Ways of expressing future action based on the novel “The Picture of Dorian Gray” by Oscar Wilde
Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine
Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatyuk National Pedagogical University
English Philology Department
Ways of expressing future action
based on the novel “The Picture of Dorian Gray” by Oscar Wilde
Course Paper
by the 3rd year student
group EPh-33
Antonovych Tatyana
Scientific Supervisor
Khrushch L.M.
Ternopil-2010
CONTENTS
Introduction………………………………………………
Chapter1.Means of expressing future action……………………………………....4
1.1. The Future Simple………………………………………………………...
1.2. The Future Continuous……………………………………………………
1.3. The Simple Future Perfect verb tense………………………………………...13
1.4. Future Perfect Continuous Verb Tense ……………………………………....16
Chapter 2.Peculiarities of the ways of expressing past action in the novel “The Picture of Dorian Gray” by Oscar Wilde ……………………………………..….18
2.1. The use of Future Simple in “The Picture of Dorian Gray” by Oscar Wilde…19
2.2. The use of Future Continuous in " The Picture of Dorian Gray"…………….20
2.3. The Simple Future Perfect verb tense in the work……………………………22
2.4. The Future Perfect Continuous Verb Tense in the work of Oscar Wilde " The Picture of Dorian Gray"…………………………………………………………...
Conclusions…………………………………………………
References……………………………………………………
INTRODUCTION
Our course paper deals with the ways of expressing future action. We analyze the basic aspects of the expressing future action in the novel “The Picture of Dorian Gray” by Oscar Wilde. It is important to understand how essential the usage of future action is in the English language.
The purpose of our course paper is to study the means of expressing future action in a sentence.
In our course paper the following tasks have been put:
- to give the definition of future action;
- to study future tenses and the usage;
- to define the peculiarities of future tenses;
- to analyze the ways of expressing future action in the novel “The Picture of Dorian Gray” by Oscar Wilde
The object of our investigation is the process of analysis of the ways of expressing future action.
The subject of our course paper is to identify the peculiarities of the ways of expressing future action in the novel “The Picture of Dorian Gray”
Our course paper consists of Introduction, Chapter 1, Chapter 2, Conclusions and References.
In the Introduction we define main tasks of the investigation, the subject and the object of our course paper, description of the structure of our course paper.
Chapter 1 reveals general information about future action and means of its expressing.
In Chapter 2 we analyze Jean Hegland’s novel “Into the Forest” in order to show the peculiarities of the expressing of future action in the sentence.
Conclusions generalize the results of our investigation. References contain the list of literature used in our research work.
Chapter 1. Means of expressing future action
The future tense is a verb form that marks the event described by the verb as not having happened yet, but expected to happen in the future, or to happen subsequent to some other event, whether that is past, present, or future .
1.1. The Future Simple
Among all future tenses, the Future Simple is the most common. It is used in many situations such as when making promises or predictions. The future can be indicated in several different ways in English. It is often created with the use of auxiliaries: "She will be a student.", "She is going to drive a new car."
English can even create the future by using the simple present (used for timetables, programs etc.), "The train arrives at 10pm" or the present progressive (used for future plans), "He is collecting his mother from the station tonight."
The structure of the future simple verb tense:
Subject + Auxiliary Verb + Main Verb
How to build sentences using the future simple verb tense.
For questions the auxiliary verb "will" comes before the subject.
a) The auxiliary verb "will" is used with the future simple verb tense. The base form of the main verb is always used.
Positive Sentences:
Examples:
I will be at school to today.
They will go to the doctor tomorrow.
My dog will come home this evening.
Your coffee will be cold if you don't drink it.
The girls will be home at ten.
b) For negative sentences "not" is added between the auxiliary verb "will" and the main verb.
Negative Sentences:
Examples:
I will not be at school to today.
They will not go to the doctor tomorrow.
My dog will not come home this evening.
Your coffee will not be hot if you don't drink it.
The girls will not be home at ten o'clock.
c) For questions the auxiliary verb "will" comes before the subject.
Questions:
Examples:
Will I have time to go to the store?
Will you be home next week?
Will your friends help you clean your room latter?
Will there be hot water when I come home tonight?
Will someone buy some milk and cheese?
Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.[11,112]
Form Will
[will + verb]
Examples:
You will help him later.
Will you help him later?
You will not help him later.
Use 1: "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action
"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will" when we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something.
Examples:
I will send you the information when I get it.
I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.
Will you help me move this heavy table?
Will you make dinner?
I will not do your homework for you.
I won't do all the housework myself!
A: I'm really hungry.
B: I'll make some sandwiches.
A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep.
B: I'll get you some coffee.
A: The phone is ringing.
B: I'll get it. [11,124]
Use 2: "Will" to Express a Promise
"Will" is usually used in promises.
Examples:
I will call you when I arrive.
If I am elected President of the United States, I will make sure everyone has access to inexpensive health insurance.
I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.
Don't worry, I'll be careful.
I won't tell anyone your secret.[11,128]
Form Be Going To
[am/is/are + going to + verb]
Examples:
You are going to meet Jane tonight.
Are you going to meet Jane tonight?
You are not going to meet Jane tonight.
Use 1: "Be going to"
The structure of the simple future verb tense "going to"
Subject + Auxiliary Verb + Main Verb
How to build sentences using the future simple verb tense "going to":
d) The auxiliary tense "to be" is used with the future simple verb tense "going to".
The base form of the main verb is always "going to".
Positive Sentence:
Examples:
I am going to be at school to today.
They are going to the doctor tomorrow.
My dog is going to come home this evening.
Your coffee is going be cold if you don't drink it.
The girls are going to be home at ten o'clock.
e) For negative sentences "not" is added between the auxiliary verb "to be" and the main verb "going to".
Negative Sentences:
Examples:
I am not going to be at school to today.
They are not going to the doctor tomorrow.
My dog is not going to come home this evening.
The girls are not going to be home at ten o'clock.
f) For questions the auxiliary tense "to be" comes before the subject.
Questions:
Examples:
Am I going to the hospital next week?
Are you going to be home next week?
Are your friends going to help you clean your room latter?
Is there going to be hot water when I come home tonight?
Is someone going to buy some milk and cheese? [15,87]
Expression:
"Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the idea that a person intends to do something in the future. It does not matter whether the plan is realistic or not.
Examples:
He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii.
She is not going to spend her vacation in Hawaii.
A: When are we going to meet each other tonight?
B: We are going to meet at 6 PM.
I'm going to be an actor when I grow up.
Michelle is going to begin medical school next year.
They are going to drive all the way to Alaska.
Who are you going to invite to the party?
A: Who is going to make John's birthday cake?
B: Sue is going to make John's birthday cake.
USE 4 "Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Prediction
g) Both "will" and "be going to" can express the idea of a general prediction about the future. Predictions are guesses about what might happen in the future. In "prediction" sentences, the subject usually has little control over the future and therefore USES 1-3 do not apply. In the following examples, there is no difference in meaning.
Examples:
The year 2222 will be a very interesting year.
The year 2222 is going to be a very interesting year.
John Smith will be the next President.
John Smith is going to be the next President.
The movie "Zenith" will win several Academy Awards.
The movie "Zenith" is going to win several Academy Awards.
In the Simple Future, it is not always clear which USE the speaker has in mind. Often, there is more than one way to interpret a sentence's meaning.[18,67-68]
h) No Future in Time Clauses
Like all future forms, the Simple Future cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Simple Future, Simple Present is used.
Examples:
When you will arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Not Correct
When you arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Correct [6,45]
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
You will never help him.
Will you ever help him?
You are never going to meet Jane.
Are you ever going to meet Jane?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
John will finish the work by 5:00 PM. Active
The work will be finished by 5:00 PM. Passive
Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight. Active
A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight. Passive [13,70-72]
i) The future simple verb tense "going to" is also used in the following situations:
Planned Events - When a future event that has been planned before the time of speaking.
I am going to Mexico in a few days.
We are not going to work next week.
They are going to university next year.
Predictions - To make a future prediction based on facts.
There is going to be a really big storm in a few hours.
The test next week is going to be really hard.
The puppies are cute. I am sure someone is going to adapt them.
Intentions - To state the something that is intended to take place in the future, in informal conversations.
I am going to be a rich person someday.
We are going to pass the test.
The puppies are going to make a big mess in house. [16,55-56]
1.2. The Future Continuous is used to indicate action which will be taking place at some time in the future. And it is not as common as other tenses, and it can some-times be replaced by simple future, present progressive or even simple present. The future continuous verb tense uses 3 kinds of verbs, 2 auxiliary verbs and 1 main verb.
a) In English, the auxiliary verb "to be" does not change to the subject.
The auxiliary verb "will" always stays in the base form.
The -ing is added to the main verb is added to the end of the base form of the main verb.
Positive Sentences:
Examples:
I will be at that party on Monday night.
You will be working for the next few days.
The children will be starting school next week.
My mother will be coming to the States next month.
The storm will be coming soon.
b) Negative sentences are formed by adding "not" between the auxiliary verb "will" and the auxiliary verb "to be" and the main verb.
Negative Sentences:
Examples:
I will not be coming to work next week.
I will not be on vacationing in July.
You will not be singing in the concert on Tuesday.
The buses will not be running on Sunday, they are going on strike.
My sister will not be going to Paris this summer.
The wind will not be getting any stronger the storm is over.
c) For questions the order of the sentence is changed. The verb "to be" comes before, then the subject.
Questions:
Examples:
Will I be working this weekend?
Will you be singing at the wedding tonight?
Will we be sleeping in the hotel or at grandma's house?
Will the dog be coming with us on the trip?
Will you call us when you get home?
Will the snow be stopping today?
d) Present Continuous Verb Tense is used to state future events or actions when it is clearly stated or understood that the action or event is in the future.
Pre-arranged Plans -to describe planes that have be arranged before the time of speaking.
We are traveling to Europe in a few weeks.
The girls taking the S.A.T. next week. [14,85-88]
e) Informal Actions or Events - is used an informal actions or events
We are planning to watch T V. tonight.
The girls are singing on Friday night at the local club.
d) Personal Information - is used to for personal information
I am finishing my doctorate degree next year.
We are moving to a new house next week. [19,22-23]
Important that :
it is not used for official purposes
the subject of the sentence must be a person, not a thing
the present continuous tense can't be used to predict a future event or action, based on a present event or action.
static verbs are not used [22,43]
The future continuous verb tense is used to:
e) Emphasize - to emphasize an action or an event that will be in progress at sometime in the future.
Next week we will be asking in the mountains.
Tomorrow my parents are coming to visit out new house.
f) Events - for events or activity's that are planned for a future time.
g) Specific Time - the specific time of the future event or the future activity can be stated.
h) Approximate Time - the approximate time of the future event or the future activity can be stated. The time of an future event or the future activity doesn't have to be stated.
i) Unplanned Future Events - "Will" is used to state desire to do something. [24,56-58]
The difference between "will" to state desire and "will" used with the future continues tense:
"Will be" is used with the future continues tense.
"Will" used without "be" is used to state desire.
"Will" can also be used with the present continuous tense to state an unplanned event or action. When "will" is used with the present contentious tense "will" is followed by the verb + -ing.
j) The present continues tense with "going to" and the future continues tense can be used interchangeable.[15,38-39]
1.3 .The Simple Future Perfect verb tense expresses the idea that something will occur before another action in the future. It can also show that something will happen before a specific time in the future.
The structure of the simple future perfect verb tense:
Subject + Auxiliary Verb + Auxiliary Verb + Main Verb
Building sentences with the simple future perfect verb tense.
a) The future perfect verb tense uses 3 kinds of verbs, 2 auxiliary verbs and 1 main verb.
- The auxiliary verb "will" does not changes according to the subject.
- The auxiliary verb "have" always stays in the base form, and does not change form.
-The main verb uses the past participle form.
- Regular verbs -ed is add to the end of the verb's base form.
- Irregular verbs use the past participle.
Positive Sentences:
Examples:
On Sunday I have to work late. When I get home I will have eaten dinner.
The test is in a week from tomorrow, I hope you will have prepared for it.
Next week, we get our pay checks. We will have gotten paid, and we can go out to dinner.
Please deliver the package after 6 o'clock in the evening; I will have arrived home by then.
I will have taken all of my exams in a week from today. [27,76-78]
b) For negative sentences "not" is added between the auxiliary verb "Will" See chart.
Negative Sentences:
Examples:
On Tuesday I will leave at eight o'clock in the morning, but will not have gotten to work in time for the meeting.
My sister is coming to visit next week. I will not have moved into my new house by then.
Next year I will not have seen my brother for 2 years.
In I few weeks, the plants will not have grown enough to pick the fruit.
Next month, I will not have worked long enough to get the bonus check.
c) For questions the order of the sentence is changed. The auxiliary verb "will" comes first, then the subject. See chart.
Questions:
Examples:
Will I have worked here long enough to get a bonus check?
Will you have saved enough money to come see me next year?
Will the car have been fixed, by the time I come home from work?
Will the train have arrived, by the time the time I finish work?
Will the children have gone to sleep, when I call tonight? [21,45-47]
The future simple perfect verb tense is used:
d) The future simple perfect verb tense often used with "by" and "not", "for" and "until" to state that the action or event will be completed at time in the future.
e) The future simple perfect verb tense is used to state an action that occurs into the future until a later time in the future.
f) To state an event or action that will finish before an other action event in the future.
g) Rules for using the future simple perfect verb tense:
h) The future simple perfect verb tense is used for actions that are non continuous.
i) A specific time is usually stated or is understood.
It is common to use the future simple perfect verb tense to clarify the order of 2 future events. [13,34-35]
The future simple perfect verb tense can't be used with "time clauses" such as when, while, "by the time", soon, before, after, if, unless, until etc.
The future period of time if usually states :
next year
next week
next month etc.
the exact came can be stated
the approximate can be stated
Examples:
We will have worked at the school 25 years next week.
My brother will be tired when he gets here, because he will have fl owen 12 hours.
The students will have finished all their exams tomorrow. I sure they will be happy.[26,65-67]
1.4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense is used when you want to know or tell someone how long an action has been happening at a future point. The action started before that future point, and it will continue after the future point you speak about.
a) - The future perfect continuous verb tense uses 4 kinds of verbs, 3 auxiliary verbs and 1 main verb.
- The auxiliary verb "will" does not change according to the subject.
- The auxiliary verb "have" always stays in the base form.
- -ing is added to the base form of the main verb.
Positive Sentences:
Examples:
In ten minutes I will have been waiting 1 hour for the bus.
We have been working here for 10 years in June.
Robert will have been living in France for 1 year next month.
We will have been saving money for many years, by the time you need to go to college.
It will have been raining for a long time when the rain finally stops.[7,28-29]
b) For negative sentences "not" is added between the auxiliary verb "will" and the main verb.
Negative Sentences:
Examples:
I have not been waiting a long time.
The cookies have not been baking 5 minutes. It takes them time before they are done.
I have not been studying for many years; I guess it is time to go back to school.
We have not been living in this house for 2 weeks, and already the walls are dirty.
This car has not been working properly for the last few years, I think it is time to buy a new car.
c) For questions the order of the sentence is changed. The verb "will" comes first, then the subject.
Questions:
Examples:
Will I have been working here long enough to get an extra week vacation this summer?
Will we have been living in the states long enough to get citizenship next year?
Will the children have slept enough, if I wake them up when I come? [11,88-89]
The future perfect continuous verb tense is used to:
emphasize how long an event will be in progress at a future time
stress the the length of time of an event or action in the future
is used to state the results of an action or event in the future.
represent a continuous action that stated at some point, and continues into some point in the future
state that results of a future action, after an other future action. (2 actions that will take place in the future, one action takes place before, the 2nd action) [12,22-24]
Rules for using the future perfect continues verb tense:
The future period of time if usually states :
next year
next week
next month etc.
the exact came can be stated
the approximate can can be stated [5,78]
d) The period of time until the present point of time.
e) The future perfect continuous verb tense is usually not used with static verbs.
f) The future perfect continuous verb tense is also called the future perfect progressive tense.
g)The future perfect continuous verb tense can't be used with "time clauses" such as when, while, "by the time", soon, before, after, if, unless, until etc.
Examples:
In the fall I will have been studying here for 2 years.
My son will have been in teaching for 10 years next month.
The teacher will have been teaching my children for 5 years next month.
The dogs will have been playing for 3 hours in 10 minutes.
Tammy will be very tired when she comes home, because she will have been flying over 24 hours. [8,85-86]
We have analyzed that there are various means of expressing the idea of futurity in English; among them, future tense simple indicates only that the action takes place in the future, but it does not indicate if in the near future or later. Be going to future is used to express a future action close to the speaking moment or a future action which will take place because of a present intention.
Chapter 2.Peculiarities of the ways of expressing past action in the novel “The Picture of Dorian Gray” by Oscar Wilde
We shall analyze “The Picture of Dorian Gray” by Oscar Wilde and investigate the phenomena of the expressing the future action in different ways in this work. There many rules of the use of future tenses in our theoretical part and we try to follow them and research the practical equivalent.
Our practical part consists of four units that contain the examples of using the future tenses including their peculiarities.
2.1. The use of Future Simple in “The Picture of Dorian Gray” by Oscar Wilde.
1. a)” I know you will laugh at me," he replied, "but I really can't exhibit it. I have put too much of myself into it." [25, 13]
b) "Well, I will tell you what it is. I want you to explain to me why you won't exhibit Dorian Gray's picture. I want the real reason." [25, 15]
c) "I will tell you," said Hallward; but an expression of perplexity came over his face… . [25, 28]
d) Indeed, the probabilities are that the more insincere the man is, the more purely intellectual will the idea be, as in that case it will not be colored by either his wants, his desires, or his prejudices. [25, 135]
2) a) Gray will some day come to me. [25, 116]
b) "Oh, there is really very little to tell, Harry, "answered the painter; "and I am afraid you will hardly understand it. Perhaps you will hardly believe it." [25,146]
c) Nowadays a broken heart will run to many editions.[25, 212]
d) "Some day you will look at your friend, and he will seem to you to be a little out of drawing, or you won't like his tone of color, or something. You will bitterly reproach him in your own heart, and seriously think that he has behaved very badly to you. The next time he calls, you will be perfectly cold and indifferent. It will be a great pity, for it will alter you. "Harry, don't talk like that. As long as I live, the personality of Dorian Gray will dominate me. You can't feel what I feel. You change too often." [25, 123]
3) a) The reason I will not exhibit this picture is that I am afraid that I have shown in it the secret of my own soul." [10, 24]
b) But the world might guess it, and I will not bare my soul to their shallow prying eyes. [25, 8]
c) "No, I won't send it anywhere.". [25, 9]
d) My elder brother won't die, and my younger brothers seem never to do anything else." [25, 12]
e) I won't tell you that I am dissatisfied with what I have done of him, or that his beauty is such that art cannot express it. [25, 45]
f) Ah! when you have lost it you won't smile. [25, 5]
g) “"He won't like you the better for keeping your promises. [25, 95]
4) a) "I hope he will fall into proper hands," continued the old man. [25, 114]
b) I fancy that the boy will be well off. [25, 156]
c) You will complete it," answered the old gentleman with a courteous bow. [25,128]
d) "No one has. People will some day, however. She is a genius." [25, 115]
5) a) "Then why won't you exhibit his portrait?", asked Lord Henry. [25, 33]
b) Then you shall come; and you will come, too, Basil, won't you? [25, 166]
c) "You will have tea, of course, Dorian? And so will you, Harry? [25, 95]
d) Do let me. And you will promise to talk to me all the time? [25, 96]
We can summarize that in most cases the Future Simple is used to express an action that is not having happened yet, but expected to happen in the future, or to happen subsequent to some other event, whether that is past, present, or future. The author very often uses the negative form of the Future Simple tense. Still there are situations where the author use Future Simple to express the idea of a general prediction about the future.
2.2. The use of Future Continuous in " The Picture of Dorian Gray"
The author used Future continuous to state future events or actions when it is clearly stated or understood that the action or event is in the future. This can be proved by the fallowing examples from the novel:
1) a) The next time he calls, you will be perfectly cold and indifferent.” [25, 63]
b) But we will be talking of what has happened. [25, 167]
c) “I will be waiting right here for you”, he said[25, 172]
d) We will be sitting opposite each other at the table by the window, eating canned beets and shreds of boiled macaroni by the day’s last grey light. [25, 106]
2) a) None of the chaps will be speaking to me tomorrow". [25, 119]
b) I don't know if he will be coming to us, Harry. He want to live in Monte
Carlo with his father." [25, 88]
c) I will taking your place. [25, 93]
d) After the breakfast we will doing our chores − chopping wood, cleaning, or adding to the inventory we are making of what we own. [25, 45]
3) a) No, I will not coming down," he said, struggling to his feet. [25, 89]
b) I dare say it I will be looking better after lunch, when we get to new ground. [25, 58]
c) A woman will be flirting with anybody in the world as long as other people are looking on." [25, 136]
d) You will excusing me every time I’ll ask you? [25, 22]
4) a) I will not parting with a petal. [25, 160]
b) Well, having met you ,and loved you, will teaching her to despise her husband, and she will watching you all the time . [25, 110]
c) Browning writes about that somewhere; but our own senses will imagining
them for us. [35, 75]
d) When she acts, you will forgetting everything. [25, 127]
5) a) Then the curtain rises, and you will be seeing the girl to whom I am going to give all my life, to whom I have given everything that is good in me." [25, 85]
b) We will smoking cigarettes and drinking to the beauty of Sibyl Vane.
She is beautiful. What more can you want? [25, 56]
c) But I will be trying to do all I can for that. [25, 171]
d) I will be working so hard and trying to improve. Don't be cruel to me, because I love you better than anything in the world. [25, 143]
So we can come to conclusion that Oscar Wilde used Future Continuous to indicate action which will be taking place at some time in the future. And also the author used a lot of questions with Future Continuous constructions.
2.3. The Simple Future Perfect verb tense in the work.
Oscar Wilde is used this tense to express an idea that something will occur before another action in the future. He also show that something will happen before a specific time in the future.
1) a)” I hope you will have contented, James, with your sea-faring life”,
she said.[25, 153]
b) I suppose she will have married some day to a rough carter
or a grinning ploughman. [25, 86]
c) I am going to ride at eleven. We might go together, and I will have taken you to lunch afterwards with Lady Branksome. [25, 118]
d) By the next Saturday, I will have persuaded myself so that I will have imagined the whole thing. [25, 68]
e) "Yes; I don't suppose you will have objected to that. [25, 126]
f) I will have come and will have drunken tea with you. That will be just as pleasant.[25, 212]
g) Come in, or the fog will have got into the house. [25, 208]
2) a) You will not have prated, about it so tediously. [25, 65]
b) You will not have had to read long. [25, 76]
c) The prayer of your repentance will have been answered also. [25, 179]
d) Though your sins be as scarlet, yet I will have made them as white
as snow'? [25, 123]
e) That will be done, Francis. Don't forget to call me at nine to-morrow. [25, 47]
3) a) This one will have to interested you. [23, 87]
b) You have made experiments. What you have got to do is to destroy the thing that is upstairs--to destroy it so that not a vestige of it will be left. [25, 121]
c) He will not have missed for months. [25, 114]
d) His voice will have lost its edge, so the room is flat and quiet. [25, 33]
4) a) I will have had nothing to do with this matter, whatever it is. [25, 112]
b) How long will your experiment have taken, Alan?" [25, 63]
c) You will never have married, Lady Narborough," broke in Lord Henry.[25,133]
d) If we have enough of them, they will have understood everything,
even our intellects. [25, 137]
e) You will have written to me if you want anything, won't you?" said Dorian,
after a pause. [25, 96]
f) Well, I will have told you what it is. [25, 68]
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