Traditions of Great Britain

CONTENTS

1. Ways of everyday life_____________________________________2
2. Traditions and Parliament__________________________________6
3. Pageantry_______________________________________________9
4. Some traditions of university life____________________________12
5. Scottish traditions________________________________________13
6. Welsh traditions_________________________________________21
7. Traditions of Northern Ireland______________________________24

       Every nation and every country has its own traditions and customs. Traditions make a nation special. Some of them are old-fashioned and many people remember them, others are part of people’s life. Some British customs and traditions are known all over the world.

      From Scotland to Cornwall, Britain is full of customs and traditions. A lot of them have very long histories. Some are funny and some are strange. But they are all interesting. There is the long menu of traditional British food. There are many royal occasions. There are songs, saying and superstitions. They are all part of the British way of life.

      We cannot really imagine Britain without all its traditions, this integral feature of social and private life of the people living on the British Isles that has always been an important part of their life and work.

      English traditions can be classified into several groups: traditions concerning the Englishmen’s private life (child’s birth, wedding, marriage, wedding anniversary); traditions connected with families incomes; state traditions; national holidays, religious holidays, public festival, traditional ceremonies. 

      1.WAYS OF EVERYDAY LIFE

      Very often when speaking of English traditions we think first of some curious theatrical ceremonies of the court or parliament procedure. There come to our mind the medieval uniforms of the guards, the solemn cloaks and wigs of the judges or the top hats (bowlers) and the invariable umbrellas of the clerks of the London City.

      But the word “tradition” does not mean only that. First and foremost “tradition” is the generally accepted mode or way of living, acting, behaving of just doing things. There are many very good traditions of this kind in the everyday life of the English.

      In England everything is the other way round. On Sunday on the Continent even the poorest person puts on his best suit, tries to look respectable, and at the same time the life of the country becomes gay and cheerful; in England even the richest peer or motor-car manufacturer dresses in some peculiar rags, does not shave, and the country becomes dull and dreary. On the Continent there is one topic, which should be avoided – the weather; in England, if you do not repeat the phrase “Lovely day, isn’t it?” at least two hundred times a day, you are considered a bit dull. On the Continent Sunday papers appear on Monday; in England – a country of exotic oddities – they appear on Sunday. On a continental bus approaching a request stop the conductor rings the bell if he wants his bus to go on without stopping; in England you ring the bell if you want the bus to stop. On the Continent people have good food; in England people have good table manners. On the Continent learned person love to quote Aristotle, Horace, Montaigne and show off their knowledge; in England only uneducated people show off their knowledge, nobody quotes Latin or Greek authors in the course of a conversation, unless he has never read them. Continental people are sensitive and touchy; the English take everything with an exquisite sense of humour – they are only offended if you tell them that they have no sense of humour. People on the Continent either tell you the truth or lie; in England they hardly ever lie, but they would not dream of telling you the truth.

      Lunch at 1 o’clock. Many foreigners are sometimes taken aback when they are faced with this typically English custom for the first time. Whatever one is doing, no matter how important it is, or seems to be – a parliamentary debate or any kind of business routine – as soon as the clock strikes one everybody breaks for lunch. The time from one to two o’clock is a “sacred” hour in England. And it appears to be not only good for health – having meals at regular times is certainly healthy – but it is very convenient socially as well. Everybody knows that there is no use trying to get in touch with some official, business executive or firm representative at this time. They won’t be in. It is no use to waste your time going from one shop to another - at two o’clock sharp they will open. For punctuality is also one of the English traditions. 

      English Sunday. The so called Sunday Observance laws prohibiting all kind of public entertainment on Sunday date back to the 17-18 century. The idea was to encourage people to go to church and not to allow them “to profane the Lord’s Day” by amusing themselves. Three hundred years have passed since then. Church services are attended by fewer people now than some decades ago. But the old custom of having a quiet Sunday is still alive. This is another English tradition preserved by law. On Sunday you may visit a museum or go to a concert but all shops, theatres, dance and music halls are closed. This is rather illogical when compared with the unrestricted variety of programmes on radio and television or the fact that one can always go to the bingo-club to enjoy himself or to the cinema to see a “thriller” or the latest American “hit”. Pubs and restaurants are open only from 12 to 2, and from 5 to 10 p.m. The police are very strict and do not hesitate to withdraw the licence from the proprietors who disregard closing time. All professional football and cricket matches, as well as horse and dog racing are banned, though you can play tennis or go to any excursions. Now there is a great number of people who like to go to the country or to the sea-side and spend their week-ends fishing, camping or hiking. But still many Englishmen prefer a quiet Sunday at home. They get up late, go to church in the morning, have a big dinner, sleep afterwards, work in their garden until tea, read books and listen to the wireless.

      The national drink of Great Britain and Ireland is Tea. The true Englishmen do not drink it clear, or with lemon or rum and sugar, but pour a few drops of cold milk into it, and no sugar at all. They have tea for breakfast; then they have tea at eleven o’clock in the morning; then after lunch; then they have tea for tea; then for supper; and again at eleven o’clock at night.

      A typical feature of an English house is a fireplace, even when there is central heating in the house. In English homes, the fireplace has always been, until recent times, the natural center of interest in a room. People may like to sit at a window on a summer day, but for many months of the year prefer to sit round the fire and watch the dancing flames. In the Middle Ages the fireplaces in the halls of large castles were very wide. Only wood was burnt, and large logs were carted in from the forests, and supported as they burnt, on metal bars. Such wide fireplaces may still be seen in old inns, and in some of them there are even seats inside the fireplace. Elizabethan fireplaces often had carved stone or woodwork over the fireplace, reaching to the ceiling. There were sometimes columns on each side of the fireplace. In the 18th century, place was often provided over the fireplace for a painting or mirror. When coal fires became common, fireplaces became much smaller. Grates were used to hold the coal. Above the fireplace there was usually a shelf on which there was often a clock, and perhaps framed photographs.

    English people like to spend their free time in numerous pubs where they can have a glass of beer and talk about different things with their friends. Pubs usually have two drinking rooms called bars - the public and the saloon bar, which is more comfortable but more expensive. "Bar" also means the counter at which drinks are served. Pubs serve alcoholic and other drinks and often light meals. The main drink served in pubs, is, of course, beer, light or dark. Light beer is usually called bitter. As for other kinds of alcohol, most pubs serve whisky, gin and wine. Beer is always sold in pint or half-pint glasses. A pint is equivalent to 0.57 liter. No alcoholic drinks may be served to young people under eighteen under British law.

      English Habits of Politeness

      Some greetings in England are very informal: a simple “good morning” or a wave of the hand across the street is quite enough. Handshakes are only exchanged on a first introduction or as a token of agreement or congratulation. “Sorry” takes the place of “no” when you cannot do something for a person or give a positive answer in situation like “May I use your pen?”, “Do you know the time?” or “Have you any size seven shoes?”. “Pardon” is the polite way of asking somebody to repeat what he has said.

      English people do not readily ask each other to do anything, they prefer to wait for a service to be offered before asking for it. If they do ask, then they say something like “I don’t really like asking you, but…”

      It is considered polite to give up one’s seat a woman who is standing, to open door for her, carry things for her, and so on.

      Here are some of the rules for correct behaviour in a public place:

• Not to be conspicuous, don’t wear conspicuous clothes.
• One should not talk loud or laugh loud.
• No matter how trying the circumstance, do not give way to anger or uncontrolled emotion.
• Never eat anything in the street, or in a public place (restaurants, buffets and cafes excluded).
• Do not rudely push your way through crowds.
• Never stare at people or point at them.
• Do not ridicule or comment on anyone in public.
• Reserve “affectionate demonstration” (kissing, embracing, etc.) for appropriate places.
• Don’t monopolise the sidewalk, by walking 3 or 4 abreast, or by stopping in the centre to speak with someone.
• When in the street keep to the right.

2.TRADITIONS AND PARLIAMENT

    Many of the ceremonies carried out in the Parliament are very old.

1. Procedure in the House of Commons

    The sitting of the House of Commons each day is opened by the Procession of the Speaker. Wearing his wig and gown, he is accompanied by the Chaplain, his Secretary and the Sergeant-at-Arms, carrying the Mace. (The Sergeant-at-Arms is responsible for seeing that strangers do not misconduct themselves in the House, and for arresting members as directed by the Speaker). On arrival at the Chamber, the Mace is set on the Table, players are read by the Chaplain, and provided a quorum of forty members is present, the Speaker takes the Chair, the Chaplains withdraw, and the business of the day is taken. Except on Friday the first hour in the House of Commons is set aside for questions, the Speaker calling in turn the Members whose names appear in the notice paper. After question time new Members, if any, are introduced, and then the Speaker directs the Clerk at the Table to read the Order of the Day, and the regular business is begun. This may entail debating a particular stage of a Public Bill, going into Committee to discuss the business of supply, considering Lord’s amendments to a Bill, or any other item of business. No Member may speak in a debate unless he has received permission from the Speaker and this he obtains by what is known as “catching the Speaker’s eye”. In effect what happens is that those members desirous of speaking rise to their feet and the Speaker calls upon one of them whereupon the remainder resume their seats.  Speeches are addressed to the Speaker and may not be read, this however is a rule that has lately been subjected to exceptions.

    There is another curious in the Parliament. In front of the Members’ benches in the House of Commons you will see a strip of carpet. When a Member speaking in the House puts his foot beyond that strip there is a shout “Order”. This dates back to the time when the Members had swords on them and during a heated discussion might want to start fighting. The word “order” reminds the hotheads that no fighting was allowed in the House. The carpet became the limit, a sort of a frontier.

    The day in the Parliament ends with the Speaker leaving the Chamber through the door behind his Chair to the cries of “Who goes home?” and “Usual time tomorrow”. These cries are relict of the days when the streets were unsafe and the members went together for safety and when there were no fixed hours for meetings.

    In the House of Commons there are only 437 seats for 625 Members. The admittance of the sittings is not obligatory. And if more than 437 Members turn up for some important debate they to stand.

    When the Members of Parliament vote, they “divide”, those voting “yes” file out to the lobby on the Speaker’s right; and “no’s” go through to the lobby to his left. In each lobby they are counted by 2 Members called “tellers”.

2. The Chamber of the House of Lords

    At the end of the Chamber stands the Throne. In front of it is the Woolsack where the Lord Chancellor wearing a full – bottomed wig, court dress and a grown, sits as Speaker of the House of Lords.

    The Woolsack is traditionally held to have been placed in the House in the reign of Edward the Third. Initially the woolsack was stuffed with hair. But in 1938 it was restuffed with wool. It is a big square divan with a kind of back in the middle, upholstered in red leather.

3. The State Opening of Parliament

    The opening of Parliament at the beginning of a session is preceded by a ceremony that is steeped in ancient tradition and dressed in the full panoply of a royal and state occasion. It is the most colourful, as well as the most important ceremony of the year. Her Majesty the Queen, attended by a sovereign’s escort of the Household Cavalry, drives in state from Buckingham Palace to the Sovereign’s Entrance beneath the Victoria Tower at the south end of the Palace of Westminster. The route is lined with regiments of Footguards wearing the black bearskins which have for so long been a symbol of courage and loyal service.

    The Queen magnificently appareled in robes of state, crowned, and wearing many of the finest crown jewels, enters the House of Lords. The assembly rises to its feet. The peers are in their scarlet robes; the archbishops and judges in scarlet; the Diplomatic corps is blazing with gold and decorations.

    Her Majesty occupies the throne and says: “My Lords, pray be seated”. At the Queen’s request the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod proceeds to the House of Commons to command the presence of its members at the Bar of the House of Lords. The door of the Commons Chamber is slammed in his face by the Sergeant-at-Arms. Thus do the Commons maintain their ancient right to deny royal access to their Chamber.

    Commons are assembled at the Bar, the Lord Chancellor kneels before the Queen and hands her a copy of the royal speech, which has been prepared by the policy which the Government intends to follow and the measures which it proposes to adopt during the session about to be open. At the conclusion of the Queen’s speech the Commons return to their Chamber. The Queen is escorted to her coach and returns to Buckingham Palace.

4. Search the Parliamentary Cellars

    Before the opening of Parliament half a dozen “Beefeaters” do the searching of the cellars underneath the Houses of Parliament, in memory of Guy Fawkes and the Gun Powder Plot in 1605.

    Guy Fawkes was the chief instrument in the Gun Powder which was intended to blow up James I and his anti-Roman Catholic Government at the opening of Parliament on the 5th of November, 1605. The plot miscarried owing to an anonymous warning sent to Lord Monteagle. Fawkes was arrested among the barrels of gunpowder that he had stacked beneath the House of Lords. He was tortured by order of James I and signer confessions. These confessions were used as evidence at the trial in Westminster Hall of Fawkes and his fellow-conspirators, who were sentenced to be hanged, drown and quartered.

    The 5th of November is marked in England as Guy Fawkes Day. In the evening bonfires are lit on high hills and fireworks are let off in the streets.

    “Please to remember the 5th of November, Gun Powder Treason and Plot”, are the first lines of the song heard on this day.        

    3.PAGEANTRY

    Pageantry and other colourful ceremonies are part of every day life in Britain.

    1. Royal Ceremonies

    One of the most interesting ceremonies among them is the Changing of the Guard at Buckingham and St. James’s Palaces. Each new guard mounts sentries for 24 hours, though sometimes the guard remains on duty for 48 hours. The ceremony at Buckingham Palace takes place daily 11.30 a.m. The ceremony is attended by one of the Regimental bands. At the Horse Guards in the Whitehalf the Changing of the Queen’s Life Guard of Household Cavalry takes place at 11 a.m. on weekdays and at 10 a.m. on Sundays.

    Trooping the Colour is annual ceremony which blends two ancient military customs - guard mounting and lodging the colours. It recalls the day when each company of soldiers had its own colours clearly visible as rallying points in dust and confusion of battle. Each evening the colours were ceremonially carried down the ranks and escorted to a billet to be lodged for the night. From this derives the magnificent display of the marching and wheeling by the Regiments of the brigade of Guards, which marks the Sovereign’s Birthday (in June). 

    At  different traditional ceremonies you will see bright and very picturesque uniforms worn by the guards, troopers and sentries of her Majesty’s own Royal Guards Regiments. The troopers of the Horse Guards regiment which has existed since the 12th century have bright red gold uniforms, shining top-boots, golden helmets with feathers. The Gurkha soldiers wear high Gurkha fur hats.

    2. Lord Mayor’s Day

    Lord Mayor of London lives in the City – in the Mansion House – a big, impressive house with a classic front very much like a Greek temple.

    The Lord Mayor is the first citizen of the City and the first Magistrate. He has the Keys of the City. No troops are allowed to cross the limits of the City, neither King nor Queen are allowed to come here without his permission. The Lord Mayor is elected every year by the Aldermen and every year on the second Saturday in November there is a great ceremony – “The Lord Mayor’s Show”.

    The streets are packed with people; nobody wants to miss the great event. The Lord Mayor is dressed in a traditional medieval red velvet robe with fur, and a golden chain, and a fantastic hat. He has flowers in his hands. The escort clad in picturesque 17th century uniform according to tradition, the Household Cavalry, the State Trumpeters and several military bands all lend additional splendour to the scene. The Lord Mayor drives slowly through the cheering crowded streets from the Guildhall to the High Court of Justice to receive from the magistrates the key of the City. The gilded historic carriage (300 years old) is drawn by six horses in red and gold harness. After the election the Lord Mayor holds his Grand Banquet in the Guildhall of the Corporation of the City.

    3. The Ceremony of the Keys at the Tower

    Every night at 9.53 p.m. the Chief Warder of the Tower carries out the time-honored routine of locking up the Tower. Known as the Ceremony of the Keys, this has taken place almost without a break for 700 years. The Chief Warder and his escort of four approach the gates. The sentry calls out:

    “Halt, who comes there?”

    “The Keys.”

    “Whose Keys?”

    “Queen Elisabeth’s Keys.”

    “Advance, Queen Elisabeth’s Keys. All is well.”

    The custodians of the Tower are the Yeomen Warders, known as “Beefeaters”. They wear a state dress uniform dating from Tudor times. It consists of funny flat hats, trousers bound at the knee, and the Royal monogram on their breast. These traditional medieval clothes make the old castle look still more fantastic and theatrical. Nowadays these Yeomen-Warders act as guides taking tourists around the Tower and telling them numerous histories and legends associated with place. Usually they are veterans of the Second World War. Often you will see war medals on their traditional uniforms.

    A number of ravens have their home at the Tower, and they are officially “on the strength of the garrison”. There is a superstition that when the ravens fly away from the Tower it will be the sign of the downfall of the British Empire. Because of this superstition the wings of the ravens are regularly clipped.  

    The Tower is one of the oldest historical monuments of London. It dates from the 11th century. In 1088 William the Conqueror, selected this place for election of the White Tower and in later years various kings extended the defences of the fortress. In its long history the Tower has served as fortress, Royal palace and prison. Sir Thomas More, author of the famous Utopia, Sir Walter Releigh, navigator, explorer and historian, Henri the Eight’s, queens Anne Boleyn and Lady Jane Grey, Guy Fawkes, to mention but a few were among the numerous “privileged” people were beheaded in the Tower. Perhaps the blackest of the many crimes committed in the Tower in those troubled time was the murder by the tyrannical Richard the Third of the two boy princes. Now the Tower is a museum. You can see there a great collection of weapons of different times, tools of torture, knights’ armour, numerous Royal Regalia-swords, scepters, crowns. Tourists are usually attracted by the famous and priceless Crown Jewels. The imperial State Crown, for example contains 2.783 diamonds, 277 pearls, 14 sapphires, 11 emeralds and 5 rubies.  

    4.SOME TRADITIONS OF UNIVERSITY LIFE

    1. Cambridge

    Cambridge is situated at a distance of 70 miles from London; the greater part of the town lies on the left bank of the river Cam crossed by several bridges. Cambridge is one of the loveliest towns of England. It is very green, presenting to a visitor a series of beautiful groupings of architecture, trees, gardens, lawns and bridges. The main building material is stone of a pink colour which adds life and warmth to the picture at all seasons of the year.

    The dominating factor in Cambridge is University, a center of education and learning. Newton, Byron, Darwin, Rutherford and many other scientists and writers were educated at Cambridge. In Cambridge everything centers on the university and its Colleges, the eldest of which was founded in 1284. They are 27 in number. The college is a group of buildings forming a square with a green lawn in the center. An old tradition does not allow the students to walk on the grass, this is the privilege of professors and head-students only. There is another tradition which the students are to follow: after sunset they are not allowed to go out without wearing a black cap and a black cloak.

    The University trains about 7.000 students. They study for 4 years, 3 teams a year. The long vacation lasts 3 months. They are trained by a tutor; each tutor has 10-12 students reading under his guidance. There is a close connection between the University and colleges, through they are separate in theory and practice.

    A college is a place where you live no matter what profession you are trained for; so that students studying literature and those trained for physics belong to one and the same college. However the fact is that you are to be a member of a college in order to be a member of the University.  

    Students have an official excuse to “let themselves loose” once a year (usually in November) on Rag Day. On this day, hundreds of different schemes are thought up to collect money for charity, and it is not unusual to see students in the streets playing guitars, pianos, violins, singing, dancing, eating fire, fishing in drains for money, or even just lying in beds suspended over the street swinging a bucket for money to be thrown into.

    2. Lilies and Roses

    On May 21st every year, Eton College and King’s College, Cambridge, honour the memory of their founder, Henry VI, who died very suddenly, and was almost certainly murdered, in the Tower of London on that day in 1471. He is generally supposed to have been killed whilst at prayer in the Oratory of the Wakefield Tower, and here, on the anniversary, the Ceremony of the Lilies and Roses now takes place. Representatives of both colleges walk in procession with Beefeaters and the Chaplain of the Tower, and the short service is conducted by the latter, during which a prayer composed by Henry himself is said. A  marble tablet in the in the Oratory marks the place where the King is believed to have died, and on each side of it flowers are laid – lilies from Eton bound with pale blue silk, and white roses from King’s College, bound with purple ribbon. They are left there for twenty-four hours, and then they are burnt.                                   

      4. SCOTTISH TRADITIONS

     The thistle is the national emblem of Scotland. This is how, according to a curious legend, this plant came to be chosen as a badge, in preference to any other. Many years ago the Vikings once landed somewhere on the east coast of Scotland. The Scots assembled with their arms and took their stations behind the River Tay. As they arrived late in the day, weary and tired after a long march, they pitched their camp and rested, not expecting the enemy before the next day. The Vikings, however, were near: noticing that no guards were protecting the camp, they crossed the Tay, intending to take the Scots by surprise. For this purpose they took off their shoes so as to make the least possible noise. But one of them stepped on a thistle. The sudden and sharp pain he felt caused him to shriek. The alarm was given in the Scots' camp. The Vikings were put to fight, and as an acknowledgement for the timely and unexpected help from the thistle, the Scots took it as their national emblem.

    The Scottish national costume (Highland dress) includes a kilt worn by men. For day wear, the kilt is worn with a tweed jacket, plain long socks, a beret and a leather sporran, that is, a pouch hanging from a narrow belt round the hips. The Scottish beret — tam-o'-shanter — is a woollen cap without a brim but with a pompon or a feather on top, traditionally worn pulled down at one side.  It got its name after Tam o' Shanter, the hero of Burns's poem of that name.

    The Clan

    The Gaelic word "clan" means "children", and the central idea of a clan is kinship. Nowadays it refers, as a rule, only to Highland families, in Scotland. A clan is a family, and theoretically the chief is the father of it, although not every clansman can be a direct descendant of the founder.

    Many people in Scotland today will be surprised to learn that those who founded the present clans were not themselves always Highlanders, but included Normans (Gordon, Eraser), Bretons (Stuart), Flemings (Murrey, Sutherland), Irish (MacNeil), and Norsemen (MacLeod), Mac meaning "son of". The important point is that all these were "incomers" to the Highlands. When the incomers acquired their land they virtually took over a good many people who were living on it, and who, perhaps, were already formed into a family or clan unit. Gradually the old clan came to acknowledge the protection of their new leader, and at last built up a nominal kinship with him.  In course of time intermarriage made it difficult to determine how far this kinship was nominal and how far real.

    Under the patriarchal system of clanship, which reached its peak in the sixteenth century, order of precedence was strictly observed. First, after the chief himself, came members of his immediate family, his younger sons and grandsons, and then the clansmen. All of them, whether connected by blood or not, owned a common heritage of loyalty as clansmen. In return for the help and support of his clansmen, the chief was their leader in war and their arbiter in peace. Even in the early days the king was, in theory at least, the "chief of chiefs", and as the royal power spread through the Highlands the chiefs were made responsible for the good conduct of their clansmen. Among the most famous clans were: Campbell, Fraser, Munro, Cameron, Stewart, Murray, MacDonald, Maclean and Mackenzie.

    The great period of the clans declined by the beginning of the eighteenth century and the failure of the Jacobite Risings in 1715 and 1745 completed the destruction. But today clan societies flourish in Scotland and, perhaps more  bravely, elsewhere in the world. These societies are acquiring land and property in their respective clan countries, financing magazines, establishing museums to preserve the relics, founding educational trusts, and — perhaps above all — keeping alive the family spirit.

    The Tartan

    Tartan is and has for centuries been the distinguishing mark of the Highlander. It has a long history. Evidence can be brought to show that as long as the thirteenth century, and probably earlier, Highlanders wore brightly coloured striped or checked tartan plaids, which they called "breacan". There is some controversy about clan tartans as such. Traditionalists state the Highlanders wore tartan as a badge so that they could recognize each other and distinguish friend from foe in battle. Like many theories, this looks well on paper, but in practice it seems to break down. Even though the old tartans were simpler than the modern ones, they could not easily be recognized at a distance.

    On the other hand, various descriptions can be quoted to show that, in the Highlands, the patterns of the tartans were considered important. A district tartan is a very natural development in a country divided into small communities. By the sixteenth century the particular patterns of tartan worn in a district were connected with the predominant local clan. But the study of the portraits shows that there was no uniformity of tartan even in the early eighteenth century.  Members of the same family are found wearing very different tartan and, what is more surprising, many of the men are seen to wear the kilt of one tartan and a Jacket of another. The history of development of tartan was sharply broken in 1747, when wearing of Highland dress was forbidden by law after the failure of 1745.

    In the early years of the nineteenth century efforts were made to collect authentic patterns of each clan tartan, but this does not seem to have been very successful. The fashion for tartan was fostered by the amazing spectacle of a kilted King George IV at holyrood in 1822, and demands for clan tartan poured into the manufactures. The wave of enthusiasm for tartan outstripped the traditional knowledge of the Highlanders, and it was at this time and in response to popular demand that a great many of familiar present-day tartans became associated with their respective clans. Some of the patterns had previously been identified by numbers only, while some were invented on the spot, as variations of the old traditional patterns.

    The term "Highland dress'' has not always meant the same thing. In the seventeenth century the ki1t was not worn. Clansmen wrapped themselves in a generous length of tartan cloth some sixteen feet wide. The upper portion covered the wearer's shoulders, and it was belted at the waist, the lower portion hanging in rough folds to the knees. In the eighteenth century, this belted plaid was superseded by the kilt. Modern Highland dress consists of a day-time kilt of heavy material, sometimes in a darker tartan, worn with a tweed jacket, while for the evening finer material, possibly in a brighter "dress" tartan, can be matched with a variety of accessories.

    Food and Drink

    What sort of food has Scotland to offer the stranger? Scotland produces a number of dishes: Scots collops – a savoury dish popularly known as "mince", small mutton pies which must be served piping hot and the immortal haggis. And no country has a greater variety of puddings and pies, creams, jellies, and trifles.

    The excellence of Scottish soups has been attributed to the early and long connection between Scotland and France, but there are some genuine soups, such as Barley Broth, Powsowdie or Sheep’s Head Broth, Hotch Potch or Harvest Broth. Baud Bree (Hare Soup) is flavoured with toasted oatmeal and Cullen Skink is made with a smoked haddock.  

    Plenty of ingenuity is shown, too, in the preparation of both oatmeal and milk. Porridge properly made with home-milled meal and fresh spring water, and served with thin cream or rich milk, is food for the gods. Lastly there is the national oatcake, which is described as “a masterpiece” by the French gastronomes.

    Although the Scots are not a nation of beer-drinkers in the sense that the English are, some of the best beers in the world are brewed in the Lowlands of Scotland. But however good Scots beer and ale are, it is universally known that the glory of the country is whisky. Scotch whisky was a by-product of traditional Scottish thrift. Frugal Scots farmers, rather than waste their surplus barley, mashed, fermented and distilled it, producing a drink at first called uisge beatha, Gaelic for "water of life", and now simply called whisky. No one knows when the Scots learnt the art of distilling, though it may have been before they arrived from Ireland in the fifth century AD, for in Irish legend St Patrick taught the art. The first mention in Scottish records of a spirit distilled from grain does not occur before 1494.

    The whisky comes colourless and fiery from the spirit receiver. In the spirit vat it is diluted to about 110 degrees proof before being run into oak casks to mature. Today, 100 degrees proof spirit by British standards is spirit with 37.1 per cent of alcohol by volume, and 42.9 per cent of water. So specifically associated with Scotland has whisky   become that the mere adjective SCOTCH requires no noun to be supplied in order that people should know what is meant. 

    Burns Night    (25 January)

    The anniversary of the poet's birth is celebrated in every corner of Scotland, and indeed wherever a handful of Scots is to be found. There are hundreds of Burns Clubs scattered throughout the world, and they all endeavour to hold Burns Night celebrations to mark the birth of Scotland's greatest poet. The first club was founded at Greenock in 1802.  The traditional menu at the suppers is cock-a-leekie soup (chicken broth), boiled salt herring, haggis with bashed neeps (turnips), and champit tatties (mashed potatoes) and dessert.  The arrival of the haggis is usually heralded by the music of bagpipes. The haggis is carried into the dining room behind a piper wearing traditional dress. He then reads a poem written especially for the haggis! "The Immortal Memory" is toasted, and the company stands in silent remembrance. Then fellows dancing, pipe music, and selections from Burns's lyrics, the celebration concluding with the poet's famous Auld tang Syne.

    Loch Ness and the Monster

    Whatever it is that stirs in Loch Ness, it is no newcomer. An inscription on a fourteenth-century map of the loch tells vaguely but chillingly of "waves without wind, fish without fins, islands that float". "Monster" sightings are not limited to Loch Ness: Lochs Awe, Rannoch, Lomond and Morar have all been said to contain specimens. The Loch Ness Monster owes its great fame to the opening of a main road along the north shore of the loch in 1933. Since then, distant views of "four shining black humps", "brownish-grey humps" have kept visitors flocking to the loch. People who have seen the phenomenon more closely say that it is "slug-like" or "eel-like", with a head resembling a seal's or a gigantic snail's, while the long neck is embellished with a horse's mane. Its length has been estimated at anything between 8 and 23 metres, and its skin texture "warty" and "slimy". Close observers, too, particularly Hr George Spicer and his wife who saw it jerking across a lochside road in 1933, have declared it "fearful".

    It is not surprising that such waters, cupped in savage hills, should produce legends. Loch Ness is part of the Great Glen, a geological fault that slashes across Scotland like a sword-cut. The loch itself is 24 miles long, about a mile broad and has an average depth of 400 feet. Loch Ness has one direct outlet to the sea, the shallow River Ness, and it is fed by eight rivers and innumerable streams, each of which pours the peaty soil of the hills into the loch. Consequently, the water is dark. Divers working with powerful arc lamps 15 metres below the surface have been unable to see for more than 3 metres around them.

    Over the past 40 years, sightings have been claimed by more than 1000 people. Most of the sightings were in bright sunlight conditions of flat calm, and several of the witnesses were trained observers — soldiers, doctors, seamen. Though many of the sightings were from a distance, witnesses have been convinced they were looking at a large animal, most of whose body was hidden beneath the water.

    If it exists, it is most unlikely that the Loch Ness monster is a single animal. A prehistoric creature, living alone in Loch Ness, cut off from others of its kind, would have to be millions of years old. For the species to survive there must be quite a large colony.  The colony theory is also supported by nearly simultaneous sightings in different parts of the loch. According to naturalists, the chances of the creature being a reptile are remote. Though Loch Ness never freezes, its temperature never rises above 6°C and this would be too cold for any known species. Also, reptiles breathe air, and would have to surface more frequently than the monster appears to. Though most zoologists deny the possibility that a large and unknown animal might be living in Loch Ness, it is remarkable that the mystery continues; and it is perhaps more exciting than any final scientific solution.

    Scottish Weddings

    Everybody knows about Gretna Green, the famous Scottish village just beyond the border. In the old days runaway couples escaped from England to Gretna Green to get married. The practice started in the year 1774. In that year a bill was passed in England forbidding marriages of person under eighteen without their parents’ consent. In Scotland the legal age limit was sixteen – and still is for that matter. What is more, until the year 1856 the young couple could be married at once at any place in Scotland, without having to stay there for some time.

    Gretna Green was the nearest village across the Scottish border, only ten miles of Carlisle, on the main highway. To get there took the least time and the least money. That’s why all those young people chose Gretna Green for their wedding. The blacksmith at Gretna Green was always ready to perform the marriage ceremony at a small fee. The formalities were very simple. All that was needed was a declaration made by the young couple in the presence of two witnesses.  Visitors of Gretna Green can still see the old blacksmith’s shop and the famous marriage room in it.

    The old tradition is still remembered. Many young couples who cannot get married in England because they are under age still think it romantic to go to Gretna Green. But today they must have enough money to stay there for three weeks.    

    Highland Games

    Perhaps the most distinctive event at a Highland Gathering is “Tossing the Caber” – or, as the sixteenth-century writer called it, “throwing the bar”. The caber is the trunk – of a fir tree 20 feet long and ten inches (25 cm) thick at the bigger end. Its weight is about 100 kilos and it needs two or three men to lift it upright with the thick end at the top. The competitor then takes hold of it and rests it against his shoulder. He takes two or three steps and then throws it so that it turns a complete somersault. The straightest throw, that is nearest to 12 o’clock in direction, gets the most points. If none of the competitors is able to toss the caber, a bit is sawn off the end, and then, if necessary, another bit, until at last one competitor succeeds.

    Another feat of strength is throwing the hammer. This has a long handle and weighs ten kilos. The competitor is not allowed to run, he stands still and sweeps it round and round his head several times.

    For all events, except races, the kilt must be worn. For highland dances, of which there are many varieties, the competitors wear full highland dress. This includes a smart jacket worn with coloured buttons and a “sporran” or purse made of fur, which hangs at the waist. The most difficult and intricate of the dances is the sword-dance, performed over a pair of crossed swords which must not be touched by the dancer’s feet.    

    5.WELSH TRADITIONS

    St. David’s Day (1st March)

    Dewi (“David” in English), was the son of a Welsh chieftain. He was brought up as a Christian and went abroad to learn more about the life of a monk. Then he returned to Wales and founded many monasteries which became centers of religion and learning in the Welsh countryside. The monks lived a simple life, growing their own herbs and vegetables and offering generous hospitality to anyone in need. Because David’s holiness and his inspiring teaching, he was made a bishop. The center of his bishopric was in the settlement is now known as St. David’s on the Western tip of the country of Dyfed. Later, when people of North and South Wales became one nation, he was chosen as the patron saint of Wales.