Foods Commercials in English-Speaking Media: Linguistic Study
Course Paper:
Foods Commercials in English-Speaking Media: Linguistic Study.
PLAN
INTRODUCTION..................
CHAPTER 1. Commercial discourse in modern linguistic studies………………...6
1.1. Semantic aspect of the Advertising Language….....................
1.2. Pragmatic aspect of the Advertising Language….....................
Conclusions…………...............
CHAPTER 2. Phonostylistic properties of foods commercials ………..................12
2.1. Phonostylistic means and devices.......................
2.2. Vocabulary……………………………………………………
2.3. Imagery.......................
2.4. Syntax………………………………………………………………
Conclusions...................
GENERAL CONCLUSIONS...................
BIBLIOGRAPHY..................
ILLUSTRATION SOURCES.......................
INTRODUCTION
In a sense, advertising began around 3200 BC when the Egyptian inscriptions of the names of kings on temples being built. Through centuries advertising is growing rapidly and it is a multibillion dollar industry nowadays. In many businesses, sales volume depends on the amount of advertising done. Manufacturers try to persuade people to buy their products. Firms use advertising to promote an "image" for their company. Businesses use advertising to gain new customers and increase sales.
This course paper focuses on the semantic and pragmatic properties of commercial texts advertising foods.
Food consumed to provide nutritional support for the body, so we can’t live without it. Most food has always been obtained through agriculture. Now it is traded and marketed on a global basis. The variety and availability of food is no longer restricted by the diversity of locally grown food or the limitations of the local growing season. Every producer needs to find his customer. Food marketing brings them together [12 p.501-503]. It is the chain of activities that brings food from “farm gate to plate”.
To do things right and understand secrets of successful advertising we need to study the combination of linguistic and communicative-pragmatic elements of the language in human communication.
However, the number of works devoted to the analysis of advertising language, is rather significant, though we witness advertising English is developing very fast. The reason is that advertising is very popular nowadays and a lot of people want to know about advertising language. An advertising practitioner might simply want to find clues to more successful advertising; a sociologist might be interested in its effect on the behavior and values of society; a psychologist might be interested in its effect on individual motivations. And there are many other possible approaches.
Topicality of the research is predetermined by the study of the influence of advertising, its ability to persuade and motivate the audience to act to buy, its ability to provide customer’s automatism behavior while choosing the product.
Advertising text as the type of specific pragmatic orientation continues to attract both native and foreign linguists, which is reflected in the growing number of studies on this phenomenon.
Despite many studies on the linguistic analysis of the advertising text only certain types were explained.
This course work was performed as part of communicative and pragmatic paradigm of the language communication learning. It is directed to study the features of communicative and pragmatic phenomena in human society, specially the usage of the laws in the advertising slogan.
This investigation is based on theoretical and specialized works of Russian and foreign linguists such as I.R. Galperin, Ronnie Cann , Angela Goddard, V. Grigoriev, Halperin I.P., Ilish B.A., Geoffrey Leech, John Austin and others served as a methodological basis of the given work.
The aim of this work is to identify pragmatic potential of epithest in the advertising food’s slogan.
Achieving of the above mentioned aim presupposes the following tasks are:
1) examination of the nature of advertising as a special form of communication;
2) interpretation of advertising slogans as the main element of pragmatic advertising text;
3) classification of the epithets used in advertising slogans;
4) identification of the potential pragmatic stylistic devices of epithets;
The object of the study is an epithet in the advertising text of foods commercials.
The subject of the analyses embraces semantic and pragmatic potential of epithets in the English language modern food commercial advertisements.
The material of the study is epithet learned by continuous sampling of the advertising slogans, published and printed in the Internet. Number of such units is about thirty.
This work is grounded on the following methods: a) semantic analysis, b) stylistic analysis, c) a pragmatic analysis, d) the classification method, and e) definitional-component analysis.
The scientific novelty of the paper lies in the complex approach to the linguistic analyses of foods commercials in modern English-speaking media, which for the first time combines semantic, pragmatic and stylistic perspectives.
The theoretical value of the research is that it contributes new data to the linguistic theory of commercial discourse, it shows the dominative rules of the foods commercial advertising.
The practical value lies in the ability to apply the results of the research on the university-based course of lexicology and in the practical copywriter work.
The structure of the course work includes Introduction, Two Chapters, Conclusions, Bibliography and Illustration Sources.
CHAPTER 1. COMMERCIAL DISCOURSE IN MODERN LINGUISTIC STUDIES.
- Semantic aspect of the Advertising Language.
Semantics is the study of the meaning system of language and its approaches vary widely. In one view, meaning is the relationship between language and the external world (referential or denotative meaning). In another, it involves the mental state of the speaker, as reflected in a range of personal, emotive overtones (affective or connotative meaning) [2].
A close examination is made of the various word manipulations and arrangements, the choice of words, word order, denotative and connotative meanings of advertisement slots grounded on established English language code.
The idea is to find out how writers create awareness and to provide fuller understanding and appreciation of the texture, meaning and comprehension of the language employed. In advertisement, the choice of diction involves exceptional skills. This will surely help in finding the right words combination for a given situation. Wrong lexical choices will either inaccurately mar the purpose of communication or at best vaguely or partially convey the intended meaning. The most important factor in communication is the attainment of a point of understanding of the meaning. Wolf and Aurner (1996) listed three techniques of effective communicators as unity, coherence, and emphasis. Also, effective training in communication must be based on a solid educated foundation in English usage: vocabulary, punctuations, figures, and in writing craftsmanship (Stewart and others 1968). It is saying that to write messages that are clear and fluid, one must observe certain techniques and without the techniques, one’s writing may be misunderstood or confused by customer, so the product won’t be sold.
Precision and effectiveness in advertising depend on the careful usage of words. Words are used to convey meaning exactly and vividly to the audience. It is necessary to examine the language of advertising in terms of word meaning. Basically, meanings are of two kinds-denotative and connotative meaning. Denotative meaning is the literal or common dictionary meaning while connotative is the evaluative, inferred or emotional meaning. The denotations will be roughly the same for people who use the same dictionary but words have different connotations for different people. In addition, meanings are influenced by the context in which they are used, by the relationship between the sender and the receiver and by many other variables. Therefore, the denotation of a word is the explicit literal meaning while the connotation is the meaning with which it is associated. Advertisements that express meaning use word with wide extensions. The words often connote strength, reliability, perfection, notability, and other similar qualities.
One can say that the language of advertising is connotative. Let me consider the “Bournvita” advertisement and its connotations. It seeks to appeal to an audience which is expected to see the rich and delicious content of the beverage.
Bournvita is the delicious
refreshing, vitality giving food drink
ideal for the whole family. Bournvita
hot or cold, can be drunk any time of the day.
Noticing such words as delicious, refreshing, and vitality we see that the advertiser wants the audience to bear in mind that “Bournvita” is nutritious and could be taken any time of the day whether the weather is hot or cold. It is also for the young and the old, hence the invitation ‘ideal for the whole family`. The epithets depict “Bournvita” as a total vitality drink that contains all the important nutritional values: proteins, vitamins, minerals, and carbohydrates. Because of this, it should be used by everybody.
Apart from the connotative and denotative meanings, there are also the other forms of meaning, such as the evocative meaning. Certain words, which have the ability to evoke images and f feelings, are deliberately used to influence the hearer’s attitude to what he listens to. Consider the following advertisement:
*** Nescafe jingle***
sun is up, I’ve got so many things to do...
but it's alright (it's ok) i have to taste it
it's gonna be a good day (be a good day)
chorus:
wake up (wake up) it's a beautiful morning...
get up (get up) cheer the sunshine near you...
wake up (wake up) it's just beautiful...
one good day coming up!!!!!!!!
*** Nescafe jingle***
In the above certain expressions like good day, beautiful morning, sunshine near you, it's just beautiful, one good day coming up - are imbued with greater meaning and evoke images and feelings. Advertisements depend a great deal on epithets and repetition for effect – good, beautiful morning started only with Nescafe. They evoke a vivid picture of what the advertiser wants to show and can cause positive feelings in the audience.
1.2. Pragmatic aspect of the advertising language
The pragmatics of advertising texts is concerned with their use in the acts of speech. The approach is based on the fact that an utterance is a linguistic unit, which performs a very important non-structural function - to serve as a unit of speech communication. Nowadays, the linguistic study of mass communication and advertising in particular, is concerned with pragmatic aspects of communication along with traditional structural and semantic aspects. The object of pragmatics, which is in our case regarded in its narrow sense, is the system of active language means, aimed at the mentality and will of the addressee. The final goal of pragmatics is to reveal the optimal system of linguistic determination of both social and individual human behavior. Therefore, the pragmatic function is that of influence, which includes the effect of speech, interaction, verbal management of human behavior, shaping social and individual human behavior via language. That function is very important for advertising, since its main goal is to create an impact on social and individual behavior. The pragmatic understanding is a number of procedures, in the course of which the participants of communication assign specific conventional properties to the slogans. These properties make up the power of a message, which is decoded by the addressee in the context of the following factors: grammatical and structural features of the utterance; paralinguistic characteristics (pictures, fonts, placement on the page, etc.); perception of the communicative situation (what is the situation around the addressee at the moment of perception); previously received information (knowledge and opinion) about the object and the addresser of communication; general knowledge. [10]
Approximately, we can single out at least four levels of the information process: creation and preparation of the message; expansion of the social information; involvement of the audience into the action of the communication system; assimilation and perception of the information. Each of these levels can be interpreted, on one hand, as an activity aimed at creation of the messages and their transmission through communication channels, and on the other hand, as an activity of the audience receiving and considering the information. [24. p.137]
The main and only goal of advertising is to make and convict the addressee buy the product or use the service advertised. A conviction is knowledge which became a motivation for action. If the motivation is strong enough to get the addressee to take the actual action, the influence is successful. This result is stimulated if the recipient needs and desires are considered when the text is being compiled. [24. p.93]. And therefore an advertisement has to be very argumentative and even aggressive, although subtle at the same time. That necessity conditions advertising and makes it a very distinctive linguistic and pragmatic type. The advertising text is a finalized act of speech with a defined formal (composition) and semantic (content) structure, including two principal aspects - informative and persuasive (voluntative). It serves as a communicative message, which has the pragmatic purpose of transmitting the information concerning the object of advertising, adequate to the author’s intention, which aims eventually at encouraging the recipient to take an action - to buy the product. The formal structure of an ad-text includes elements reflecting informative and persuasive features of advertising.
Conclusions
Advertisers tell the prospective consumer about the existence of their products and services. They try to persuade the consumer to buy through the use of language. The language of advertising suits the advertisers aims which are to inform, entice and motivate the audience to buy. The audience cannot believe the copywriter unless he convinces them of the truth in his copy. Believing the advertiser depends on whether he uses his language wisely. To achieve his aims, he must apply imaginative, original, and fresh language.
Therefore the novelty and freshness of advertising language is justified for the purpose of attracting people’s attention, winning their trust and swaying their thinking. Emotional connotative meaning which is mostly used by advertisers is connected with pleasantries. Epithets are linked with the images and features of the products.
As mentioned above, the functional and pragmatic aspects of general advertising are determined by a combination of information and motivation (persuasion). The specific character of advertising lies in the fact that the motivating (recruiting) function is closely linked with the informative one with a clear tendency for dominance of motivating elements in the communicative structure of the text.
CHAPTER 2. PHONOSTYLISTIC PROPERTIES OF FOODS COMMERCIALS.
2.1. Phonostylistic means and devices
It is obviously the case that speech sounds have acoustic properties which remind people of noises they encounter in the world; less obviously, they seem to have properties which people often interpret in terms of non-acoustic experiences, such as contrasts of size, movement, or brightness. All aspects of pronunciation, including vowels, consonants, syllables, and prosodic patterns (intonation, stress, and rhythm).With phonology, we are not so much listening to the acoustic properties of speech sounds as sensing how these sounds are distributed within words and sentences. A distinctive phonological pattern always carries a semantic implication. If we write; “Freshen-up with 7-Up”, the grammar of the text says not so much but due to the alliteration our mind catches the slogan and remembers it. In short, the similarity of sound helps better learning and recollecting information. The phonetic properties of the English sounds are an important source of special effects, which allow using alliteration.
In commercial advertising, the sound a product makes, and the emotion it is claimed to generate in the user, is often given by onomatopoetic expression: a smell of food or drink might evoke “M-m-m-m-m” or “Yummy”. [3, p.252].Brand names commonly use sound (or letter) symbolism, as the world of breakfast cereals crisply demonstrates, with its crunches, puffs, pops and smacks.
We can feel the rhythm in the slogan “A big delight in every bite”. Big-bite; delight-bite – it sounds like a song or a march. The [b]-sound intensifies the beat.
The use of rhyme in advertising is very efficient, since it provides for good memorability of the text (“Dare to compare”; “There's a lot of joy in Chips Ahoy!”). However, it is not frequently used for the obvious reason: it is very hard to make up a felicitous rhymed slogan which would retain all the other needed features (expressivity, argumentation, association, consideration of consumers¶ needs and desires). As a rule, rhymed slogans ensure success of the advertisement and contribute greatly to success of the product. Rhythm is not as infrequent as rhyme, since it is easier to create a rhythmic combination of sounds than a rhymed combination of words. Some of the rhythmic examples of ad-slogans are: “Help yourself to happiness” – Golden Corral; “Give the Cool Whip, Get the Love” - Cool Whip; “You deserve a break today.” - McDonald's. In the latter case the effect is attained also by means of semantic rhythm.
2.2. Vocabulary
Specific grammar features are inseparable part of slogans. Not only catching devices but also grammar can be means of attraction. If pronouns, capitalization and negatives have the right use, slogans can achieve high effectiveness.
Possessive and personal pronouns are used in advertising discourse more often than in other discourses. It is cause by the fact that these pronouns shorten distance between and advertising and recipient. The most powerful ones are pronouns “I”, “you” and “your” because they suggest personal relationship. The sender does not know who is a recipient. However, the recipient has to think the text is addressed only to him. Another often used pronoun in slogans is We. In English slogans this pronoun must be expressed explicitly only.
- I’m lovin’ it! (McDonald’s)
- Melts in your mouth not in your hands - M&Ms
- At work, rest and play, you get three great tastes in a Milky Way - Milky Way
- Don’t let hunger happen to you – Snickers
- Show’em you’re a tiger, Show’em what you can do, the taste of Tony’s Frosted Flakes, brings out the tiger in you, in you! - Frosted Flakes
Stylistic effects in advertising are often attained by means of graphetic devices. The symbols of a typeface may be combined into larger units of texts, such as words (which have a spoken language equivalent) and lines (which do not), paragraphs (which have a partial spoken equivalent) and pages (which do not). The visual effect of these larger blocks of text, moreover, is not readily predictable from the graphetic properties of individual letters. The complex interaction of typeface, type size, letter and line spacing, color, and other such variables combine to produce the dominant visual quality of the typeset text. Advertisements often go out of their ways to break standard typographic conventions. In fact, graphetic deviance as any other deviance is very likely to catch the reader’s attention, which is exactly what the advertiser needs. In advertising, various combinations of bold, italic, underlined letters and words, upper and lowercase, various fonts and lots of other means are used.
A noticeable present-day trend is the use of deviant spelling as a part of a tradename or an advertising campaign. The motivation for the distinctive spelling is to provide an unambiguous, identifiable product name which will not be confused with an ordinary word in the language. Capital letters are parts of graphology which is the study of writing system (Miššíková, 2003). This phenomenon is called capitalization. There are two types of it.
First one, initial capitalization, has emphatic effect because it looks like a headline. All words have an initial capital letter to point out meaning of every word. Full capitalization is used in advertising slogan for similar reason. If all letters in a slogan are capital, it is more probable we will mention it.
- “It’s the Real Thing” – arguably Coca-Cola’s most enduring slogan of the many it has used
- ‘A Mars a Day helps you Work, Rest and Play’ – slogan used to advertise Mars Bars in the UK, from the 1970s onwards.
- ‘Don’t be Vague, Ask for Haig’ – from a Haig Whiskey advert from the 1930s onwards
Sometimes it is possible to use negatives with positive meaning. Firstly we can use two negatives which emphasize positive meaning of a statement as for example in slogan on Adidas: Impossible is nothing. However, in advertising slogans negatives are used sparingly because it is very important for a slogan to be positive.
2.3. Imagery
Another stylistic device used in advertising is figurative language. The kinds of semantic contrast involved are of much greater relevance than the study of the language alone. They relate to much wider stretches of language than the individual word or phrase and involve extralinguistic factors as well. The minimal case of figurative language is local, restricted effect in which special meaning is extracted from the linking of two unlike words. The following are some of the chief ways in which this can be done.
- With metaphor, the linkage is implicit: Red Bull gives you wings, taste of Paradise.
- With simile the linkage is explicit: drumming like a noise in dreams.
- With paradox, there is the need to resolve a contradiction: The un-cola.
- With metonymy, the attribute replaces the whole: joy for the belly
- With oxymoron, incompatible notions are brought together: bitter sweet sensation
- With personification, a link is made between the inanimate and the human: When Bull Beats Bear.
- With hyperbole, certain qualities are exaggerated: The King of beers, Absolutely pure
- With epithet, people and goods are called names, both positive and negative: No Ordinary Whisky, What's the secret to creating great tasting food that's nutritious too? Three steps. We start with quality, wholesome ingredients.
Personification is frequently used to inanimate the object of advertising (the product). Thus, an impression is created that once you buy it, it will take the initiative and do the rest for you (Grapes like children need love and affection).
Another productive device in advertising is repetition, which is used to create an emphasis, necessary to fix the attention of the recipient on the key word, or words, of the utterance. For example: The Only thing like Coca-Cola is Coca-Cola itself, Maximum Energy, Maximum taste, Nobody better lay a finger on my Butterfinger! - The repetition strongly enforces the idea expressed by lexical means and brings in additional nuances of meaning.
Cliches are not frequently used in advertising, since it targets originality rather than conventionality. However, in some cases slogans do make use of cliches (Even the best can get better; At work, rest and play). The above refers to the cliches which already function in the language and which have not been produced in the world of advertising. On the other hand, ad-slogans and other lexical units of advertising often become cliches. They enter everyday speech and start to be used outside the context of advertising. That is particularly pertinent to brandnames which become common nouns. Products like soda, candy bars, chewing gum known as Colas, Nuts, Kit-Kats, Orbits. [McCrum;Cran; MacNeil, p.33]
Functional misquotations, or allusion, provides good memorability and an expressive stylistic instrument (Eat or not to eat – like Shakespeare’s – Beor not to be). The effect is attained because the whole expression is already contained in the recipient’s memory, though in slightly different form, and the part of it which is altered will strike the memory and stay in it.
After all, the most productive is word play, a tool acquiring a very large number of forms. (When the going gets tough, the tough get comfortable; Don¶t get mad. Get Malibu; Barrel of fun, Sweet as the moment when the pod went “pop”).
Pun is a very frequent tool in advertising, since it allows a large array of possibilities, like word play. For instance: The non-alcoholic drink to wrap up any occasion. The double meaning of one word contributes to the expressiveness and memorability.
Affixation is often used in ad-slogans to create deviant constructions which would attract the recipient’s attention. (Putta Valfrutta Onto Your Menu; Drinka Pinta Milka Day).
Ad-slogans make quite an extensive use of conventional. Conversion changing the word class of a word in an unexpected manner: Tap into great taste. Frequently, names of the product and the manufacturing company undergo conversion: Don’t You Feel Good About 7-up.
Post-modifying phrases are usually employed in slogans where the addresser wants to name the product or the main idea first, which is vague, and arouses curiosity at the same time. Immediately after that, he gives explanation, which is certain to keep the recipient’s attention for quite a while. (No sin. More tomatoes, less sugar).
Archaisms, that is, archaic words and spellings, are utilized in order to retain the aura of the past. For instance, in the slogan it is used to show the contrast between the past and the present by means of archaic spelling, which creates the old times pleasant atmosphere.
2.4. Syntax
The following describes some syntax characteristics of advertising English style:
- General Use of Short Sentence
The advertising English focuses on drawing attention of readers with high readability and try its best to be clear at a glance, rendering deep impression with the goods to sell by customers. All of this is contributed to the important specialty of advertising English, which is short sentence. For example:
Coke adds life
You deserve a break today
Compared with legal English, scientific English and commercial English, the feature that advertising English uses short sentence is more obvious. Because it is limited by the length of the article and its style, it is similar with road sign, title, subject and so on.
- Often Use of Imperative Sentence
For the purpose of selling the goods, the advertising English tries to be more persuasive so as to increase the persuading and prevailing effects, and the imperative sentence can meet the demands with the effect of asking for, call for and persuade somebody to do something, thus often used in advertising English. For instance,
Get your smile on.
Double your pleasure, double your fun
As the above examples show, the application of imperative sentence is demanding, influencing and stimulating customers to take action which declarative sentence cannot exert such kind of effect.
- Frequent Use of Interrogative Sentence
It is very popular to use interrogative sentences in advertising English because whether general questions, the tag questions or special questions can arouse interest and curiosity of customers so as to draw their attention and leave deep impression. See the following:
Arby's. Now That Your Tastes Have Grown Up! What are you eating today?
Hungry? Why wait?
- Heavy Use of Noun Phrases
Noun phrases play an important role in advertising English. Linguistically, phrases the internal unit of sentence and do not express the complete meaning, but in certain circumstances, when the phrases can express the full meaning, they become sense group. Phrases applied in advertising English are such kind of usage that expresses the full meaning. For example,
Happy Meal
Dunkin’ Delights
Snack Happily Ever After
- Appropriate Use of Conditional Sentence
Sometimes, conditional sentences led by conjunction if or other words and phrases indicating condition and hypothesis are used in advertising English to increase effect of publicity. For example,
Without vitamins, life itself would be impossible.
Cleans your teeth while it cleans your breath.
- Flexible Use of Quotation
Sometimes, the advertising English will use comments from customers that will be artistically processed. Promoting the goods in customers’ position will enhance its credibility.
- Extensive Use of Elliptical Sentence
Advertising English that tends to use elliptical sentences is mainly because of the limited length of the article. Every advertisement needs to achieve the best effect within the limited time, space and cost. Therefore, the sentences with minor importance will be simplified and deleted and convey as much information as possible. For example,
Food, folks and fun.
Smooth, rich, rewarding.
Eat, drink, and be merry.
- Frequent Use of Parallel Phrase Structure
Parallel structure of phrases sometimes can be more rallying and convincing, such as:
Give a man a fish and he’ll eat for a day. Teach a man to make reservations and he’ll eat for a lifetime.
Such kind of advertising English with strong sense of rhythm is memorable and infectious, thus leaving deep impression.
- Many Use of Separative Sentence
Separative sentences is almost the unique syntax in advertising English which often uses period, dash, semicolon and others to separate sentences so as to achieve the advertising effect of emphasis and highlight.
Conclusions
Ad-slogans are characterized by briefness, simplicity, expressivity, subjectivity, distinctive aim, and the use of a typical restricted vocabulary. Grammatically, it tends to employ simple structures, present tenses and positive constructions. The prevailing subordinate clause in compound sentences is conditional, which confirms the dominance of causal consecutive relations in advertising. Advertising slogans often gain their effect by manipulating the norms of the language. They make use of phonetic, graphetic, lexical and syntactical stylistic devices, as well as their combinations.
A particular role is played by various forms of epithets that used just in every slogan to make it sound more attractive and delightful to our ear. Positive epithets produce the right influence on customer’s decision and makes product won the prize.
The latter is a source of controversy, because its effects can reach far beyond the linguistic limits, causing serious material and moral damage to those against whom it is targeted.
GENERAL CONCLUSIONS
Investigated lingvo-stylistic peculiarities of advertising language now such conclusion can be made.
The first advertisements appeared around 3200 BC in Egypt. Nowadays advertising is so popular in the modern world that it is possible to investigate advertising language separately from the newspaper style.
The usage of different means and devices on phonetic, morphological, lexical, syntactical and graphic levels make the advertising style individual. 1)Phonetic peculiarities are alliteration, assonance, onomatopoeia, repetition of the sound, rhythm and rhyme; 2)vocabulary peculiarities are different categories of pronouns, the possessive case, typeface, type size, letter and line spacing, color; initial capitalization 3)imagery peculiarities are figures of speech (metaphor, metonymy, epithet, periphrasis, personification, allusion and others), polysemantic words, word game 4)syntactical peculiarities are simple sentences, question-answer unities, elliptical sentences, parallel phrase structure and imperative sentences.
Advertising claims have the aim to attract the audience’s attention to the product and persuade to buy it. A particular role is given to various forms of epithets that used to make slogan sound more attractive and delightful to our ear. Epithets help to sustain the audience’s attention for longer and makes the advertisement more memorable.
Along with different lingvo-stylistic peculiarities of advertising language it is necessary to take into account psychological peculiarities of the audience and the usage of psychological tricks then we will get an excellent advertising which increase the volume of sales.
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ILLUSTRATION SOURCES
Did you mean? astronaut.
Wakes you up with every bite.
Tame your ferocious hunger.
We made it seriously juicy. Seriously good.
No sin. More tomatoes, less sugar. Give a man a fish and he’ll eat for a day. Teach a man to make reservations and he’ll eat for a lifetime.
- Football in Russia and Great Britain
- Foreign banks on the financial market of Kazakhstan
- Formen der Negation
- Frame Relay. Организация канального и сетевого уровней
- FTP клиент
- Functions of HR management
- Fyfkbp cостояния рынка торговли пушно-меховых товаров
- Finances of enterprises
- Financial analysis of Baltyisky zavod
- Financial Instruments
- Financování investic
- Firewall
- Flash-технологии в Web-документах
- Fmea анализ
