Islamic banking

Московский банковский институт

БанковскоС дСло. Ѐинансы  ΠΈΒ ΠΊΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡ‚

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ΠšΡƒΡ€ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°

по английскому языку

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Π’Ρ‹ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΠ»Π° студСнтка

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Москва 2012

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26.

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Islamic banking.

A. Interest-free banking

Some financial institutions do not charge interest on loans or pay interest on savings, because it is against certain ethical or religious beliefs. For example, in Islamic countries and major financial centres there are Islamic banks that offer interest-free banking.

Islamic banks do not pay interest to depositors or charge interest to borrowers. Instead they invest in companies and share the profits with their depositors. Investment financing and trade financing are done on a profit and loss sharing (PLS) basis. Consequently the banks, their depositors, and their borrowers also share the risks of the business. This form of financing is similar to that of venture capitalists or risk capitalists who buy the shares of new companies.

B. Types of accounts

Current accounts in Islamic banks give no return – pay no interest – to depositors. They are a safekeeping arrangement between the depositors and the bank, which allows the depositors to withdraw their money at any time, and permits the bank to use this money. Islamic banks do not usually grant overdrafts on current accounts. Savings accounts can pay a return to depositors, depending on the bank's profitability: that is, its ability to earn a profit. Therefore the amount of return depends on how much profit the bank makes in a given period. However, these payments are not guaranteed. There is no fixed rate of return: the amount of money the investment pays, expressed as a percentage of the amount invested, is not fixed. Banks are careful to invest money from savings accounts in relatively risk-free, short-term projects. Investment accounts are fixed-term deposits which cannot be withdrawn before maturity. They receive a share of the bank's profits. In theory, the rate of return could be negative, if the bank makes a loss. In other words, the capital is not guaranteed.

    1. Leasing and short-term loans.

Β Β Β Β Β Β Β  To finance the purchase of expensive consumer goods for personal consumption, Islamic banks can buy an item for a customer, and the customer repays the bank at a higher price later on. Or the bank can buy an item for a customer with a leasing or hire purchase arrangement. Another possibility is for the bank to lend money without interest but to cover its expenses with a service charge.

Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β  If business suddenly needs very short-term capital or working capital for unexpected purchases and expenses, it can be difficult to get it under the PLS system. On the other hand, PLS means that bank-customer relations are very close, and that banks have to be very careful in evaluating projects, as they are buying shares in the company.

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Conventional banks

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- pay interest to depositors

- charge interest to borrowers

- lend money to finance personal consumption goods

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Islamic banks

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- give no return on current accounts; share profits with holders of savings accounts and investment accounts

- share borrowers' profits (or losses)

- buy items for personal customers with a leasing or hire-purchase arrangement

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Исламский банкинг.

А. БСспроцСнтноС ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ банковских услуг.

НСкоторыС финансовыС учрСТдСния Π½Π΅ Π²Π·ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡŽΡ‚Β ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡ‚Π°ΠΌ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡΠ»ΡΡŽΡ‚ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹ Π½Π° сбСрСТСния, ΠΏΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΌΡƒ Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ это ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ€Π΅Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚ ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ этичСским ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠΎΠ·Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ убСТдСниям. НапримСр, Π² исламских странах ΠΈ ΠΊΡ€ΡƒΠΏΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… финансовых Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ…, Π³Π΄Π΅ Π΅ΡΡ‚ΡŒ исламскиС Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°ΡŽΡ‚ бСспроцСнтноС ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ банковских услуг.

ИсламскиС Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΈΒ Π½Π΅ Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡΠ»ΡΡŽΡ‚ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹ Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Ρ‡ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡΠ»ΡΡŽΡ‚ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹ Π·Π°Π΅ΠΌΡ‰ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ. ВмСсто этого ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΈ дСлятся ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ±Ρ‹Π»ΡŒΡŽ со своими Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Ρ‡ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. Π˜Π½Π²Π΅ΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ финансированиС ΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ финансированиС ΠΎΡΡƒΡ‰Π΅ΡΡ‚Π²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π½Π° основС раздСлСния ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡƒΠ±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΠΊΠ°. Π‘Π»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΈ, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ… Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Ρ‡ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π·Π°Π΅ΠΌΡ‰ΠΈΠΊΠΈ вмСстС Ρ€Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ риски бизнСса. Вакая Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ° финансирования ΠΏΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠΆΠ° Π½Π° Π²Π΅Π½Ρ‡ΡƒΡ€Π½Ρ‹Ρ… капиталистов ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ рисковых капиталистов, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡƒΠΏΠ°ΡŽΡ‚ Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ.

B. Випы счСтов

ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ Ρ…Ρ€Π°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… срСдств на Ρ‚Π΅ΠΊΡƒΡ‰ΠΈΡ… счСтах Π² исламских Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠ°Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹ Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Ρ‡ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ Π½Π΅ Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡΠ»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ. На врСмя хранСния Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… срСдств ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Ρ‡ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠΌ дСйствуСт Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ, которая позволяСт Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Ρ‡ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ Π·Π°Π±Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ свои дСньги Π² любоС врСмя ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ°Π΅Ρ‚ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΡƒ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ эти дСньги. ИсламскиС Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹Ρ‡Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ ΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ€Π΄Ρ€Π°Ρ„Ρ‚Ρ‹ ΠΏΠΎ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΊΡƒΡ‰ΠΈΠΌ счСтам. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ Ρ…Ρ€Π°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ±Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… счСтах Ρƒ Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Ρ‡ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π΅ΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π΄ΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠ΄, опрСдСляСмый, исходя ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ±Ρ‹Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠ°, Ρ‚ΠΎ Π΅ΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π΅Π³ΠΎ способности ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ±Ρ‹Π»ΡŒ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, сумма ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ зависит ΠΎΡ‚ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, сколько ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΠ» Π·Π° Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄. Π’Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅, эти Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΠ»Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ Π½Π΅ гарантируСтся. НС сущСствуСт фиксированной Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΡ‹ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ: сумма инвСстиционных Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΠ»Π°Ρ‚, выраТаСмая Π² ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Ρ… ΠΎΡ‚ суммы инвСстиций, Π½Π΅ зафиксирована. Π‘Π°Π½ΠΊΠΈ остороТно Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Ρ‹Π²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ дСньги со ΡΠ±Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… счСтов Π² ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ бСзрисковыС, краткосрочныС ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Ρ‹. Π˜Π½Π²Π΅ΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ счСта срочных Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ² Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ·Π²Π°Π½Ρ‹ досрочно. Они ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‚ долю ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠ°. Π’ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏΠ΅, Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ†Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, Ссли Π±Π°Π½ΠΊ нСсСт ΡƒΠ±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ. Π”Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ словами, ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π» Π½Π΅ гарантируСтся.

Π‘. Π›ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠ½Π³ ΠΈ краткосрочныС ΠΊΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡ‚Ρ‹.

Β Β Β Β Β Β   Для финансирования ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡƒΠΏΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΠΊΠΈΡ… Ρ‚ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ² для Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ потрСблСния, исламскиС Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ ΠΊΡƒΠΏΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ€ для ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π° ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ Π²Ρ‹ΠΊΡƒΠΏΠ°Π΅Ρ‚ этот Ρ‚ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ€ Ρƒ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ высокой Ρ†Π΅Π½Π΅. Или Π±Π°Π½ΠΊ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ ΠΊΡƒΠΏΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ€ для ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π° ΠΏΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€Ρƒ Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠ½Π³Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ с рассрочкой. Π•Ρ‰Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ для Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠ² Π΄Π°Π²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ дСньги Π±Π΅Π· ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ², Π½ΠΎ с ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡ€Ρ‹Ρ‚ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ своих расходов Π·Π° счСт ΠΏΠ»Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ Π·Π° обслуТиваниС.

Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β  Если Π²Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ бизнСс нуТдаСтся Π² краткосрочном ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»Π΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ… срСдствах для Π·Π°ΠΊΡƒΠΏΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ покрытия ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠ΅ΠΊ, ΠΎΠ½ сталкиваСтся с Ρ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ Π΅Π³ΠΎ получСния Π² Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ… систСмы PLS. Π‘ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΎΠΉ стороны, PLS ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π΅Ρ‚, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Π½ΡŒ Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ – это ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π΅Ρ‚, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Π½ΡŒ остороТны Π² ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡƒΠΏΠ°ΡŽΡ‚ Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ.

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ΠžΠ±Ρ‹Ρ‡Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΈ

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- Π’Ρ‹ΠΏΠ»Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹ Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Ρ‡ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ

- ΠΠ°Ρ‡ΠΈΡΠ»ΡΡŽΡ‚ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹ Π·Π°Π΅ΠΌΡ‰ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ

- ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ дСньги для приобрСтСния ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ потрСблСния

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ИсламскиС банки

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- ΠΠ΅Β ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡŽΡ‚ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ±Ρ‹Π»ΡŒ ΠΎΡ‚ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΊΡƒΡ‰ΠΈΡ… счСтов; дСлят ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ±Ρ‹Π»ΡŒ с Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΡ†Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ±Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… счСтов ΠΈ инвСстиционных счСтов

- ДСлят ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ±Ρ‹Π»ΡŒ (ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡƒΠ±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ)

- ΠŸΠΎΠΊΡƒΠΏΠ°ΡŽΡ‚ Π²Π΅Ρ‰ΠΈ для ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π° Π² Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠ½Π³ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ соглашСнию Π°Ρ€Π΅Π½Π΄Ρ‹ с ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΎΠΌ Π²Ρ‹ΠΊΡƒΠΏΠ°

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26.1

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      1. The basic feature of Islamic banking | is that it is interest-free. (d)
      2. Instead of charging and paying interest | Islamic banks and their customers share profits and losses. (c)
      3. Depositors in Islamic banks | do not receive a fixed return. (a)
      4. Businesses that borrow from Islamic banks | have to share their profits with the bank. (b)
      5. Islamic operate in a similar way | to venture capitalists who buy companies` stocks or shares. (e)

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26.2

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        1. I get 1.5% on my current account and 3% on my savings account. (Conventional banks)
        2. I get a variable rate of return on my savings account, depending on the bank`s profitability. (Islamic banks)
        3. If I open a five-year investment account, I won`t be able to withdraw my money during this period, but I will receive a share of the bank`s profits. (Islamic banks)
        4. They offered me an overdraft of up to one month`s salary. (Conventional banks)
        5. If the bank makes a loss I could lose part of my savings. (Islamic banks)

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26.3

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          1. All businesses need working capital for everyday purchases and expenses.
          2. I don`t pay interest but the bank adds a service charge to cover its expenses.
          3. Islamic banks are like the risk capitalists who buy the shares of new companies.
          4. The bank pays me some of its profits on the money I have in my investment account.

Islamic banking