms of which they form the basic units.

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4)Questions:

1. What is a fundamental component of all living things?

2. Does our body consist of 100 million or 100 trillion cells?

3. When scientists did discover that living things contain cells?

4. What does do transportation system?

5. How do biologist can treat defects in the cell?

6. What does begin human being from?

7. Do we are on the verge of a revolution in the understanding of cells?

8. When do people begin to pieceΒ  together the puzzle of how cells operate?

9. Does every adult cell contain the same set of genes as the original cell?

10. Do sentries at the barricades control the export or the import markets?