MEASURING ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
MEASURING ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
There are a large number of statistics produced regularly on the operation of the world's major economies. The UK's economy is no exception in this respect. You will probably have noticed that often the headlines in newspapers or important items on television news programmes relate to economic data and the implications for individuals and businesses. A prime example of this occurs when interest rates are increased: the media responds by highlighting the adverse effects on businesses with debts and householders with mortgages.
Data is provided on a wide range of aspects of the economy's operation. Statistics are available to show.
*Β the level of unemployment
*Β Β the level of inflation
*Β Β a country's trade balance with the rest of the world
*Β Β production volumes in key industries and the economy as a whole
*Β Β the level of wages
*Β Β raw material prices, and so forth.
The main statistics illustrating the economy's behaviour relate to the level of activity in the economy. That is, they tell us whether the economy is working at full capacity using all or nearly all, available resources of labour, machinery and other factors of production or whether these resources are being under-utilized.
The unemployment figures for the economy give an indicator of the level of activity. As the economy moves towards a recession and a lower level of prosperity it is likely that unemployment figures will rise. An alternative measure of the level of activity is national income statistics, which show the value of a nation's output during a year. Economists use the term Gross National Product to describe this data. Changes in the level or trends of such key data have great significance for businesses, as we shall see later.
There are numerous sources of data on the economy of which we can make use. The government publishes much through the Treasury, Department of Trade and Industry, the Bank of England and the Department of Employment. The Central Statistical Office, which was established during the Second World War, publishes about half of the government's economic data.
Much of this is contained in its annual publication, "The Annual Abstract of Statistics". It also publishes the equally valuable "Social Trends" annually. Additionally, private organizations, such as the banks, building societies and universities, publish figures on various aspects of the economy's performance. Economic statistics are presented in many forms, the most common being graphs and tables. Although these statistics can be valuable in assisting managers, they should be treated with some caution when predicting the future trend of the economy and thus helping the business to take effective decisions.
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ΠΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉΒ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
ΠΡΡΡΒ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ΅Β ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΡ Β ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ°Β ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΒ Π²Β ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Π΅. ΠΡ, Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎ, Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎΒ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΒ Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈΒ Π²Β Π³Π°Π·Π΅ΡΠ°Ρ Β ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΒ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Β ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ Β Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΡΒ ΡΒ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈΒ ΠΈΒ ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈΒ Π΄Π»ΡΒ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΈΒ ΡΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Β Π»ΠΈΡ. Π―ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΒ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π°Β ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ: Π‘ΠΠΒ ΡΠ΅Π°Π³ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΒ ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Β ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΒ Π΄Π»ΡΒ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΉ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ Β Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΈΒ ΠΈΒ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π² ΡΒ ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ.
ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅Β ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡΒ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΊΡΡΠ³ΡΒ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ. Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π° Π»ΠΈΡΠΎ.
* Π£ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΡΒ Π±Π΅Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ
* Π£ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΡΒ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ
*Π’ΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉΒ Π±Π°Π»Π°Π½ΡΒ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ, Π²Β ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈΒ ΡΒ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΒ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ
* ΠΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΒ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π°Β
Π²Β ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ
Β ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»ΡΡ
Β
* Π£ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΡΒ Π·Π°ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉΒ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡ
* Π¦Π΅Π½ΡΒ Π½Π°Β ΡΡΡΡΠ΅,Β ΠΈΒ ΡΠ°ΠΊΒ Π΄Π°Π»Π΅Π΅.Β
ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅Β ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅, ΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈΒ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΡΒ ΡΒ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΌΒ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²Β ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ΅. Π’ΠΎ Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΒ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΒ Π½Π°ΠΌΒ ΠΎΒ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎΒ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ°Β ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π½Π° Π²Π΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π», ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΒ Π²ΡΠ΅Β ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΒ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΒ Π²ΡΠ΅, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡΒ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΡΒ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π°, ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Β ΠΈΒ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΒ ΡΡΠΈΒ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π°Β Π²Β ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ.
Π¦ΠΈΡΡΡ Π±Π΅Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΒ Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²Β ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ΅. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ°Β Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΒ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΒ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΡΒ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠΎ Π²ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅ Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΒ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΒ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΒ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°. ΠΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ Π²Π°Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ°, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅. ΠΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ Π±ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅ΡΠ°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΡ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΆΠ΅.
Π‘ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΒ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅
ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈΒ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Β
ΠΌΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΠΌΒ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ. ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΒ
ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΒ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π·Β
ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ΅Β ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΡΡΡ Π²Β Π΅Π³ΠΎΒ Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ Β ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ "ΠΠΆΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΡΒ ΠΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΒ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ". ΠΡΡΒ ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΒ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΒ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉΒ ΠΆΠ΅ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΉΒ "Π‘ΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ" Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Β ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Β ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅Β ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΒ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΈ, ΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈΒ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΡΡΡΒ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΒ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ Β Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ.
ΠΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π°
Π²Β ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Β ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Ρ
, Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈΒ
ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
Β ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈΒ ΠΈΒ
ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΈΡΡ. Π₯ΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΒ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅
ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡΒ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡΡΡΒ ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈΒ Π²Β
ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌ, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΒ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ
ΡΒ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉΒ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡΒ ΠΏΡΠΈΒ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈΒ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡ
Β
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