Islamic banking
ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉΒ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡ
ΠΠ°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅Β Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎ. Π€ΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΡΒ ΠΈΒ ΠΊΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡ
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ΠΡΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°
ΠΏΠΎΒ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΒ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΡ
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ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠ°
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ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ²Π° 2012
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26.
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Islamic banking.
A. Interest-free banking
Some financial institutions do not charge interest on loans or pay interest on savings, because it is against certain ethical or religious beliefs. For example, in Islamic countries and major financial centres there are Islamic banks that offer interest-free banking.
Islamic banks do not pay interest to depositors or charge interest to borrowers. Instead they invest in companies and share the profits with their depositors. Investment financing and trade financing are done on a profit and loss sharing (PLS) basis. Consequently the banks, their depositors, and their borrowers also share the risks of the business. This form of financing is similar to that of venture capitalists or risk capitalists who buy the shares of new companies.
B. Types of accounts
Current accounts in Islamic banks give no return β pay no interest β to depositors. They are a safekeeping arrangement between the depositors and the bank, which allows the depositors to withdraw their money at any time, and permits the bank to use this money. Islamic banks do not usually grant overdrafts on current accounts. Savings accounts can pay a return to depositors, depending on the bank's profitability: that is, its ability to earn a profit. Therefore the amount of return depends on how much profit the bank makes in a given period. However, these payments are not guaranteed. There is no fixed rate of return: the amount of money the investment pays, expressed as a percentage of the amount invested, is not fixed. Banks are careful to invest money from savings accounts in relatively risk-free, short-term projects. Investment accounts are fixed-term deposits which cannot be withdrawn before maturity. They receive a share of the bank's profits. In theory, the rate of return could be negative, if the bank makes a loss. In other words, the capital is not guaranteed.
- Leasing and short-term loans.
Β Β Β Β Β Β Β To finance the purchase of expensive consumer goods for personal consumption, Islamic banks can buy an item for a customer, and the customer repays the bank at a higher price later on. Or the bank can buy an item for a customer with a leasing or hire purchase arrangement. Another possibility is for the bank to lend money without interest but to cover its expenses with a service charge.
Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β If business suddenly needs very short-term capital or working capital for unexpected purchases and expenses, it can be difficult to get it under the PLS system. On the other hand, PLS means that bank-customer relations are very close, and that banks have to be very careful in evaluating projects, as they are buying shares in the company.
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Conventional banks
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- pay interest to depositors
- charge interest to borrowers
- lend money to finance personal consumption goods
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Islamic banks
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- give no return on current accounts; share profits with holders of savings accounts and investment accounts
- share borrowers' profits (or losses)
- buy items for personal customers with a leasing or hire-purchase arrangement
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ΠΡΠ»Π°ΠΌΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π³.
Π. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³.
ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ Π²Π·ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡΒ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠΎΠ·Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π² ΠΈΡΠ»Π°ΠΌΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Ρ , Π³Π΄Π΅ Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠ»Π°ΠΌΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡ Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³.
ΠΡΠ»Π°ΠΌΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΈΒ Π½Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π·Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ. ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΡ ΡΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ±ΡΡΠΊΠ°. Π‘Π»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π·Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅ΡΠ°. Π’Π°ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ° ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡ ΠΎΠΆΠ° Π½Π° Π²Π΅Π½ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠ°ΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ.
B. Π’ΠΈΠΏΡΒ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²
ΠΡΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Β Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ Π² ΠΈΡΠ»Π°ΠΌΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ Π½Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠ° Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Ρ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ Π·Π°Π±ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ³ΠΈ Π² Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ³ΠΈ. ΠΡΠ»Π°ΠΌΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌ. ΠΡΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠ΅Π³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ Ρ Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄, ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΉ, ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠ°, ΡΠΎ Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠ»Ρ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΌΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ» Π·Π° Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄. Π’Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅, ΡΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π½Π΅ Π³Π°ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ. ΠΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠ»ΠΈ: ΡΡΠΌΠΌΠ° ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ Π²ΡΠΏΠ»Π°Ρ, Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠΌΠΌΡ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ, Π½Π΅ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π°. ΠΠ°Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ³ΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠ΅Π³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π±Π΅Π·ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅, ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ. ΠΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ² Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ·Π²Π°Π½Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ. ΠΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠ°. Π ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠ΅, Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊ Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ±ΡΡΠΊΠΈ. ΠΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π» Π½Π΅ Π³Π°ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ.
Π‘. ΠΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠ½Π³ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΡ.
Β Β Β Β Β Β Β ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΈΡΠ»Π°ΠΌΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΏΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΡΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ Ρ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅. ΠΠ»ΠΈ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΡΠΏΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡ Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠ½Π³Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ. ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠ² Π΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΡ Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ³ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², Π½ΠΎ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π·Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅.
Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π΄ΡΡΠ³ Π±ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Ρ Π½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π°ΠΊΡΠΏΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΅ΠΊ, ΠΎΠ½ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ PLS. Π‘ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ, PLS ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ β ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½Ρ Π² ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠ°ΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ.
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ΠΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΈ
Β
- ΠΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ
- ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π·Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ
- ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ³ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
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ΠΡΠ»Π°ΠΌΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΈ
Β
- ΠΠ΅Β ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠ»Ρ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²; Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠ»Ρ Ρ Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠ΅Π³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²
- ΠΠ΅Π»ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠ»Ρ (ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ±ΡΡΠΊΠΈ)
- ΠΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠ°ΡΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° Π² Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠ½Π³ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Ρ Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ°
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Β
26.1
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- The basic feature of Islamic banking | is that it is interest-free. (d)
- Instead of charging and paying interest | Islamic banks and their customers share profits and losses. (c)
- Depositors in Islamic banks | do not receive a fixed return. (a)
- Businesses that borrow from Islamic banks | have to share their profits with the bank. (b)
- Islamic operate in a similar way | to venture capitalists who buy companies` stocks or shares. (e)
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26.2
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- I get 1.5% on my current account and 3% on my savings account. (Conventional banks)
- I get a variable rate of return on my savings account, depending on the bank`s profitability. (Islamic banks)
- If I open a five-year investment account, I won`t be able to withdraw my money during this period, but I will receive a share of the bank`s profits. (Islamic banks)
- They offered me an overdraft of up to one month`s salary. (Conventional banks)
- If the bank makes a loss I could lose part of my savings. (Islamic banks)
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26.3
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- All businesses need working capital for everyday purchases and expenses.
- I don`t pay interest but the bank adds a service charge to cover its expenses.
- Islamic banks are like the risk capitalists who buy the shares of new companies.
- The bank pays me some of its profits on the money I have in my investment account.
- IT ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ° ΠΠΠΠ£ Π‘ΠΠ¨
- I work for telecommunication company Megafon
- IΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡ Π² Π½Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΌΡΡΡΡ
- IΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΆΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ
- IΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΉΠ½Ρ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ° ΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ°
- IΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π²Π»Π°ΡΠ½iΡΡΡ
- IΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ³Π΅Π½ΡΡΡ Ρ Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΡ Π₯ΠΠ₯ - ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΊΡ Π₯Π₯ ΡΡ
- IPO ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ± ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π±ΡΠΌΠ°Π³ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΈΠ΄Ρ Π²Π΅ΠΊΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²Π΅ΠΊΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
- IPO: ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°
- IP ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ
- IP-ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ
- IP-ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ
- IRR - Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ° Π΄ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
- Is it effective communication