Realization of implicit lexical-grammatical categories of noun in the songs of English speaking group “Evanescence”

 

 

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE

NYZHYN MYKOLA GOGOL STATE UNIVERSITY

 

 

 

 

ENGLISH PHILOLOGY DEPARTMENT

 

 

KUSMINA Anastasia Olexandryvna

 

 

REALISATION OF GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES

OF NOUN IN THE SONGS OF MODERN ENGLISH-SPEAKING GROUP “EVANESCENCE”

 

 

Course Paper

 

 

 

 

 

Research Supervisor

Z.O.Igina

 

 

 

 

 

Nizhyn - 2010

 

 

Contents

Introduction						3
I.	The scope of nounal grammatical categories					4
	I.1.		Noun and its implicit lexico-grammatical categories			4
	I.2.		Explicit lexico-grammatical categories of noun			7
			I.2.1.	The Category of Case		7
			I.2.2.	The Category of Number of English Nouns		11
Conclusion to the first part						15
II.		Realization of implicit lexical-grammatical categories of noun in the songs of English speaking group “Evanescence”				16
	II.1.		Realization of implicit lexical-grammatical categories of noun in the songs of English speaking group “Evanescence”			116
	II.2.		Realization of explicit lexical-grammatical categories of noun in the songs of English speaking group “Evanescence”			17
			II.2.1.		Realization of category of case	17
			II.2.2.		Realization of category of number	18
Conclusion						21
Резюме						22
The list of literature						23
Appendixes						24
Appendix 1						24
Appendix 2						25
Appendix 3						27
Appendix 4						29
Appendix 5						30
Appendix 6						31
Appendix 7						33
Appendix 8						34
Appendix 9						36
Appendix 10						37

Introduction

The theme of my course paper is: «Realization of Grammatical Categories of noun in the songs of English speaking groups». To begin with some words should be said about the things, described in my work.

Grammatical category is the unity of two or more grammatical meanings. [Levickiy 10]. Each grammatical category is based on opposition.

The noun as a part of speech has the categorial meaning of "substance" or "thingness". It follows from this that the noun is the main nominative part of speech, effecting nomination of the fullest value within the framework of the notional division of the lexicon.[1;24].

The purpose of this work is to investigate the realization of nouns of different categories in the songs of English speaking group “Evanescence”.

The tasks and aims of this work are:

1. To give the definition to term “Noun” and “Grammatical category”.

2. To describe implicit and explicit lexico-grammatical categories that a noun possesses.

3. To investigate the realization of nouns of different categories in the songs of English speaking group “Evanescence”.

The present course paper consists of four parts: introduction, the theoretical part, practical part and conclusion.

The object of this research is noun, which are used in the songs of modern English-speaking band “Evanescence”. Texts of the songs are the material for my work. The subject is grammatical category of noun. Materials of this work can be used in teaching.

 

 

 

 

 

 

I. THE SCOPE OF NOUNAL GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES

I.1.Noun and its implicit lexico-grammatical categories

Notional words, first of all verbs and nouns, possess some morphemic features expressing grammatical (morphological) meanings. These features determine the grammatical form of the word. [1; 14].

Grammatical meanings are very abstract, very general. Therefore the grammatical form is not confined to an individual word, but unites a whole class of words, so that each word of the class expresses the corresponding grammatical meaning together with its individual, concrete semantics [1; 14].

The term “category” is used in linguistics in two different cases. On the one hand, it is used to designate a class of elements conjoined together on the basis of their having common features, classificatory features. In grammar the “category” reveals its synonymity with “the part of speech”. On the other hand, the term “category” is used to refer to the general phenomenon which is ontologically lingual and which is lingual representation of some conceptual category. This approach to linguistic categories is in accord with the definition of grammatical categories which are usually defined as a unity of semblable grammatical meanings signified by appropriate grammatical formants. In such cases both the meanings and their markers are identified as categorical in status.[2; 106].

In the first meaning the category of the word is distinguished according to different criterion. But special attention should be paid to the second meaning. Scholars give various definitions to “grammatical category”. Ivanova, Burlacova, Pochepcov suggest that grammatical category is an association of two or more grammatical forms, contrasted or correlated by their grammatical meaning.[3; 11]. Grammatical categories are made up by the unity of identical grammatical meanings that have the same form [7; 4] Levickiy claims that grammatical category is the unity of two or more grammatical meanings[10;10]. This variant is considered to be the most general.

Each grammatical category is based on opposition. Without opposition grammatical category cannot exist. A great number of grammarians stick to this variant (Blokh, Ivanova, Burlacova, Pochepcov, Illish, Bochcareva, Levickiy and others).

The grammatical meaning may be explicit and implicit. The implicit grammatical meaning is not expressed formally (e.g. the word table does not contain any hints in its form as to it being inanimate). The explicit grammatical meaning is always marked morphologically – it has its marker. In the word cats the grammatical meaning of plurality is shown in the form of the noun; cat’s – here the grammatical meaning of possessiveness is shown by the form ‘s; is asked – shows the explicit grammatical meaning of passiveness.

The implicit grammatical meaning may be of two types – general and dependent. The general grammatical meaning is the meaning of the whole word-class, of a part of speech (e.g. nouns – the general grammatical meaning of thingness). The dependent grammatical meaning is the meaning of a subclass within the same part of speech. For instance, any verb possesses the dependent grammatical meaning of transitivity/intransitivity, terminativeness/non-terminativeness, stativeness/non-stativeness; nouns have the dependent grammatical meaning of contableness/uncountableness and animateness/inanimateness. The most important thing about the dependent grammatical meaning is that it influences the realization of grammatical categories restricting them to a subclass. Thus the dependent grammatical meaning of countableness/uncountableness influences the realization of the grammatical category of number as the number category is realized only within the subclass of countable nouns, the grammatical meaning of animateness/inanimateness influences the realization of the grammatical category of case, teminativeness/non-terminativeness - the category of tense, transitivity/intransitivity – the category of voice.[7;  4-5]

Speaking about grammatical category of noun the definition of noun should be mentioned.

The noun as a part of speech has the categorial meaning of "substance" or "thingness". It follows from this that the noun is the main nominative part of speech, effecting nomination of the fullest value within the framework of the notional division of the lexicon.[1;24]

Revealing the problem of grammatical categories of noun it can be mentioned that not all grammarians stick to the version of implicit and explicit grammatical categories. Volkova made her suggestions on the basis of ideas of Blokh[1;16], Ivanova, Burlacova, Pochepcov[3;21] and Morokhovskaya[2; 112].

Other scholars have different ideas. For example Illish speaks only about category of number, Oriskulov speaks about number and case, Streng supposes that noun possesses the category of gender as one of its implicit categories.

In general the majority of scholars agree that noun possesses both explicit and implicit categories.

The noun is classified into a separate word - group because:

1. they all have the same lexical - grammatical meaning :

substance / thing: eyes, head-parts of human body;

2. according to their form - they've two grammatical categories:

Number: lie-lies and case God-Gods’;

3. they all have typical stem-building elements:

- er, - ist, - ship, - merit, -hood ...:childhood;

4. typical combinability with other words:

most often left-hand combinability: every thought;

5. function - the most characteristic feature of nouns is - they can be observed in all syntactic functions but predicate. [12; 18].

  Nouns fall under two classes: proper nouns (proper names-Peter, Kate; geographical names- the Atlantic Ocean); common nouns (door, dreams). [10;27].

Common nouns are subdivided into countable (mask) and uncountable (nature). [10;27]

Thus there are different groups of common nouns: class nouns (human), collective nouns (family), nouns of material (coal) and abstract nouns (truth). [10; 28].

 

 

 

I.2. Explicit lexico-grammatical categories of noun

As it was mentioned above noun possesses two explicit lexico-grammatical categories, based on oppositions:

-the category of case. Case is the immanent morphological category of the noun manifested in the forms of noun declension and showing the relations of the nounal referent to other objects and phenomena [1;31], based on opposition of common and possessive case;

-the category of number. The grammatical category of number is the linguistic representation of the objective category of quantity. The number category is realized through the opposition of two form-classes: the plural form and the singular form. [7;8].

 

I.2.1.The Category of Case

Case is the immanent morphological category of the noun manifested in the forms of noun declension and showing the relations of the nounal referent to other objects and phenomena. Thus, the case form of the noun, or contractedly its "case" (in the narrow sense of the word), is a morphological-declensional form.

This category is expressed in English by the opposition of the form in -'s [-z, -s, -iz], usually called the "possessive" case, or more traditionally, the "genitive" case, to the unfeatured form of the noun, usually called the "common" case. The apostrophized -s serves to distinguish in writing the singular noun in the genitive case from the plural noun in the common case. E.g.: the man's duty, the President's decision, Max's letter; the boy's ball, the clerk's promotion, the Empress's jewels.[1;31]

Grammarians seem to be divided in their opinion as to the case-system of English nouns. Open to thought and questioning, this problem has always been much debated. The most common view on the subject is that nouns have only two cases: a common case and a genitive or possessive case . The common case is characterised by a zero suffix (child, boy, girl, student), the possessive case by the inflection [-z] and its phonetic variants [-s], [-iz], in spelling -'s. The uses of the genitive are known to be specific, those of the common case general. In terms of modern linguistics, we can therefore say that both formally and functionally, (he common case is unmarked and the genitive marked. [13; 78].

  Though case is a morphological category it has a distinct syntactical significance. The common case fulfills a number of syntactical functions not typical of possessive case, among them the functions of subject and object. The possessive case noun is for the most part employed as an attribute. [4; 30-31].

All case opposites are identical in content: they contain two particular meanings, of 'common' case and 'possessive' case, united by the general meaning of the category, that of 'case'. There is not much variety in the form of case opposites either, which distinguishes English from Russian. [4; 30-31].

Four special views advanced at various times by different scholars should be considered as successive stages in the analysis of this problem.

The first view may be called the "theory of positional cases". This theory is directly connected with the old grammatical tradition, and its traces can be seen in many contemporary text-books for school in the English-speaking countries. Linguistic formulations of the theory, with various individual variations (the number of cases recognized, the terms used, the reasoning cited), may be found in the works of J.C. Nesfield, M. Deutschbein, M. Bryant and other scholars. [1;31].

In accord with the theory of positional cases, the unchangeable forms of the noun are differentiated as different cases by virtue of the functional positions occupied by the noun in the sentence. Thus, the English noun, on the analogy of classical Latin grammar, would distinguish, besides the inflexional genitive case, also the non-inflexional, i.e. purely positional cases: nominative, vocative, dative, and accusative. The uninflexional cases of the noun are taken to be supported by the parallel inflexional cases of the personal pronouns. The would-be cases in question can be exemplified as follows. [4; 30].

 

An English noun lexeme may contain two case opposites at most (man – man's, men – men's). Some lexemes have but one opposite (England –  England's, cattle – cattle's). Many lexemes have no case opposites at all (book, news, foliage),

In the opposite dog – dog's, men – men's, the 'common' case is not marked, i.e. dog and men have zero morphemes of 'common case'. The 'possessive' case is marked by the suffix -'s /-s, – z, – iz/. In the opposite dogs – dogs.' the difference between the opposites is marked only in writing. Otherwise the two opposites do not differ in form. So with regard to each other they are-not marked.

Thus, -'s is the only positive case morpheme of English nouns. It would be no exaggeration to say that the whole category' depends on this morpheme.

As already mentioned, with regard to the category of case English nouns fall under two lexicon-grammatical subclasses: declinable, having case opposites, and indeclinable, having no case opposites.

The subclass of declinable is comparatively limited, including mostly nouns denoting living beings, also time and distance. [4; 30-31]

Since both cases and prepositions show 'relations of substances', some linguists speak of analytical cases in Modern English. To the student is said to be an analytical dative case (equivalent, for instance, to the Russian студенту), of the student is understood as an analytical genitive case (equivalent to студента), by the student as an analytical instrumental case (cf. студентом), etc.

The theory of analytical cases seems to be unconvincing for a number of reasons.

1. In order to treat the combinations of the student, to the student, by the student as analytical words (like shall come or has come) we must regard of, to, with as grammatical word-morphemes. [6; 14] But then they are to be devoid of lexical meaning, which they are not. Like most words a preposition is usually polysynaptic and each meaning is singled out in speech, in a sentence or a word-combination.

In each case of shows one of its lexical meanings. Therefore it cannot be regarded as a grammatical word-morpheme and the combination of the student cannot be treated as an analytical word.

2. A grammatical category, as known, is represented in opposites comprising a definite number of members. Combinations with different prepositions are too numerous to be interpreted as opposites representing the category of case. [6; 180].

The number of cases in English becomes practically unlimited.

3. Analytical words usually form opposites with synthetic ones [5; 49]. (comes – came – will come). With prepositional constructions it is different. They are often synonymous with synthetic words.
4. There is much subjectivity in the choice of prepositions supposed to form analytical cases. Grammarians usually point out those prepositions whose meanings approximate to the meanings of some cases in other languages or in Old English. But the analogy with other languages or with an older stage of the same language does not prove the existence of a given category in a modern language. [5;49].

The morpheme -'s, on which the category of case of English nouns depends, differs in some respects from other grammatical morphemes of the English language and from the case morphemes of other languages.

As emphasized by B.A. Ilyish [8; 99-100], -'s is no longer a case inflexion in the classical sense of the word. Unlike such classical inflexions, -'s may be attached

1. to adverbs (of substantial origin), as in yesterday's events,
2. to word-groups, as in Mary and John's apartment, our professor of literature's unexpected departure,
3. even to whole clauses, as in the well-worn example the man I saw yesterday's son.

В. A. Ilyish comes to-the conclusion that the -'s morpheme gradually develops into a «form-word», a kind of particle serving to convey the meaning of belonging, possession. [8; 100].

G.N. Vorontsova does not recognize –‘s as a case morpheme at all. [9; 81-83]. The reasons she puts forward to substantiate her point of view are as follows:

1. The use of -'s is optional (her brother's, of her brother).
2. It is used with a limited group of nouns outside which it occurs very seldom.
3. -'s is used both in the singular and in the plural (child's, children's), which is not incident – to case morphemes (cf. мальчик-а, мальчик-ов).
4. It occurs in very few plurals, only those with the irregular formation of the plural member (oxen's but cows').
5. -'s does not make an inseparable part of the structure of the word. It may be placed at some distance from the head-noun of an attributive group.

«Been reading that fellow what's his name's attacks in the 'Sunday Times'?» (Bennett).

Proceeding from these facts G.N. Vorontsova treats -'s as a 'postposition', a 'purely syntactical form-word resembling a preposition', used as a sign of syntactical dependence. [9;82].

 

I.2.2. The Category of Number of English Nouns

Unlike the category of case the category of number does not have problems with the number of opposems.

Modern English like most other languages distinguishes two numbers: singular and plural. The meaning of singular and plural seems to be self-explanatory, that is the opposition: one — more than one. With all this, expression of number in different classes of English nouns presents certain ! difficulties for a foreigner to master. [13; 72].

As already mentioned, plural and singular nouns stand in contrast as diametrically opposite. Instances are not few, however, when their opposition comes to be neutralised. And this is to say that there are cases when the numeric differentiation appears to be of no importance at all. Here belong many collective abstract and material nouns. If, for instance, we look at the meaning of collective nouns, we cannot fail to see that they denote at the same time a plurality and a unit. They may be said to be doubly countables and thus from a logical point of view form the exact contrast to mass nouns: they are, in fact, at the same time singular and plural, while mass words are logically neither. The double-sidedness of collective nouns weakens the opposition and leads to the development of either Pluralia tantum, as in: weeds (in a garden), ashes, embers, etc., or Singularia tantum, as in: wildfowl, clergy, foliage, etc. [13; 72].

The grammatical category of number is the linguistic representation of the objective category of quantity. The number category is realized through the opposition of two form-classes: the plural form :: the singular form. The category of number in English is restricted in its realization because of the dependent implicit grammatical meaning of countableness/uncountableness. The number category is realized only within subclass of countable nouns. [7; 8].

The grammatical meaning of number may not coincide with the notional quantity: the noun in the singular does not necessarily denote one object while the plural form may be used to denote one object consisting of several parts. The singular form may denote:

1. oneness (individual separate object – a cat);
2. generalization (the meaning of the whole class – The cat is a domestic animal);
3. indiscreteness (нерасчлененность or uncountableness  - money, milk).

The plural form may denote:

1. the existence of several objects (cats);
2. the inner discreteness (внутренняя расчлененность, pluralia tantum, jeans). [7; 8].

To sum it up, all nouns may be subdivided into three groups:

1. The nouns in which the opposition of explicit discreteness/indiscreteness is expressed : cat::cats;
2. The nouns in which this opposition is not expressed explicitly but is revealed by syntactical and lexical correlation in the context. There are two groups here:

1. Singularia tantum. It covers different groups of nouns: proper names, abstract nouns, material nouns, collective nouns;

2. Pluralia tantum. It covers the names of objects consisting of several parts (jeans), names of sciences (mathematics), names of diseases, games, etc.

3. The nouns with homogenous number forms. The number opposition here is not expressed formally but is revealed only lexically and syntactically in the context:e.g. Look! A sheep is eating grass. Look! The sheep are eating grass. [7; 8].

As a matter of fact, those nouns which have no number opposites are outside the grammatical category of number. But on the analogy of the bulk of English nouns they acquire oblique (or lexicon-grammatical) meanings of number. Therefore singularia tantum are often treated as singulars and pluralia tantum as plurals. [11; 34].

This is justified both by their forms and by their combinability.

When combinability and form contradict each other, combinability is decisive, which accounts for the fact that ‘police’ or ‘cattle’ are regarded as plurals, and ‘measles’, ‘mathematics as singulars.

The lexicon-grammatical meaning of a class (or of a subclass) of words is, as we know, an abstraction from the lexical meanings of the words of the class, and depends to a certain extent on those lexical meanings. Therefore singularia tantum usually include nouns of certain lexical meanings. They are mostly material, abstract and collective nouns, such as sugar, gold, butter, brilliance, constancy, selfishness, humanity, soldiery and peasantry. [11; 35]

Yet it is not every material, abstract or collective noun that belongs to the group of singularia tantum (e. g. a plastic, a feeling, a crowd) and, what is more important, not in all of its meanings does a noun belong to this group.

As we have already seen, variants of the same lexeme may belong to different subclasses of a part of speech. In most of their meanings the words joy and sorrow as abstract nouns are singularia tantum.

But when concrete manifestations are meant, these nouns are countable and have plural opposites, e. g. the joys and sorrows of life.

Likewise, the words copper, tin, hair as material nouns are usually singularia tantum, but when they denote concrete objects, they become countable and get plural opposites: a copper – coppers, a tin – tins, a hair – hairs.

Similarly, when the nouns wine, steel, salt denote some sort or variety of the substance, they become countable.

All such cases are not a peculiarity of the English language alone. They are found in other languages as well.

‘Joy’ and ‘a joy’, ‘beauty’ and ‘a beauty’, ‘copper’ and ‘a copper’, ‘hair’ and ‘a hair’ and many other pairs of this kind are not homonyms, as suggested by some grammarians, [11; 35] but variants of lexemes related by internal conversion.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Conclusion

The noun as a part of speech has the categorial meaning of "substance" or "thingness". It follows from this that the noun is the main nominative part of speech, effecting nomination of the fullest value within the framework of the notional division of the lexicon. [1;24]

Notional words, first of all verbs and nouns, possess some morphemic features expressing grammatical (morphological) meanings. These features determine the grammatical form of the word. [1; 14].

Noun possesses implicit and explicit lexico-grammatical categories. It denotes thing, abstract notion, material or person. It can be countable and uncountable; common or proper.

Among explicit grammatical categories generally acceptable are categories of case, based on relation of nouns to another words. It has its marker- ‘s, which shows the possessive case; and category of number, based on opposition of the singular and the plural. The plural form has its marker-s.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

II. REALIZATION OF NOUNAL GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES IN THE SONGS OF ENGLISH SPEAKING GROUP “EVANESCENCE”

 

II.1. Realization of implicit lexical-grammatical categories of noun in the songs of English speaking group “Evanescence”

 

The song “Going Under” (see app.1)

In the song “Going under” the author used only seven nouns. They are: tears, hand, bottom, truth, lies, thoughts and head. All of them are common nouns. It means that they are not unique, and they can be subdivided into countable and uncountable.

Five of them are countable: tears, hand, lies, thoughts and head; and two of them are uncountable: bottom, truth, thoughts. Because these things can be counted; and can be used in the plural and in the singular.

Four of them denote some things: tears, hand, bottom and head. Three of them denote abstract notions: truth, lies, thoughts.

 

In the song “My Immortal” (see app.2)

In the song “My Immortal” the author used fifteen nouns. They are: immortal, fears, presence, wounds, pain, time, tears, hand, years, light, life, face, dreams, voice and sanity. All of them are common nouns. It means that they are not unique, and they can be subdivided into countable and uncountable.

Ten of them are countable: immortal, fears, wounds, tears, hand, years, life, face, dreams, voice; and five of them are uncountable: presence, pain, time, light  and sanity. Because these things can be counted; and can be used in the plural and in the singular.

Five of them denote some things: wounds, pain, time, tears, hand, light, face. Ten of them denote abstract notions: immortal, fears, presence, wounds, years, life, dreams, voice and sanity

 

 

In the song “Whisper” (see app.3)

In the song “Whisper” the author used sixteen nouns. They are: whisper, atmosphere, truth, pain, name, eyes, God, lies, light, fear, tears, angels, feet, voices, ear, and end. Fourteen of them are common nouns: whisper, atmosphere, truth, pain, name, eyes, god, lies, light, fear, tears, angels, feet, voices, ear, and end. It means that they are not unique, and they can be subdivided into countable and uncountable. And one of them – God is a proper noun.

Thirteen of them are countable: whisper, pain, name, eyes, god, lies, light, fear, tears, angels, feet, voices, ear, and end; and five of them are uncountable: atmosphere, truth and light. Because these things can be counted; and can be used in the plural and in the singular.

Six of them denote some things: atmosphere, eyes, light, tears, feet, and ear. Eight of them denote abstract notions: whisper, truth, pain, name, lies, fear, voices and end. And two of them denote person: God and angels. It means that these nouns denote alive objects.

 

 

II.2. Realization of explicit lexical-grammatical categories of noun in the songs of English speaking group “Evanescence”

 

II.2.1.Realization of category of case

In the song “Bring Me to Life” (see app.4)

In the song “Bring Me to Life” the author used nineteen nouns: life, eyes , doors , core, soul, spirit, home, name, dark, blood, touch, love, dead, time, years, eyes, thought, voice, soul. Investigating these words according to realization of category of case we should first look for the markers of possessive case. There are no markers of possessive case. It means that all of them are nouns of common case.

 

In the song “Lithium” (see app.5)

In the song “Lithium” the author used thirteen nouns: lithium, love, sorrow, god, bed, emptiness, time, will, darkness, darling, end, place, ashes. Investigating these words according to realization of category of case we should first look for the markers of possessive case. There are no markers of possessive case. It means that all of them are nouns of common case.

 

 

In the song “Call Me when you’re Sober” (see app.6)

In the song “Lithium” the author used eight nouns: Mind, Lie, Blame, Shame, Game, Victim, Time, Paradise. Investigating these words according to realization of category of case we should first look for the markers of possessive case. There are no markers of possessive case. It means that all of them are nouns of common case.

 

II.2.2. Realization of category of number

 

In the song “Everybody's Fool” (see app.7)

In the song “Everybody's Fool” the author used eleven nouns: fool, nature, icons, self-indulgence, lies, world, shame, wonder, flaws, mask and truth. Investigating these words according to realization of category of number we should first separate them into countable and uncountable. Five of them are uncountable: nature, self-indulgence, shame, wonder, and truth. It means that they cannot be subdivided into the plural and the singular, because they cannot be counted. Six of them are countable: fool, icons, lies, world, flaws and mask. Because they can be counted; and can have the plural and the singular. Three of them are used in the singular: fool, world and mask. Because they don’t have markers of the plural form (inflection -s). And three of them are used in the plural: icons, lies, flaws. Because they have markers of the plural form and mean several objects.

 

 

In the song “Haunted” (see app.8)

In the song “Haunted” the author used three nouns: time, heart and head. Investigating these words according to realization of category of number we should first separate them into countable and uncountable. One of them is uncountable: time. It means that it cannot be subdivided into the plural and the singular, because it cannot be counted. Two of them are countable: heart and head. Because they can be counted; and can have the plural and the singular. Both of them are used in the singular: heart and head. Because they don’t have markers of the plural form (inflection -s).

 

 

In the song “All That I'm Living For” (see app.9)

In the song “All That I'm Living For” the author used fifteen nouns: night, living, understanding, thought, words, door, ghosts, dreams, fears, lullaby, reason, play, obsessions, lesson and world. Investigating these words according to realization of category of number we should first separate them into countable and uncountable. All of them are countable: night, living, understanding, thought, words, door, ghosts, dreams, fears, lullaby, reason, play, obsessions, lesson and world. Because they can be counted; and can have the plural and the singular. Ten of them are used in the singular: night, living, understanding, thought, door, lullaby, reason, play, lesson and world. Because they don’t have markers of the plural form (inflection -s). And five of them are used in the plural: words, ghosts, dreams, fears, obsessions. Because they have markers of the plural form and mean several objects.

 

In the song “Anything for You” (see app.10)

In the song “Anything for You” the author used five nouns: world, lies, believe, eyes and day. Investigating these words according to realization of category of number we should first separate them into countable and uncountable. All of them are countable: world, lies, believe, eyes and day. Because they can be counted; and can have the plural and the singular. Three of them are used in the singular: world, believe and day. Because they don’t have markers of the plural form (inflection -s). And two of them are used in the plural: lies, eyes. Because they have markers of the plural form and mean several objects.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Conclusion

Noun is considered to be the separate part of the speech because of special features it possesses. It has some definite implicit and explicit lexical-grammatical categories, the usage of which in the songs of modern English-speaking group was researched in this work.

The realization of different grammatical categories of noun has some peculiarities.

If we speak about implicit lexical-grammatical categories than we can say that the usage of common nouns prevails, moreover authors are likely to use nous that mean some abstract notions. Nous denoting person are rarely used and nouns denoting material are almost unused. Almost all nouns used in the songs are countable.

Concerning implicit lexical-grammatical categories of noun it should be mentioned that the majority of nouns are used in the singular and authors of the songs avoid using nouns in possessive case.

I’ve noticed one peculiarity: if the headline of the song contains noun then nouns will be frequently used in the text of this song.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Резюме

Тема даної роботи: «Реалізація граматичних категорій іменників у текстах пісень сучасного англомовного гурта “Evanescence”».

Головною метою було дослідити  реалізацію граматичних категорій  іменника в піснях.

Об’єктом роботи були граматичні категорії. Тексти пісень слугували  матеріалом, предметом були граматичні категорії іменників.

В ході даної роботи досліджувалося використання імплісивних та експлісивних граматичних категорій іменників у піснях сучасних англомовних виконавців.

Дана робота складається теоретичної та практичної частин. В теоретичній частині висвітлені основні теоретичні аспекти необхідні при виконанні даної роботи, такі як : основні положення про граматичні категорії слів, зокрема іменника та його імплісивні та експлісивні граматичні категорії. В практичній частині на основі текстового матеріалу пісень досліджується об’єкт та предмет даної роботи.

В результаті дослідження було з’ясовано, що найбільш часто використовуються іменники, які позначають абстрактні поняття та речі, найменш вживаними є іменники, що позначають особу.

Що стосується експлісивних граматичних  категорій, то іменники зазвичай використовуються у називному відмінку однини.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The list of literature:

1. M.Y.Blokh. A course in Theoretical English Grammar. M.,2000;
2. E.J.Morokhovskaya. Fundamentals of Theoretical English Grammar. K.,1984;
3. И.П.Иванова, В.В.Бурлакова, Г.Г.Почепцов. Теоретическая грамматика современного английского языка. М.,1981;
4. M.Ganshina and N. Vasilevskaya. English Grammar. M., 1953;
5. B.S. Khaimovich, B.I. Rogovskaya. A Course in English Grammar. 1966;
6. Г. Н. Воронцова. Очерки по грамматике английского языка. М., 1960;
7. L.M.Volkova. Lectures in Theoretical Grammar;
8. Б.А.Ильиш. Строй современного английского языка. Издательство первое. Ленинград., 1971;
9. Г. Н. Воронцова. Об именном форманте -'s в современном английском языке. «Иностранные языки в школе», 1948;
10. Ю.А.Левицкий. Теоретическая грамматика современного английского языка. Пермь., 2004;
11. Л.С. Бархударов, Д.А. Штелинг. Грамматика английского языка. М., 1960;
12. A.T.Iriskylov. Theoretical Grammar of English. Tashkent., 2006;
13. N.M.Raevskaya. Modern English Grammar. K., 1976.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Appendixes

Appendix 1

“Going Under”

Now I will tell you what I've done for you

50,000 tears I've cried

Screaming, deceiving, and bleeding for you

And you still won't hear me

Going Under

 

Don't want your hand this time, I'll save myself

Maybe I'll wake up for once, wake up for once

Not tormented daily, defeated by you

Just when I thought I'd reach the bottom

 

I'm dying again

I'm going under

Drowning in you

I'm falling forever

I've got to break through, I'm

Going under

 

Blurring and stirring the truth and the lies

So I don't know what's real and what's not

Always confusing the thoughts in my head

So I can't trust myself anymore

 

I'm dying again

I'm going under

Drowning in you

I'm falling forever

I've got to break through, I'm

 

So go on and scream

Scream at me, I'm so far away

I won't be broken again

I've got to breathe

I can't keep going under

 

I'm dying again

I'm going under

Drowning in you

I'm falling forever

I've got to break through, I'm

Going under

Going under

I'm going under

 

Appendix 2

“My Immortal”

I'm so tired of being here

Suppressed by all my childish fears

And if you have to leave

I wish that you would just leave

Cause your presence still lingers here

And it won't leave me alone

 

These wounds won't seem to heal

This pain is just too real

There's just too much that time cannot erase

 

When you cried I'd wipe away all of your tears

When you'd scream I'd fight away all of your fears

And I held your hand through all of these years

But you still have all of me

 

You used to captivate me by your resonating light

Now I'm bound by the life you left behind

Your face it haunts my once pleasant dreams

Your voice it chased away all the sanity in me

 

These wounds won't seem to heal

This pain is just too real

There's just too much that time cannot erase

 

When you cried I'd wipe away all of your tears

When you'd scream I'd fight away all of your fears

And I held your hand through all of these years

But you still have all of me

 

I've tried so hard to tell myself that you're gone

But though you're still with me

I've been alone all along

 

When you cried I'd wipe away all of your tears

When you'd scream I'd fight away all of your fears

I held your hand through all of these years

But you still have all of me

 

 

 

Appendix 3

“Whisper”

Catch me as I fall

Say you're here and it's all over now

Speaking to the atmosphere

No one's here and I fall into myself

This truth drives me into madness

I know I can stop the pain if I will it all away

If I will it all away

 

Don't turn away

(Don't give in to the pain)

Don't try to hide

(Though they're screaming your name)

Don't close your eyes

(God knows what lies behind them)

Don't turn out the light

(Never sleep, never die)

 

I'm frightened by what I see

But somehow I know that there's much more to come

Immobilized by my fear

And soon to be blinded by tears

I can stop the pain if I will it all away

If I will it all away

 

Don't turn away

(Don't give in to the pain)

Don't try to hide

(Though they're screaming your name)

Don't close your eyes

(God knows what lies behind them)

Don't turn out the light

(Never sleep, never die)

 

Fallen angels at my feet

Whispered voices at my ear

Death before my eyes

Lying next to me I fear

She beckons me, shall I give in

Upon my end shall I begin

Forsaking all I've fallen for

I rise to meet the end

 

Don't turn away

(Don't give in to the pain)

Don't try to hide

(Though they're screaming your name)

Don't close your eyes

(God knows what lies behind them)

Don't turn out the light

(Never sleep, never die)