The secrets of the human cell
Β
Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β The secrets of the human cell
Β Every human being begins life as a single cell, a fertilized egg, by the time reachers adulthood, his body consists of 100 trillion cells. The cell is a fundamental component of all living thing. As cells malfunction, people get sick. If cells were better understood, people might live longer and stay healthier and thanks to a recent series of extraordinary breakthroughs, scientists are beginning to learn more about them. One of the molecular biologists says that we are on the verge of a revolution in the understanding of cells.
Β Β Scientists discovered three centuries age that living things contain cells, but only in the last three decades have they begun to piece together the puzzle of how cells operate. They know a few fundamental things: every single adult cell (except ova and sperm) contains the same set genes as the original cell. Still cells come in all shapes, sixes and functions slim nerve cells: more than 3 feet long and about 1 forty-thousandth of an inch wide: transmit impulses between the limbs and the brain: red blood cells 3 ten- thousandth of an inch in a diameter carry life giving oxygen around the body.Β But researchers remain baffled by the chemical mechanism that enables particular genes in different cells to switch themselves on and off perform differently in varying circumstances.
Β Β Each of those trillion cells functions like a walled city. Power plants generate the cells functions like energy. Factories produce proteins, vital units of chemical commerce. Complex transportation systems guide specific chemical point to point within the cell and beyond. Sentries at the barricades control the expert and import markets, and monitor the outside world for signs of danger. Disciplined biological armies stand ready to grapple with invaders. A centralized genetic government maintains order.
Β Β Toxic garbage. Cells occasionally go wrong. Recycling systems can break down, overloading the cells with their own toxic garbage the result fatal Tay-Sachs disease, or some similarly horrendous genetic ailment. Confused by erroneous information, internal factories can add many chemicals to an already abundant supple that they eventually flood the whole body: the resulting accumulations of cholesterol lead directly to cardiovascular disease. A breardown in communications between the nuclei of cells and their outer borders can produce the unrestricted growth that causes cancer. Even if they operate smoothly, normal cells eventual succumb to old age the process of biological decay that alters the cells and kills organism of which they for the basic units.
Β Β Biologists think they eventually can treat many of defects by turning the intricate machinery in each cell to the patientβs advantage. For instance, chemicals find their way to appropriate places in the cells through what scientists callΒ βzip codeβ. To overcome genetic diseases that leave cells bereft of vital chemicals, biologists might manufacture the chemicals in a test tube, attach the proper chemical address to them, and inject them into the dody-knowing that they will end up where they will do the most good. Similarly, to treat certain forms of cancer, scientists are learning to manufacture digestive sacs within the cells known as lysosomes. A cell ordinarily wills reicet many poisons. But if a drug-intended to poison a cancerous cell-is disguised with food, it might be accepted by the cell and released by the lysosomes
Π‘Π΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ.
ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉΒ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΒ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΡΒ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΒ ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°ΡΒ ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π°, Ρ. Π΅Β ΡΠΉΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°, ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΡΠ°ΡΒ ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠ΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π΅Π³ΠΎΒ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΒ ΠΈΠ· 100 ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ. ΠΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ° - ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΒ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΡ Β ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ². Π§Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΒ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ. Π‘ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ, ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π±Ρ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ° Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π°, ΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊ ΠΆΠΈΠ» Π±Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π» Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ. Π Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΄Ρ Π½Π΅Π΄Π°Π²Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ, ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΅Π΅. ΠΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ· ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ² Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΡ Π½Π° Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ.
Π’ΡΠΈ Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π½Π°Π·Π°Π΄Β ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΠ»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎΒ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅Β ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΒ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Ρ Π²Β ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ, Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π·Β ΡΡΠΈΒ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅ΡΠΈΡΒ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΒ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π·Π°Π³Π°Π΄ΠΊΡΒ ΠΎΒ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΒ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ½ΠΈΒ Π·Π½Π°ΡΡΒ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ: ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Ρ Π²Π·ΡΠΎΡΠ»Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ° (ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΉΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΈΠ΄Π°) ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ², Ρ.ΠΊ. Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΌ Π½Π΅ΡΠ²Π°, Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 3-Ρ Π΄ΡΠΉΠΌΠΎΠ² Π² Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 40000 Π΄ΡΠΉΠΌΠΎΠ² Π² Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π³Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ 30000, ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ. ΠΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½Ρ Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ², ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π³Π΅Π½Ρ Π² ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π°.
ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΒ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠΆΠ° Π½Π° Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄. ΠΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΒ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡΒ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡΒ
Π’ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΒ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎ. ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΠ½Π°ΡΒ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Β ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΒ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΒ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Β ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°ΡΒ Π°ΠΌΠΎΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΡ, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΒ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Β ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. Π₯ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΊ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌ, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π°Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΎΠ² Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎ; Π² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ»Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΊ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ - ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠΌ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ. Π Π°Π·ΡΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ΄ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΊ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½Π΅ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°, Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ Π³Π½ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»Π°.
Β ΠΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΒ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ,Β ΡΡΠΎΒ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΒ Π²Β ΠΈΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Β ΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡΒ ΠΈΠ·Π»Π΅ΡΠΈΡΡΒ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅Β ΠΈΠ·Β ΡΡΠΈΡ Β Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ²Β ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠΉΒ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΒ Π²Β ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΉΒ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ΅Β ΠΊΒ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡΒ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°. ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡΒ Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΒ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΒ ΠΏΡΡΡΒ ΠΊΒ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ΅Β Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡΒ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ, Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Β«Π·ΠΈΠΏ-ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Β». ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ, Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈ, Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ, Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π° Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ±ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ , ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π°Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΈ Π²Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅, Π΄Π»Ρ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°, ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΡ Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ° Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΄. ΠΠΎ Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΄Π° Π·Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΉ.
Β
1)New words:
Fertilized βΒ ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ
Deteriorate βΒ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ
Transmit β ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ»Π°ΡΡ
To grapple βΒ Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡΡ
Cardiovascular βΒ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠΉ
Unrestricted βΒ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ
Succumb to old age β ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ±Π½ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ
Decay βΒ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
Alter βΒ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ
Intricate βΒ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠΉ
Bereave βΒ Π»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ
Sac βΒ ΡΡΠΌΠΊΠ°
Reject βΠ²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ
Intended βΒ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ
Disguised with βΒ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄
Release βΒ ΡΡ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ
Β
2)Irregular verbs
be |
was, were |
been |
get |
got |
gotten |
learn |
learnt |
learnt |
have |
had |
had |
know |
knew |
known |
come |
came |
come |
find |
found |
found |
Β
3) Every human being begin life as a single cell, by the time reaches adulthood, his body consists of 100 trillion cells. The cell is the fundamental component of all living things. As cells deteriorate, people age. As cells malfunction, people get sick. If cells were better understood, people might live longer and stay healthier. Scientists know a few fundamental things: every single adult cell (except ova and sperm) contains the same set of genes as the original cell. Still, cells come in all shapes, sizes and functions: slim nerve cells, more than 3 feet long and about 1 forty-thousandth of an inch wide, transmit impulses between the limbs and the brain; red blood cells 3 ten-thousands of an inch in diameter, carry life-giving oxygen around the body. Each of those 100 trillion cells functions like a walled city. Power plants generate the cell's energy. Factories produce proteins. Complex transportation systems guide specific chemicals from point to point within the cell and beyond. Sentries at the barricades control the export and import markets. Cells occasionally go wrong. Recycling systems can break down, overloading the cells with their own toxic garbage; the result is the fatal Tay-Sachs disease, or some similarly horrendous genetic ailment. Even if they operate smoothly, normal cells eventually succumb to old age β the process of biological decay that alters the cells and kills the organisms of which they form the basic units.
Β
4)Questions:
1. What is a fundamental component of all living things?
2. Does our body consist of 100 million or 100 trillion cells?
3. When scientists did discover that living things contain cells?
4. What does do transportation system?
5. How do biologist can treat defects in the cell?
6. What does begin human being from?
7. Do we are on the verge of a revolution in the understanding of cells?
8. When do people begin to pieceΒ together the puzzle of how cells operate?
9. Does every adult cell contain the same set of genes as the original cell?
10. Do sentries at the barricades control the export or the import markets?

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