Контрольная работа по «Иностранный язык». 2

ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ АГЕНТСТВО  ПО ОБРАЗОВАНИЮ РФ

ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ

ВЫСШЕГО ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО  ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ

«УФИМСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ  АВИАЦИОННЫЙ

ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ»

 

 

 

 

 

Кафедра языковой коммуникации

и психолингвистики ОНФ

 

 

 

 

 

Контрольная работа

по курсу  «Иностранный язык»

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Выполнил: студент _________ курса

________ группы _______факультета

заочной формы обучения

_______________________________

«_____» _______________2009 г.

(дата сдачи контрольной работы)

 

Проверил:

______________________________

______________________________

«____» _________________ 2009 г.

оценка: ________________


 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Уфа – 2009

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА ДЛЯ ЗАОЧНОГО ОТДЕЛЕНИЯ  ФИРТ № 2

 

  1. Выберите правильный ответ.

 

1. Teddy’s words made me (feel) uncomfortable.

A  to feel

B  feeling

C  feel

 

2. You look tired. If I (be) you, I (take) a holiday.

A  be                        D  will take

B  were                    E  would take

C  have been            F  take

 

3. All parts of London seem … to different towns and epochs.

A  to belong

B  belonging

C  belong

 

4. We had a wonderful holiday in France. I wish we (go) there again next summer.

A  will go

B  would go

C  went

 

5. I like to watch the planes …

A  take off

B  to take off

C  to be taking off

 

6. I watched my cat (play) with her kittens. I couldn’t tear myself away from that funny sight.

A played

B playing

C to play

 

7. Our English teacher told us (not/feel) shy and speak English as much as possible.

A not to feel

B not feel

C felt

 

8. Plants die if you (not/water) them.

A won’t water

B don’t water

C wouldn’t water

 

9. You look tired. If I (be) you, I (take) a holiday.

A be                          D will take

B were                      E would take

C have been              F take

 

10. If Benjamin Franklin (not/work) so hard, he (not/become) the symbol of America.

A didn’t work                              D wouldn’t have become

B wouldn’t have worked             E hadn’t become

C hadn’t worked                          F wouldn’t become

 

 

11. Would it be all right if I (come) round at about six?

A come

B came

C will come

 

12. If pigs (have) wings, they (fly).

A had                              D will fly

B have                             E fly

C would have                  F would fly

 

13. Is there anything in that new magazine worth … ?

A to read

B reading

C read

 

14. Although I was in a hurry, I stopped … to him.

A to talk

B talking

C talk

 

15. Would you mind … the front door?

A to close

B closing

C close

 

16. We wish our exams (be) over.

A were

B are

C be

 

17. We had a wonderful holiday in France. I wish we (go) there again next summer.

A will go

B would go

C went

 

18. I wish I (not/spend) so much money. Now I have to borrow some from my parents.

A hadn’t spent

B didn’t spend

C haven’t spent

 

19. I’m hungry. I wish it (be) time for lunch.

A is

B are

C were

 

20. He seemed (know) all about influenza and said … was nothing (worry) about.

A to know, it, worry

B to be knowing, there, worrying

C to know, there, to worry

 

21. She put down her book (see) me (come in); and (welcome) me … she took her workbasket and sat into one of her old-fashioned armchair.

A on seeing, come in, having welcomed, as usual

B having seen, to come in, welcoming, usually

C after seeing, having come in, to welcome, in a usual way

22. I don’t object (live) there, But I don’t want (live) alone.

A to your living, you living

B to your living, you to live

C your living, you to live

 

23. I remember (descend) that hill in twilight. An age seemed (elapse) since the day that brought me first to London.

A descending, to have elapsed

B to have descended, to have elapsed

C to descend, to elapse

 

24. He stood invisible at the top of the stairs (watch) Irene (sort) the letters (bring) by the … post.

A to watch, to sort, bringing, latest

B watching, sorting, brought, last

C having watched, sorting, having brought, latest

 

25. On his way home Andrew could not help (reflect) what … charming fellow Ivory had turned out (be).

A to reflect, a, to be

B reflecting, the, be

C reflecting, a, to be

 

26. I wouldn’t like (drive) fast because I’m afraid (crash).

A drive fast, crashing

B to drive fast, of crashing

C to be driven faster, to be crashed

 

27. … paper is said (invent) by … Chinese.

A __, to have been invented, the

B the, to have invented, __

C the, to be invented, the

 

28. There is no point (speak) to him. He is … last man in the world (trouble) by any such circumstances.

A to speak, the, to trouble

B speaking, a, be troubled

C in speaking, the, to be troubled

 

29. He felt they (hide) something from him and demanded (tell) the truth. He wasn’t worth (tell) a lie.

A hide, telling, telling

B to hide, to tell, telling

C were hiding, being told, telling

 

30. (say) a few words about the author himself, the lecturer went on (speak).

A after saying, to speak

B having said, speaking

C saying, to speak

 

31. She was looking forward to (give) the leading part (play) that she was greatly (disappoint) at not even (offer) it.

A to be given, to play, disappointed, to be offered

B giving, playing, disappointing, being offered

C being given, to play, disappointed, being offered

 

32. Did you remember (post) the parcel I gave you? – Yes, I remember (post) it a week ago.

A to post, posting

B to post, to post

C posting, to post

 

33. You … go and check everything by yourself unless you … it.

A would better, want him to do

B had rather, don’t want his doing

Had better, want him to do

 

34. The accused men … anywhere near the bank during the robbery. It’s no use (investigate) the case without direct evidence.

A deny being, to investigate

B deny being, investigating

C denies to be, to investigate

 

35. You … your children (go) their own way in the end.

A are to let, to go

B have letting, going

C have to let, go

 

36. I suggest our (start) as soon as possible. I … before the sunset.

A starting, would rather come

B starting, had rather come

C to start, would rather to come

 

37. I am afraid (speak) to him. What if he really has the power to stop …, and means (turn) them against me?

A to speak, me go, to turn

B of speaking to him, my going, to turn

C speaking, me going, to turn

 

38. If you (take) the medicine the doctor prescribed you, you (feel) much better now.

A had taken, would feel

B took, would feel

C would take, would feel yourself

 

39. If you (read) the article I recommended you, you (know) how (answer) such questions.

A had read, had known, to answer

B read, would know, answer

C had read, would know, to answer

 

40. I must be off now. If it (be) not so late, I (stay) a little longer.

A were, would stay

B were, would stay

C had been, would have stayed

 

41. If you don’t want to be late for the plane, you … better (go) and (pack) your things right now.

A had, go, pack

B would, go, pack

C would, had gone, had packed

 

42. It will be so kind of you if you can get this banknote (cash) for me.

A cashed

B cashing

C had cashed

 

43. I (see) him for a year and more, but he looked up at me as if I (be) yesterday.

A have not seen, was

B did not see, were

C had not seen, had been

44. I look forward to (have) a rest. I (feel) as if my head (were) splitting.

A having, feel, were

B have, had felt, were

C have, am feeling, is

 

45. I remember it so clearly as if it (happen) only yesterday.

A happened

B had happened

C would have happened

 

46. We didn’t want his speech to be interrupted.

A  Мы не хотели прерывать его речь.

B  Мы не хотели, чтобы он прерывал нас своей речью.

C  Он не хотел прерывать нас своей речью.

 

47. He is likely to come on Sunday.

A  Он любит приходить в воскресенью.

B  Он обычно приходит в воскресенье.

C  Вероятно, он придет в воскресенье.

 

48. He used to be good at mathematics.

A  Он хорошо знает математику.

B  Когда-то он хорошо знал математику.

C  Он хорошо использовал знание математики.

 

49. She had a good practical knowledge of French having worked as an interpreter for many years in France.

A Она хорошо преподавала французский после того, как много лет проработала переводчиком во Франции.

B   Она много лет учила французский для того, чтобы работать переводчиком во Франции.

C  Она приобрела хорошие практические знания французского, когда много лет работала переводчиком во Франции.

 

50. John is said to have written a new book.

A  Говорят, что Джон написал новую книгу.

B  Джон сказал, что написал новую книгу.

C  Джона попросили написать новую книгу.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

II. Переведите письменно следующие тексты на русский язык.

Текст 1

HISTORY OF ECONOMICS

 

In the 1500s there were few universities. Those that existed taught religion, Latin, Greek, philosophy, history, and mathematics. No economics. Then came the Enlightenment (about 1700) in which reasoning replaced God as the explanation of why things were the way they were. Pre-Enlightenment thinkers would answer the question, "Why am I poor?" with, "Because God wills it." Enlightenment scholars looked for a different explanation. "Because of the nature of land ownership" is one answer they found.

Such reasoned explanations required more knowledge of the way things were, and the amount of information expanded so rapidly that it had to be divided or categorized for an individual to have hope of knowing a subject. Soon philosophy was subdivided into science and philosophy. In the 1700s, the sciences were split into natural sciences and social sciences. The amount of knowledge kept increasing, and in the late 1800s and early 1900s social science itself split into subdivisions: economics, political science, history, geography, sociology, anthropology, and psychology.

Many of the insights about how the economic system worked were codified in Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations, written in 1776. Notice that this is before economics as a subdiscipline developed, and Adam Smith could also be classified as an anthropologist, a sociologist, a political scientist, and a social philosopher.

Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries economists such as Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, John Stuart Mill, David Ricardo, and Karl Marx were more than economists; they were social philosophers who covered all aspects of social science. These writers were subsequently called Classical economists. Alfred Marshall continued in that classical tradition, and his book, Principles of Economics, published in the late 1800s, was written with the other social sciences in evidence. But Marshall also changed the question economists ask;; he focused on the questions that could be asked in a graphical supply-demand framework. In doing so he began what is called neo-classical economics.

For a while economics got lost in itself, and economists learned little itself. Marshall's analysis was put aside, and the work of more formal economists of the 1800s (such as Leon Walras, Francis Edgeworth, and Antoine Cournot) was seen as the basis of the science of economics. Economic analysis that focuses only on formal interrelationships is called Walrasian economics.

Текст 2

PROLOGUE TO ECONOMICS

 

There is almost universal agreement that economies are becoming more complex every year and that an understanding of how an economy works is more important than ever before. For someone who is just beginning to study economics, the task indeed appears to be a difficult one. Economics is the study of the way in which mankind organizes itself to solve the basic problem of scarcity. All societies have more wants than resources, so that a system must be devised to allocate these resources between competing ends. In a very real sense, the complexity of the economy makes it difficult to decide exactly where to start. Simultaneously, production is taking place, goods and services are being allocated, and a great number of market participants are being motivated by a diverse set of goals. In addition, there is the complex financial system in which individuals, firms, and governments borrow and lend funds.

Economics is divided into two major branches: macroeconomics and microeconomics. Macroeconomics is the study of behavior of the economy as a whole with emphasis on the factors that determine' growth and fluctuations in output, employment, and the level of prices. Macroeconomics studies broad economic events that are largely beyond the control of individual decision makers and yet affect nearly all firms, households, and other institutions in the economy. Specialists in macroeconomics are particularly interested in understanding those factors that determine inflation, unemployment, and growth in the production of goods and services. Such an understanding is necessary in order to develop policies that encourage production and employment while controlling inflation.

The other major branch of economics is microeconomics. Microeconomics is the study of behavior of individual units within the economy. The division of economics has resulted from the growing complexity and sophistication of economic research.

These two approaches and the topics they include are in fact interdependent. Individuals and firms make their decisions in the context of the economic environment, which has an impact on the constraints the decision makers face as well as their expectations about the future. At the same time, when taken as a whole, their decisions determine the condition of the overall economy. A good understanding of economic events and an ability to forecast them require knowledge of both individual decision making and the way in which individuals react to changes in the economic environment.

ТЕКСТ 3

 
In 1776, the Scottish professor of philosophy, Adam Smith, published The Wealth of Nations. In this book, the first systematic study of capitalism, Smith described his principal of the “invisible hand”. This principle states that each person, pursuing his or her self-interest without interference by government, will be led, as if by an invisible hand, to achieve the best good for society.

Self-interest drives people to action, but alone it is not enough. People must understand the effects of their decision and their economic well-being.. They must think rationally if they are to make the right decisions.

Because of this, economists long ago introduced the concept of economic man. This notion holds that each person is motivated by economic forces. In other words, each person will always attempt to obtain the greatest amount of satisfaction for the least amount of sacrifice or cost. This satisfaction may take the form of greater profits for a businessperson, higher wages or more leisure time for a worker, and greater pleasure from goods purchased for a consumer.

Of course, these assumptions are not entirely realistic. People may be motivated by forces other than self-interest. Nevertheless, the idea of economic man does deserve as a reasonable approximation of the prevailing pattern of economic behaviour in a capitalistic society. And in economics, as in other social sciences, reasonable approximations are often the best that can be made.

ТЕКСТ 4

THE ECONOMIC SYSTEM

 

There are many forms of economic order, ranging from the mixed private enterprise system to partially or completely controlled economies. Regardless of their form, however, economic system is the system that a society uses for allocation and distribution of scarce resources. Private enterprise means that decisions about what and how much to produce are left to the discretion of owners and managers. In controlled economies such decisions are the responsibility of some governmental agency. There is, of course, no economy today that is completely free of governmental influence, nor is this condition necessarily undesirable. There are many beneficial services and protections available from government. The question then is a matter of degree. Irrespective of the form of economic order, it performs certain valuable functions in the life of organizations of all types.

Among the functions of the economic order the most important one is to provide some means of resource allocation. In a private enterprise this function is basically performed 'by the price mechanism. This simply means that demand for and supply of goods and services interact to set their market price. In the case of regulated utilities, there are some governmental agencies such as public service commissions that determine the rates that may be charged by utility companies. These rates are set at the level that will allow a fair return on investments made by the companies. This form of regulated monopoly is considered, on balance, preferable to unchecked competition. This is true because of efficiency reasons. In taking actions in the area of employment, government is attempting to control the economy in such a fashion as to help the business community operate at the level of production that will yield full employment.

Without a system of distribution economy simply could not exist. A major part of this distribution system is credit. Economy flourishes on credit or extended methods of payment. Such a system literally affects every link in the distribution chain from the supplier of raw materials to the ultimate consumer. Without this vital financing function being performed, the economy would doubtlessly be forced to a lower order of production.

Economic goals for a nation include price stability, full employment, economic growth, and equitable distribution of income. Price stability contributes to the efficient allocation of resources and facilitates long-term planning. Full employment means that jobs are available for those seeking work. Higher standards of living require increased output per person (economic growth per capita). An equitable distribution of income means that the fruits of the economy are divided in a way that seems fair to the majority of the people. With the long-run trend toward a more sophisticated, highly integrated economic system, it is becoming increasingly important for an individual decision maker to be aware of the macroeconomic environment.

ТЕКСТ 5

TYPES AND FORMS OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATION

A business organization is frequently referred to as a business entity. A business entity is any business organization that exists as an economic unit. Business entities can be grouped according to the type of business activity they perform.

1. Service companies perform service for a fee. This group includes companies such as accounting firms, law firms, repair shops and many others.

2. Merchandising companies purchase goods that are ready for sale and sell them to customers. They include such companies as auto dealerships, clothing stores, and supermarkets.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    

3.   Manufacturing  companies   buy   materials,   convert them into products, and then sell the products to the companies or to the final customer. Examples are steel miles, auto manufacturers, and so on.

The business entity concept applies to all forms of businesses - single proprietorship, a partnership, and a corporation.

A single (sole) proprietorship is business owned by an individual and often managed by that same individual. Single proprietors include physicians, lawyers, electricians, and other people who are 'in business for themselves'. In a single proprietorship, the owner is responsible for all debts of the business. Operating as a proprietorship is the easiest way to get started in a business activity. Other than the possibility of needing a local license, there are not any prerequisites to beginning operations.

A partnership is a business owned by two or more persons associated as partners. Partnerships are created by an agreement. Included in the agreement are such terms as the initial investment of each partner, the duties of each partner, the means of dividing profits or losses between the partners each year, and the settlement to be made upon the death or withdrawal of a partner. Accountants, attorneys, and other professionals frequently operate their firms as partnerships.

A corporation is a business owned by a few persons or by thousands of persons. The owners of the corporation are called shareholders or stockholders. They buy shares of stock. If the corporation fails, the owners lose only the amount they paid for their stock. The personal assets of the owner are protected from the creditors of the corporation. The stockholders do not directly manage the corporation; they elect a board of directors to represent their interests. The board of directors select the president and vice president, who manage the corporation for the stockholders.

 

ТЕКСТ 6

Inside a Microprocessor

To understand how a microprocessor works, it is helpful to look inside and learn about the logic used to create one. In the process you can also learn about assembly language -- the native language of a microprocessor -- and many of the things that engineers can do to boost the speed of a processor.

A microprocessor executes a collection of machine instructions that tell the processor what to do. Based on the instructions, a microprocessor does three basic things:

  • Using its ALU (Arithmetic/Logic Unit), a microprocessor can perform mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Modern microprocessors contain complete floating point processors that can perform extremely sophisticated operations on large floating point numbers.
  • A microprocessor can move data from one memory location to another.
  • A microprocessor can make decisions and jump to a new set of instructions based on those decisions.

There may be very sophisticated things that a microprocessor does, but those are its three basic activities.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Текст 1 - История экономики

В 1500 годы существовало немного университетов. Существующие же преподавали религию, латынь, греческий язык, философию, историю и математику. Экономики  не было. Затем (около 1700 года) пришло Просвещение, в котором рассуждение заменило Бога как объяснение того, почему вещи были такими какими они были. До просвещения мыслители ответили бы на вопрос: "Почему я беден?" - "Такова воля Божья". Ученые просвещения искали другое объяснение. "Из-за природы земельной собственности", - был одним из ответов, который они нашли.

Такие аргументированные объяснения потребовали больше знаний, и количество информации росло так быстро, что  оно должно было быть разделено или  категоризированно для человека, чтобы иметь надежду на знание предмета. Вскоре философия была подразделена на науку и философию. В 1700-ых науки были были расколоты на естественные и общественные науки. Количество знаний продолжало увеличиваться и в конце 1800-ых и начале 1900-ых общественная наука была расколота на подразделения: экономику, политологию, историю, географию, социологию, антропологию и психологию.

Многие исследования работы экономической  системы шифровались в "Богатстве  Нации" Адама Смита, написанном в 1776 г. Заметьте, что это было до того, как экономика появилась как раздел науки, и адам Смит может также быть классифицирован как антрополог, социолог, политолог и социальный философ.

В течение 18 и 19 столетий такие экономисты, как Адам Смит, Томас Мэлтус, Джон Стюарт Милл, Давид Рикардо и Карл Марксбыли больше чем экономистами, они были социальными философами, которые охватывали все аспекты социологии. Этих авторов впоследствии назвали Классическими экономистами. Альфред Маршалл продолжил эту классическую традицию, и его книга "Принципы экономики", изданная в конце 1800-ых, была написана в согласии с общественными науками. Но Маршалл также поменял вопрос экономистов: он сосредоточился на вопросах, которые могли быть заданы в графической структуре спроса-дохода. При этом он начал то, что называют нэоклассической экономикой.

Некоторое время экономика была потеряна сама по себе, и экономисты учились сами. Анализы Маршалла были отложены, и работа более формальных экономистов 1800-ых годов (таких как  Леон Уолрас, Фрэнсис Эджеуорт и  Антуан Курно) была основанием науки  экономики. Экономический анализ, который сосредотачивается только на формальных взаимосвязях называют экономикой Волразиана.

 

Текст 2 - Введение в экономику

Есть почти универсальное соглашение, что экономические системы становятся более сложными каждый год, и что понимание того, как работает экономика более важно чем когда-либо. Для кого-то, кто только начинает изучать экономику, задача действительно кажется трудной. Экономика - это изучение способа, при котором человечество организуется, чтобы решить основную проблему дефецита. Все общества имеют больше потребностей, чем существует ресурсов, поэтому система должна быть разработана, чтобы распределять эти ресурсы между конкурирующими частями. В очень реальном значении, сложность экономики затрудняет решение с чего конкретно начать. Одновременно, производство имеет распределенные товары и услуги, и большое число участников рынка мотирируется разными наборами целей. Кроме того, есть сложная финансовая система, в которой люди, фирмы и правительства заимствуют и предоставляют фонды.

Экономика разделяется на две главные  ветви: макроэкономика и микроэкономика. Макроэкономика - это исследование поведения экономики в целом  с акцентом на факторы, которые определяют рост и колебанияв продукции, занятости  и уровне цен.Макроэкономика изучает экономические события, которые находятся в значительной степени вне контроля отдельных лиц, принимающих решения, и все же затрагивает почти все фирмы, домашние хозяйства, и другие учреждения в экономике. Специалисты в макроэкономике особенно заинтересованы в понимании тех факторов, которые определяют инфляцию, безработицу, и рост в производстве товаров и услуг. Такое понимание необходимо, чтобы развить политику, которая поощряет производство и занятость, управляя инфляцией.

Другая главная ветвь экономики - это микроэкономика. Микроэкономика - это исследования поведения отдельных единиц в пределах экономики. Подразделение экономики следовало из растущей сложности и изощренности экономического исследования.

Эти два подхода и темы, которые  они включают, являются фактически взаимосвязанными. Люди и фирмы принимают свои решения в контексте экономической обстановки, которая оказывает влияние на ограничения лиц, принимающих решения, также как и их ожидания о будущем. В то же самое время, взятые в целом, их решения определяют условие полной экономики. Хорошее понимание экономических событий и способность предсказать их требует знания и отдельного принятия решения  и пути, которым люди отреагируют на изменения в экономической обстановке.

 

Текст 3 - В 1776 году шотландский профессор философии Адам Смит издал "Богатство Наций". В этой книге, первом систематическом исследовании капитализма, Смит описал свой принцип "невидимой руки". Этот принцип гласит, что каждый человек, преследую его или ее личный интерес без вмешательства правительства, будет вестись как будто невидимо рукой, чтобы достгнуть лучшей пользы для общества.

Личный интерес ведет людей  к дейстию, но одного этого не достаточно. Люди должны понять эффекты своего решения и своего экономического благосостояния. Они должны думать рационально, если хотят принять правильные решения.

Из-за этого экономисты давно ввели  понятие экономического человека. Это  понятие значит, что каждый человек  мотивирован экономическими силами. Другими словами, каждый человек будет всегда пытаться получить самое большое удовлетворение за наименьшие жертвы или стоимость. Это удовлетворение может принять форму большей прибыли для делового человека, более высокой заработной платы или большего досуга для рабочего, и большего удовольствия от купленных товаров для потребителя.

Конечно, эти предположения не полностью  реалистичны. Люди могут быть мотивированы чем-то кроме личного интереса. Однако, идея экономического человека действительно  заслуживает место, как разумное приближение преобладающего образца экономического поведения в капиталистическом обществе. И в экономике, как в других общественных науках, разумные приближения часто лучшие, которые могут быть сделаны.

 

Текст 4 - Экономическая система.

Есть много форм экономического строя, в пределах от смешанной системы частного предприятия к частично или полностью административно-командной экономике. Независимо от их формы, однако, экономическая система - это система, которую общество использует для распределения и распространения недостаточных ресурсов. Частное предприятие подразумевает, что решения о том что и в каких количествах производить оставляют на усмотрение владельцев и менеджеров. В административно-командной экономике подобные решения - на ответственности у некоторого правительственного агентства. Нек, конечно, никакой экономики сегодня, которая была бы полностью свободна от влияния правительства, и при этом это условие не обязательно нежелательно. Есть много выгодных услуг и защит, доступных от правительства. Вопрос тогда - значение положения. Независимо от формы экономического строя, это выполняет определенные ценные функии вжизни организаций всех типов.

Среди функций экономического строя  самая важная - обеспечить некоторые  средства распределения ресурсов. В  частном предприятии эта функция в-основном выполнена "ценовым механизмом". Это означает, что спрос и предложение товаров и услуг взаимодействуют, чтобы установить их рыночную цену. В случае урегулированных вещей, есть некоторые правительственные агенства, такие как комиссии коммунального обслуживания, которые определяют сборы, которые могут взиматься сервисными компаниями.Эти нормы установлены на уровне, который позволит справедливое возвращение инвестиций, сделанных компаниями. Эту форму урегулированной монополии считают, в итоге, предпочтительной для незатрудненного соревнования. Это верно из-за причин эффективности. В предпринятии действий в области занятости правительство пытается управлять экономикой таким способом, чтобы помочь деловым кругам работать на уровне производства, который приведет к полной занятости.

Без системы распределения экономика  просто не могло существовать. Главная  часть этой системы распределения - кредит. Экономика процветает на кредитах или расширенных методах оплаты. Такая система затрагивает буквально каждую связь в цепи распределения от поставщика сырья к конечному потребителю. Без этой выполняемой функции финансирования экономика была бы несомненно приближена к более низкому заказу производства.

Экономическии цели для нации включают стабильность цен, полную занятость, экономический рост, и справедливое распределение дохода. Стабильность цен способствует эффективному распределению ресурсов и облегчает перспективное планирование. Полная занятость означает, что рабочие места доступны для тех, кто ищет работу. Более высокие уровни жизни требуют увеличения продукции на человека (экономический рост на душу населения). Справедливое распределение дохода означает, что плоды экономики разделены путем, который покажется справедливым большинству людей. С отдаленной тенденцией к более сложной, чрезвычайно интегрированной экономической системе для отдельного лица, принимающего решения, становится все более и более важно знать о макроэкономической окружающей обстановке.

 

Текст 5 - Типы и формы деловой организации.

Деловая организация часто упоминается  как предприятие. Предприятие - любая  деловая организация, которая существует как экономический модуль. Предприятия  могут быть сгруппированы согласно типу вида деловой деятельности, который  они выполняют.

1. Компании сферы обслуживания выполняют сервис за плату. Эта группа включает компании, такие как бухгалтерские фирмы, юридические фирмы, ремонтные мастерские и многие другие.

Контрольная работа по «Иностранный язык». 2