Английский язык. 3 семестр (тест с ответами Синергия) (Решение → 62839)

106 вопросов с ответами

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1. Don’t forget you … to meet me at the station.

*must

*can

* are

2. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению

He … buy a newspaper because the shop was closed.

*must not

*shouldn’t

* couldn’t

3. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению

He … have asked such a foolish question.

*mustn’t

* couldn’t

*was allowed

4. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению

He asked me if he… use my phone.

*is able to

*can

* could

5. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению

He hasn’t come , he … have forgotten about our appointment.

*is

* must

*can

6. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению

He is late. The car … have broken down again.

*ought

*should

* must

7. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению

I … to go to the bank yesterday to get some money.

* had

*could

*need

8. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению

I … to stay at home yesterday.

* had

*must

*may

9. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению

I can’t find my book. I … have lost it somewhere.

*should

* must

*have

10. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению

I shall … to do it tomorrow.

*can

*may

* be able

11. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению

If we outsourced more we … save a lot of money.

*must

*may

* could

12. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению

Scrutiny … reveal opportunities to increase sales.

*is

* may

*is able

13. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению

She …to take an exam tomorrow.

* will have

*must

*can

14. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению

She … to join them tomorrow.

*can

*must

* will be able

15. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению

She isn’t in. She … be out for lunch.

*has

*Is able

* must

16. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению

Sometimes customs clearance … be difficult to obtain.

* may

*must

*is

17. Выберите правильный перевод выделенного модального глагола

You ought to use new methods in advertising

*мог бы

*можно

* следует

18. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению

The company … have launched the entirely new product.

*mustn’t

*may not

* couldn’t

19. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению

The film … to begin at 5 o’clock.

*must

* is

*can

20. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению

The train … to leave at 11 a.m.

* is

*must

*should

21. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению

Their product … be selling very well, otherwise the company would not have increased the production.

* must

*may

*can

22. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению

They … be late if there is a traffic jam.

*have

*need

* may

23. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению

They … to meet at the restaurant, but she did not come.

*can

*need

* were

24. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению

We … try to find the solution to the problem.

*have

* must

*are

25. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению

We will … to dance till morning.

* be allowed

*ought

*can

26. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению

Who … to go on business to Berlin?

* is

*must

*can

27. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению

You …help me. I can do it myself.

*don’t have

*are

* needn’t

28. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению

You … have come earlier. The professor has already made his report.

*will be able

* should

*ought

29. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению

You … have told me about it.

*is able

*ought

* should

30. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению

You … to read this book in the original.

* are

*must

*can

31. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению

You …find him in the library.

* may

*is

*ought

32. Выберите окончание предложения

He would have sent you an e-mail if …

* you had given him your e-mail address

*you gave him your e-mail address

*give him your e-mail address

33. Выберите окончание предложения

I shall come and meet you in the car if it… .

* rains

*will rain

*had rained

34. Выберите окончание предложения

I would have brought you the book, if I… .

*found it

* had found it

*if I find it

35. Выберите окончание предложения

If he had consulted his own interests he … .

*will not do it

* would have never done it

*did not do it

36. Выберите окончание предложения

If he took a taxi …

*he will catch the train.

* he would catch the train.

*he would have caught the train.

37. Выберите окончание предложения

If I had known when your birthday was I…. .

*bought you a present

*will buy you a present

* would have bought you a present

38. Выберите окончание предложения

If I had known you had a mobile phone I…

*would contact you

*will contact you

* would have contacted you

39. Выберите окончание предложения

If I were you I… .

* should change the job

*will change the job

*had changed the job

40. Выберите окончание предложения

If I were you, I …

* wouldn’t buy these shoes

*won’t buy these shoes

*bought these shoes

41. Выберите окончание предложения

If she could cook as well as you, she … a restaurant.

* would open

*will open

*had opened

42. Выберите окончание предложения

If she follows my advice…

* it will do her good

*it would do her good

*it would have done her good

43. Выберите окончание предложения

If you helped him, he … .

* would be happy

*will be happy

*was happy

44. Выберите окончание предложения

If you invited her to the party tomorrow she … .

*will come

*had come

* would come

45. Выберите окончание предложения

If you managed to get tickets to the theatre we … .

*will spend time together

* would spent time together

*spent time together

46. Выберите окончание предложения

It would be wonderful if … .

* they came

*will come

*would come

47. Выберите окончание предложения

She would have told you everything if she … .

*knew

*will know

* had known

48. Выберите окончание предложения

They would have earned more money …

*if they work longer hours.

* if they had worked longer hours.

*if they worked longer hours.

49. Выберите окончание предложения

We shall fly to Paris, if he … .

* agrees to pay

*had paid

*paid

50. Выберите окончание предложения

We wouldn’t have any money if we … .

* did not work

*hadn’t worked

*will not work

51. Выберите окончание предложения

What will you do if your computer… ?

*won’t work

*had not worked

* doesn’t work

52. Выберите правильный вариант перевода с русского на английский язык подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции:

Если не будет задержки самолета, то мы успеем на конференцию.

* if there is no delay

*if there were no delay

*if there had not been any delay

53. Выберите правильный вариант перевода с русского на английский язык подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции:

Если бы Вы отправили перевод по телеграфу, мы бы уже давно получили деньги.

* had sent

*sent

*will sent

54. Выберите правильный вариант перевода с русского на английский язык подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции:

Если бы вы подписали разрешение на отгрузку вовремя, задержки с поставкой товара не произошло бы.

* if you had signed

*if you signed

*if you sign

55. Выберите правильный вариант перевода с русского на английский язык подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции:

Если бы мы вышли на индийский рынок 10 лет назад, наши доходы значительно бы возросли.

* had broken into

*broke into

*will break into

56. Выберите правильный вариант перевода с русского на английский язык подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции:

Если бы мы купили билеты в кино, мы бы прекрасно провели время.

*if we had bought

* if we bought

*if we buy

57. Выберите правильный вариант перевода с русского на английский язык подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции:

Если бы я купил новый автомобиль, я бы отдал тебе свой.

*if I had bought

* if I bought

*if I buy

58. Выберите правильный вариант перевода с русского на английский язык подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции:

Если вы завтра сдадите успешно экзамены, то я приглашу вас в театр.

* if you pass

*if you passed

*if you had passed

59. Выберите правильный вариант перевода с русского на английский язык подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции:

Если им удастся прорваться на мировой рынок, они будут счастливы.

* if they break into

*if they broke

*if they had broken into

60. Выберите правильный вариант перевода с русского на английский язык подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции:

Если бы вы перевели деньги вовремя, то уже давно получили бы свой товар.

*would receive

*will receive

* would have received

61. Выберите правильный вариант перевода с русского на английский язык подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции:

Если бы Вы согласились ускорить отправку второй партии товара, штрафные санкции не были бы востребованы.

*were not charged

*would not have been charged

* wouldn’t be charged

62. Выберите правильный вариант перевода с русского на английский язык подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции:

Если бы монтаж оборудования был осуществлен своевременно, завод бы уже давно достиг запланированной мощности.

*will reach

*would reach

* would have reached

63. Выберите правильный вариант перевода с русского на английский язык подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции:

Если бы фирма использовала профессионалов, рекламная кампания не провалилась бы.

* would be a success

*will be a success

*would have been a success

64. Выберите правильный перевод выделенного модального глагола

A concept for a product or service may develop long before any marketing research is done, or it may be a response to identifying need.

*должен

* может

*следует

65. Выберите правильный перевод выделенного модального глагола

He had to do it yesterday.

* пришлось

*мог

*следовало бы

66. Выберите правильный перевод выделенного модального глагола

The buyers must have money to spend and the willingness to spend it.

* должны

*могут

*может быть

67. Выберите правильный перевод выделенного модального глагола

The company could not have launched the entirely new product.

*не должна

*не следует

* не может быть

68. Выберите правильный перевод выделенного модального глагола

There may be a delay in solving this problem.

* может быть

*должна быть

*следовало бы

69. Выберите правильный перевод выделенного модального глагола

They could have launched their new product 3 months ago.

*следует

* могли

*должны

70. Выберите правильный перевод выделенного модального глагола

They might still be doing that business.

* вероятно

*должен

*мог

71. Выберите правильный перевод выделенного модального глагола

They must have sold everything.

*может быть

*вероятно

* должно быть

72. Выберите правильный перевод выделенного модального глагола

What time are you to meet the president?

* должен

*мог бы

*надо было

73. Выберите правильный перевод выделенного модального глагола

You need to go there as soon as possible.

*можешь

*должен

* надо

74. Выберите правильный перевод выделенного модального глагола

You needn’t have sent the fax. I sent them e-mail yesterday.

*не должен

* не надо было

*не мог

75. Выберите правильный перевод выделенного модального глагола

You ought to use new methods in advertising

*мог бы

*можно

* следует

76. Выберите правильный перевод выделенного модального глагола

You should have bought meat instead of sausages.

*должен

* следовало бы

*мог

77. Выберите правильный перевод выделенного модального глагола

You were to come to our meeting, but you didn’t.

* должны были

*могли

*может быть

78. Определите тип условного предложения :

He will send you a fax if you give him your fax number.

* реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;

*нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;

*нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.

79. Определите тип условного предложения :

If he had learned this information beforehand he could have earned much money on it.

*реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;

*нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;

* нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.

80. Определите тип условного предложения :

If he had taken a taxi he would have caught the train.

*реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;

*нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;

* нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.

81. Определите тип условного предложения :

If he phones I’ll let you know.

* реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;

*нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;

*нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.

82. Определите тип условного предложения :

If he were not so sure he would not promise anything.

*реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;

* нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;

*нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.

83. Определите тип условного предложения :

If my grandfather had bought those shares I would have become a millionaire long ago.

*реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;

*нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;

* нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.

84. Определите тип условного предложения :

If the company had taken into account the business situation they would have adapted their product.

*реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;

*нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;

* нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.

85. Определите тип условного предложения :

If the company had used census data they would have positioned their product

more accurately.

*реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;

*нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;

* нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.

86. Определите тип условного предложения :

If the economic climate does not change they will loose all their investments.

* реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;

*нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;

*нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.

87. Определите тип условного предложения :

If the weather is fine we shall go for a walk.

* реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;

*нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;

*нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.

88. Определите тип условного предложения :

If we had branded the product the brand would have been well-established long ago.

*реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;

*нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;

* нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.

89. Определите тип условного предложения :

If we wanted to buy something from you we would let you know.

*реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;

* нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;

*нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.

90. Определите тип условного предложения :

If you invest in this company you will be paid off very soon.

* реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;

*нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;

*нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.

91. Определите тип условного предложения :

If you tabulated the collected information it would be easier to analyze it.

*реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;

* нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;

*нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.

92. Определите тип условного предложения :

If you wanted to help us you would invest in our company.

*реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;

* нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;

*нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.

93. Определите тип условного предложения :

They would earn more money if they worked longer hours.

*реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;

* нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;

*нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.

94. Определите тип условного предложения :

They would not have suffered losses if they had taken precautions.

*реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;

*нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;

* нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.

95. Определите тип условного предложения :

They would sign the contract if you paid in advance.

*реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;

* нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;

*нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.

96. Определите тип условного предложения :

We might reduce the expenditure if our partners helped us.

*реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;

* нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;

*нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.

97. Определите тип условного предложения :

We won’t strike a deal with you unless you create favorable conditions.

* реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;

*нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;

*нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.

98. Прочитайте текст и устно переведите его. Выберите единственно правильный ответ к поставленному вопросу. The transfer of goods from one person to another was probably one of our earliest social acts. Whether through violence or barter, this transfer established that few people can satisfy all their desires alone. The inability to produce everything desired creates reliance on others for both necessities and luxuries. As societies grow more complex, so does the transfer of goods. As society and production expanded, so did the limits of trade, the range of goods, and the distance between the traders. It became increasingly difficult for the producers to locate each other and arrange mutually satisfactory exchanges without the help of interme¬diaries or "middlemen." These intermediaries, in the role of bringing together interested parties, must perform a variety of tasks which can be called marketing. As defined by the American Marketing Association, marketing is "the performance of business activities directed toward, and incident to, the flow of goods and services from producer to consumer or user " Marketing, therefore, is made up of such physical activities as transporting, distributing, storing, and selling goods, and of the decisions which must be reached by individuals or groups who want to move goods from production to use. Of course, not all producers engage in every marketing activity. The local carpenter in Guatemala or the supermarket manager in Japan does not do product planning; most retail stores around the world have few or no storage facilities. However, most products are repeatedly subjected to all marketing operations. In addition to an analysis of these activities, marketing involves understanding the consumer circumstances and attitudes that determine why certain people want certain products.

What is the role of an intermediary?

*To make interested parties produce some product together;

* To match Sellers and Buyers;

*To perform a variety of tasks.

99. Прочитайте текст и устно переведите его. Выберите единственно правильный ответ к поставленному вопросу. When deciding questions of diversification and simplification, marketers must also look at the potential size of a market, at the financial position and practices of their firm, and at the resources available. All these elements influence the breadth of the product line. Determining where to position particular products is an impor¬tant marketing decision. An item such as deodorant may be introduced specifically as a men`s or women`s product, but later may be repositioned as a family product. In addition to positioning with respect to consumer seg¬ments, marketing managers position their products with respect to the competition. A magazine publisher may wish to position a publication so as to challenge the leader in a given market. Changes in format, emphasis, or editorial policy can appeal to the same consumer interests that buy the leader If, in this example, the result is also to appeal to a market which is more affluent and more quality-conscious, the price will be raised. This process is known as trading up. Another aspect of product policy, particularly relevant to con¬sumer goods marketers, deals with brands. Branding is commonly used by marketers to influence consumers` perceptions and is closely related to the issue of positioning. It identifies merchandise and differentiates it from competing products. The marketer hopes for sales stability due to consumer loyalty to the brand. Ideally, this occurs when consumers are so satisfied with the merchandise that they note and remember the brand. When a manufacturer sells more than one product, there is a brand choice issue. A firm which merchandises many types of soap may choose individual brands for each of its products. The hand soap, dish detergent, clothes detergent, and scouring powder will all be labeled with different brand names.

The breadth of the product line of a company depends on:

*deciding questions on diversification and simplification;

* the target market and the resources available;

*the financial position only;

100. Прочитайте текст и устно переведите его. Выберите единственно правильный ответ к поставленному вопросу. When deciding questions of diversification and simplification, marketers must also look at the potential size of a market, at the financial position and practices of their firm, and at the resources available. All these elements influence the breadth of the product line. Determining where to position particular products is an impor¬tant marketing decision. An item such as deodorant may be introduced specifically as a men`s or women`s product, but later may be repositioned as a family product. In addition to positioning with respect to consumer seg¬ments, marketing managers position their products with respect to the competition. A magazine publisher may wish to position a publication so as to challenge the leader in a given market. Changes in format, emphasis, or editorial policy can appeal to the same consumer interests that buy the leader If, in this example, the result is also to appeal to a market which is more affluent and more quality-conscious, the price will be raised. This process is known as trading up. Another aspect of product policy, particularly relevant to con¬sumer goods marketers, deals with brands. Branding is commonly used by marketers to influence consumers` perceptions and is closely related to the issue of positioning. It identifies merchandise and differentiates it from competing products. The marketer hopes for sales stability due to consumer loyalty to the brand. Ideally, this occurs when consumers are so satisfied with the merchandise that they note and remember the brand. When a manufacturer sells more than one product, there is a brand choice issue. A firm which merchandises many types of soap may choose individual brands for each of its products. The hand soap, dish detergent, clothes detergent, and scouring powder will all be labeled with different brand names.

What is trading up?

* offering high-quality, expensive goods to affluent markets;

*positioning products with respect to the competition;

*challenging the leader.

101. Прочитайте текст и устно переведите его. Выберите единственно правильный ответ к поставленному вопросу. When deciding questions of diversification and simplification, marketers must also look at the potential size of a market, at the financial position and practices of their firm, and at the resources available. All these elements influence the breadth of the product line. Determining where to position particular products is an impor¬tant marketing decision. An item such as deodorant may be introduced specifically as a men`s or women`s product, but later may be repositioned as a family product. In addition to positioning with respect to consumer seg¬ments, marketing managers position their products with respect to the competition. A magazine publisher may wish to position a publication so as to challenge the leader in a given market. Changes in format, emphasis, or editorial policy can appeal to the same consumer interests that buy the leader If, in this example, the result is also to appeal to a market which is more affluent and more quality-conscious, the price will be raised. This process is known as trading up. Another aspect of product policy, particularly relevant to con¬sumer goods marketers, deals with brands. Branding is commonly used by marketers to influence consumers` perceptions and is closely related to the issue of positioning. It identifies merchandise and differentiates it from competing products. The marketer hopes for sales stability due to consumer loyalty to the brand. Ideally, this occurs when consumers are so satisfied with the merchandise that they note and remember the brand. When a manufacturer sells more than one product, there is a brand choice issue. A firm which merchandises many types of soap may choose individual brands for each of its products. The hand soap, dish detergent, clothes detergent, and scouring powder will all be labeled with different brand names.

What is the purpose of branding?

*to satisfy consumers with attractive brand names;

*to make the company famous;

* to identify merchandize and differentiate it from other products.

102. Прочитайте текст и устно переведите его. Выберите единственно правильный ответ к поставленному вопросу. Whether designing new products, redesigning old ones, or improving established ones, there are certain basic objectives. One of the goals should be to benefit the consumer, as well as the producer. The product should be designed to function as efficiently as possible in relation to its price and use. Additional uses and styles should be incorporated to supplement the basic value. Take watches, for example. This element of variation increases the functions of the product as well as attracting particular segments of the market. Some design elements, such as more jewels or special bands, may add nothing to the basic utility of the watch. They will, however, add to sales appeal at the point of purchase and further expand the potential market. One of the vital factors in merchandising is the ability to cope with fashion. This element is basic to all kinds of products and services, from clothing to entertainment. Sometimes the marketer`s job is almost entirely to gauge fashion trends. Fashion is a manifestation of group psychology and is difficult to predict. Quality is a judgment made by both manufacturers and cus¬tomers. Educated consumers consider more than comparative prices. While marketers are not directly involved in production activities, they do receive the feedback on product acceptance. For this reason, quality control is important to the entire merchandising process. Questions of quality are thus carefully considered in the process of deciding what to buy and what to sell.

The product is to be designed:

*to meet the requirements of the producers;

*to function efficiently;

* to benefit both the manufacturer and the consumer;

103. Прочитайте текст и устно переведите его. Выберите единственно правильный ответ к поставленному вопросу. Whether designing new products, redesigning old ones, or improving established ones, there are certain basic objectives. One of the goals should be to benefit the consumer, as well as the producer. The product should be designed to function as efficiently as possible in relation to its price and use. Additional uses and styles should be incorporated to supplement the basic value. Take watches, for example. This element of variation increases the functions of the product as well as attracting particular segments of the market. Some design elements, such as more jewels or special bands, may add nothing to the basic utility of the watch. They will, however, add to sales appeal at the point of purchase and further expand the potential market. One of the vital factors in merchandising is the ability to cope with fashion. This element is basic to all kinds of products and services, from clothing to entertainment. Sometimes the marketer`s job is almost entirely to gauge fashion trends. Fashion is a manifestation of group psychology and is difficult to predict. Quality is a judgment made by both manufacturers and cus¬tomers. Educated consumers consider more than comparative prices. While marketers are not directly involved in production activities, they do receive the feedback on product acceptance. For this reason, quality control is important to the entire merchandising process. Questions of quality are thus carefully considered in the process of deciding what to buy and what to sell.

Why is it the marketer’s job to gauge fashion trends?

* because they have to cope with fashion;

*because they must offer their customers а variety of styles;

*because fashion is difficult to predict;

104. Прочитайте текст и устно переведите его. Выберите единственно правильный ответ к поставленному вопросу. Whether designing new products, redesigning old ones, or improving established ones, there are certain basic objectives. One of the goals should be to benefit the consumer, as well as the producer. The product should be designed to function as efficiently as possible in relation to its price and use. Additional uses and styles should be incorporated to supplement the basic value. Take watches, for example. This element of variation increases the functions of the product as well as attracting particular segments of the market. Some design elements, such as more jewels or special bands, may add nothing to the basic utility of the watch. They will, however, add to sales appeal at the point of purchase and further expand the potential market. One of the vital factors in merchandising is the ability to cope with fashion. This element is basic to all kinds of products and services, from clothing to entertainment. Sometimes the marketer`s job is almost entirely to gauge fashion trends. Fashion is a manifestation of group psychology and is difficult to predict. Quality is a judgment made by both manufacturers and cus¬tomers. Educated consumers consider more than comparative prices. While marketers are not directly involved in production activities, they do receive the feedback on product acceptance. For this reason, quality control is important to the entire merchandising process. Questions of quality are thus carefully considered in the process of deciding what to buy and what to sell.

The feedback on product acceptance is important for:

*consumers to consider comparative prices

*the quality control;

* the entire merchandising process;

105. Прочитайте текст и устно переведите его. Выберите единственно правильный ответ к поставленному вопросу. The transfer of goods from one person to another was probably one of our earliest social acts. Whether through violence or barter, this transfer established that few people can satisfy all their desires alone. The inability to produce everything desired creates reliance on others for both necessities and luxuries. As societies grow more complex, so does the transfer of goods. As society and production expanded, so did the limits of trade, the range of goods, and the distance between the traders. It became increasingly difficult for the producers to locate each other and arrange mutually satisfactory exchanges without the help of interme¬diaries or "middlemen." These intermediaries, in the role of bringing together interested parties, must perform a variety of tasks which can be called marketing. As defined by the American Marketing Association, marketing is "the performance of business activities directed toward, and incident to, the flow of goods and services from producer to consumer or user " Marketing, therefore, is made up of such physical activities as transporting, distributing, storing, and selling goods, and of the decisions which must be reached by individuals or groups who want to move goods from production to use. Of course, not all producers engage in every marketing activity. The local carpenter in Guatemala or the supermarket manager in Japan does not do product planning; most retail stores around the world have few or no storage facilities. However, most products are repeatedly subjected to all marketing operations. In addition to an analysis of these activities, marketing involves understanding the consumer circumstances and attitudes that determine why certain people want certain products.

The transfer of goods took place because:

*People were violent;

*A mutually satisfactory transaction was desirable;

* People were unable to produce everything themselves;

106. Прочитайте текст и устно переведите его. Выберите единственно правильный ответ к поставленному вопросу. The transfer of goods from one person to another was probably one of our earliest social acts. Whether through violence or barter, this transfer established that few people can satisfy all their desires alone. The inability to produce everything desired creates reliance on others for both necessities and luxuries. As societies grow more complex, so does the transfer of goods. As society and production expanded, so did the limits of trade, the range of goods, and the distance between the traders. It became increasingly difficult for the producers to locate each other and arrange mutually satisfactory exchanges without the help of interme¬diaries or "middlemen." These intermediaries, in the role of bringing together interested parties, must perform a variety of tasks which can be called marketing. As defined by the American Marketing Association, marketing is "the performance of business activities directed toward, and incident to, the flow of goods and services from producer to consumer or user " Marketing, therefore, is made up of such physical activities as transporting, distributing, storing, and selling goods, and of the decisions which must be reached by individuals or groups who want to move goods from production to use. Of course, not all producers engage in every marketing activity. The local carpenter in Guatemala or the supermarket manager in Japan does not do product planning; most retail stores around the world have few or no storage facilities. However, most products are repeatedly subjected to all marketing operations. In addition to an analysis of these activities, marketing involves understanding the consumer circumstances and attitudes that determine why certain people want certain products.

Marketing is:

* Promoting goods and services from producer to user;

*Storing and selling goods;

*Understanding consumer circumstances.

Английский язык. 3 семестр

Важно!. Информация по изучению курса

Тема 1. Урок 1

Тема 2. Урок 2