Foreign investments in Russian economy
Foreign investments in Russian economy
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Introduction
1. Strategy of foreign capital regulation in Russia
2. Russia and foreign capital
2.1 Russian position in the world market of investments
2.2 Foreign capital in modern Russia
3. Problems of foreign investments attraction in Russia
Conclusion
References
Introduction
During last two decades we can observe increasing growth of foreign direct investment activity.
Every country tries to attract foreign capital and obtain direct and indirect advantages from foreign investment. Nowadays foreign investments play one of the main roles in the direction of global development. That is why the subject of this paper is the international capital flows.
General Purpose: to explore some theoretical basis of foreign investments and to analyze problems of Russian market development. To reach this objective it is required to cover certain points:
- Ρo give a general characteristic of management strategy of the foreign investments in Russia;
- Ρo point out Russia's position in the world market of investments;
- Ρo explore the problems of attraction of foreign investments into the Russian Federation.
The topic of this research can be identified as foreign capital in Russia.
1. Management strategy of the foreign investments in Russia
All developed countries are pursuing management of the foreign investments, for example restrictions for countries to access to strategic branches of public sector of economy, military-industrial establishment, and other important branches. First of all, restrictions are based on necessity to defense national producer and employment preservation. But also it is necessary to attract foreign investments in economically important directions.
Historical experience of the developed countries shows that foreign loans in adverse conditions can become the lever of political pressure and the reason of concessions in home market protection. Unlimited attraction of the foreign capital in the form of direct investments can have almost the same consequences for national economy.
In transitive economy, foreign capital can weaken some branches which earlier were perceived as quite healthy, when economy was in autarchy form. That's why globalization process looks as sovereignty loss in the opinion of considerable part of Russians.
That's why it is necessary to manage foreign investments especially in sphere of the state's strategic interests and priorities. However first of all it is necessary to specify: what is "strategic sphere" and "strategic regions» and by what criteria they are defined. And do we have standard-legal basis for restrictive regulation of the investments in our country?
For example aspect of relations with investments was not observed in recently accepted doctrine of the Russian Federation power safety; thought power resources import restrictions are included in the similar document in EU.
In the USSR concepts like "the strategic branch", "strategic region" were based on the military doctrine: it is that branch which backlog reduces military potential, and that region, easing of the control for which increases military threat. Threat was expected on all azimuths; and civil industries and regions social and economic level didn't enter into strategic parameters.
There is no such simple criterion for strategically importance in economy. Accordingly, there are no rules of equivocal foreign investment management.
This problem is actively discussed. From wide spectrum of opinions it is necessary to allocate polar positions.
The first position is based on thesis, that any formal restrictions shouldn't be brought in. It is proved that the Russian economy will get healthy only when it will become completely accessible to the foreign investments. According to scientists of liberal sense, it is recognized that our state has tools for protection of the interests, without any management of investments.
The second position was showed recently. Its supporters consider that during the reorganization Russia's economy was excessively opened for foreign investments, and urge to develop model of the state protectionism. They suggest to forbid the private foreign and national investments in sphere of state competence like defense, the law and order; to involve only domestic state (51 %) and private capitals in the major objects of transport infrastructure - railway and pipeline highways, federal highways; not to suppose foreigners in social branches - pension funds, education, medicine, the major objects of culture; to limit the foreign capital in branches in which owing to historical factors our world positions while are weak, for example: civil aircraft, communication, bank system. Also they say that due to poor development of land sales and inadequately low prices in the majority of regions it is necessary to enter interdiction for land purchase by foreigners.
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2. Russia and foreign investments
2.1 Russian position in the world market of investments
By generalizing criteria the investment legislation of Russia and the EU countries are almost similar. At the same time legislative fastening of conditions for foreign investments doesn't mean that the foreign capital operations in our country are not bound free. The main distinction here is that liberal economy of E.U. is in the mature phase, and Russia is at stage of its formation. World experience can be expressed in axiom: at stage of development state should play great role in economy. Focused on result approach to foreign investments that is better, than policy of non-interference that is proclaimed by liberal economists.
Apparently, requirements of the Russian investments restriction supporters correspond to economic behavior of developing country at "stage of accumulation of the capital" (K.Marx). However, the position of the liberals who proclaim desirability of the state non-interference is quite explainable: there is obviously expressed doubt that the state machinery is capable to regulate adequately something on microeconomic level and foreign investments especially.
It is known that the discontent of foreign investors with activity conditions in Russia is connected not with absence or laws rigidity but with randomness of their application. On the contrary foreign firms demand literal application of already available laws and this causes the offence of officials. Foreign partners and managers are involved in some corporations only because it strengthens protection against the unfair officials. It is indicative that representatives of all levels of the power also agree with this regrettable fact.
Modern developed countries experience shows the necessity to pursue consistent and partner policy of protection of the domestic private capital from absorption by the foreign capital.
The Russian specificity consists in fact that this business layer is not politically issued and its interests are consequently reflected in state policy only in form of declarations.
On the other hand, nostalgic dreams of foreign trade activities nationalization are quite explainable: in the country there were serious difficulties caused by avalanche expansion of business by people which are involved in the international business. This problem was raised from level of foreign business regulation to level of the state ideology.
Russia faces similar choice not for the first time. In genesis of the modern approach to foreign investments historical experience of the Russian empire of the end XIX the XX century is put.
S.U. Vitte is the sign person for modern economists-statesmen. He widely used exclusive economic force of the imperial power in the liberal purposes. In the end of 1890th years it has supported unlimited attraction of the foreign capital in Russian industry and railway business. It was named βmedicine against povertyβ.
Vitte's system promoted economy development: by 1900 Russia went on 1 place in the world on oil extraction, the network of railways grew North American speed.
However Vitte began to assert that the commercial policy problem in Russia is reduced to persevering and consecutive protective mode... Until this mode will prepare a strongly developed industry it would be possible able to sustain... Internal, and then external competition"
capital investment market policy
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2.2 Foreign capital in modern Russia
Foreign corporations operating in Russia prefer short-term financial investments and mainly invest in extracting and metallurgical branches. No more than 1,5 % of foreign investments are put in scientific and technological projects. Besides it during the real period:
- Average and small foreign capital was involved with high profitability and fast recoupment of separate projects in sphere of trade, building and services. In the opinion of investors, profits are much higher than risks;
- Investments from representatives of the Russian Diaspora in foreign countries. Offshore companies that illegally take out and legalize capital.
For reasons of national safety, strategic restrictions of the foreign capital in the defensive industry of Russia, are quite logical: the public sector of the domestic heavy industry demands protection against unfriendly absorption. On the contrary, preservation of the general technical backwardness will be expected consequence of isolation. According to some high-rank officers, traditional unreadiness of Russian (Soviet) army to any war in XIX-XX of centuries is the direct consequence of similar closeness.
Historically, Russian military-industrial complex has fixed basic patents and know-how in sphere of high technologies. That's why along with restriction of "external" influence of transnational corporations it is necessary to avoid "internal" pressure of military-industrial complex state enterprises towards broad understanding of "strategic restrictions", meaning to facilitate advancement on the world market of civil and double purpose domestic technologies.
Nowadays military-industrial complex has inexorable pressure on all branches and levels of the Russian economy.
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3. Problems of foreign investments attraction in Russia
Attraction of investments into real sector of economy is one of the economic policy main problems in Russia.
Foreign investors which operate in the Russian market can be divided into 3 groups:
investors which operate in enclave part of the general legal field of national managing treatment;
small and average commodity producers who possess the original production and services "know-how"
investors who are guided by reception of profit of speculative character
In Russia, it is necessary to attract the second type of investors. They will promote competition among manufacturers.
Measures focused on creation of attractive conditions for inflow of investments include 3 basic groups: base measures on creation of favorable investment climate; legal and administrative bases of foreign investors activity; specific stimulus for inflow of investments.
Strategic target of policy in sphere of foreign investments attraction is to provide favorable conditions for foreign investors to invest in Russian economy. The serious preparatory work on tax change, investment and corporate legislation which could promote intensification of investment process is needed for this purpose. The national treatment of economic activities that exists in Russia is extremely unattractive for the foreign companies. The national treatment principle in Russia should be complemented by system of privileges and guarantees for foreign investors.
Along with application of national treatment, realization of other foreign investments legal regulation principles is also necessary. First of all, it is the treatment of the most favored nation which is applied on purpose of discrimination in relation to investors from any countries.
Russian politics according to foreign investments should be characterized with high transparency.
Priorities of policy of attraction of foreign investments in Russia should be focused on several aspects:
- Financial incentives for kinds of activity which are important for economy of the Russian Federation, including export of competitive production and import of new technologies;
- Branch priorities: attraction of foreign investments (1) in hi-tech branches (information technology, the space and nuclear industry; (2) branches that have "bottlenecks" character in economy; and (3) branches that develop export - machine-tool construction for the wood, oil, gas industry, power, metallurgy.
- Priorities for some companies: it is inexpedient to stop stimulation of the large companies, but at the same time it is necessary to pay attention to the small and average foreign companies investments attraction
- country priorities: activisation of investment attraction process in Russia economy, demands country investments inflow sources diversification at the expense of economically developed countries, and the countries with dynamical emerging markets.
The investments policy should be focused on liquidation of formal restrictions and administrative barriers on the way of the foreign capital, on use of system of the guarantees focused on specificity of foreign investments and called to compensate negative consequences of the developed investment climate.
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Conclusion
Every country tries to attract foreign capital and obtain direct and indirect advantages of foreign investment. Today foreign investment plays one of the main roles in the direction of global development. Foreign investment plays an extraordinary and growing role in global business.
Russia has an enormous and underdeveloped endowment of natural resources, particularly in mineral resources and petroleum. There are high expectations for foreign investments to flow into resource development and related sectors. However, foreign inflows to Russia have tended to flow into not only the primary sector but also into the services sector. In general, foreign investments are more concentrated in the central regions of the Moscow, St. Petersburg and the Republic of Tatarstan than elsewhere.
There are some problems of investing in Russia. In Russia, government support of investment is very low. Bureaucracy in the Russian Federation is a very strong obstacle for investing. The legal environment for foreign investments in Russia has historically been characterized by the weak enforcement of laws and contracts. Also our country has many restrictions on investing (for example investing in strategic branches).
Russia has recently considerably enhanced its position as a foreign investments destination. It is very important for our country. Foreign investments are one of the major foundations for economic growth of Russia.
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ΠΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ Π²Β ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΒ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ
ΠΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
1. Π‘ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΒ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΒ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π°Β Π²Β Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ
2. Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΒ ΠΈΒ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉΒ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»
2,1 ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈΒ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈΒ Π½Π°Β ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌΒ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ΅Β ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ
2,2 ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π°Β Π²Β ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉΒ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ
3. ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡΒ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ
ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Β ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΉΒ Π²Β
ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
Π‘ΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠΈ
ΠΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
ΠΠ°Β ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β Π΄Π²Π°Β Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅ΡΠΈΡΒ ΠΌΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΠΌΒ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΒ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Β ΠΏΡΡΠΌΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ Β ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ.
ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΒ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π° ΠΏΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉΒ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Β ΠΈΒ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΈΒ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅Β Π²ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ Β ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΒ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅Β Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΒ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅Β ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ ΠΈΠ· Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΡΡ Β ΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉΒ Π²Β Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈΒ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ. ΠΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡΒ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌΒ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΌΒ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π°.
ΠΠ±ΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ: ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠΈΡΡΒ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅Β ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ Β ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΒ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΒ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ»ΡΒ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±ΡΒ ΠΎΡ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ½ΠΊΡΡ:
- Π’oΒ Π΄Π°ΡΡΒ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΒ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΒ
ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΈΒ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ
- Π’oΒ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΒ Π½Π°Β ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β
Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈΒ Π½Π°Β ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌΒ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ΅Β
- Π’oΒ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΒ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡΒ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
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Π’Π΅ΠΌΠ°Β Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡΒ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΒ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π° Π²Β Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ.
1. Π‘ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΒ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ
ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Β ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΉΒ Π²Β
ΠΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡ
ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ,
Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ Π΄Π»ΡΒ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ°Β
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Β ΠΊΒ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»ΡΠΌ
Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°Β ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ,
Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ
ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉΒ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Β ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎΒ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅Β
Π·Π°ΠΉΠΌΡΒ Π²Β Π½Π΅Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
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Π ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ΅, ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉΒ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Β ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΒ ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π±ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Β ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Β ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π΅Β Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΒ Π²ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ , ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π°Β ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ°Β Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π²Β Π°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅. ΠΠΎΡΒ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΒ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΠ³Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΒ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΒ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ½.
ΠΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΒ
ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅Β ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π²Β
ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Β ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²Β
Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π°Β ΠΈΒ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ
Π²Β ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΒ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ:
ΡΡΠΎΒ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ "ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅"
ΠΈ "ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΡΒ» ΠΈΒ ΠΏΠΎ
ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌΒ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΌΒ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΒ
ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΒ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉΒ ΡΒ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡΒ Π²Β Π½Π΅Π΄Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΒ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π ΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉΒ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ; ΠΌΡΡΠ»ΠΈΒ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Β ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ² Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²Β Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΒ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅Β Π²Β ΠΠ‘.
Π ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠΈΒ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ "ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅
ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈ", "ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½"
Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉΒ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΈΠ½Ρ:
ΡΡΠΎΒ ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΒ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°ΡΒ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΒ
ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉΒ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π», ΠΈΒ
ΡΡΠΎΒ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½, ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π·Π°
ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉΒ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΒ Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡΒ
ΡΠ³ΡΠΎΠ·Ρ. Π£Π³ΡΠΎΠ·Π° ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡΒ ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π°Π·ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ°ΠΌ
ΠΈΒ Π³ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅Β ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈΒ
Π‘ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ΡΒ Π½Π΅ΡΒ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉΒ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉΒ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Β ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ΅. Π‘ΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ, Π½Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ Β ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» Π΄Π²ΡΡΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉΒ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ Β ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ.
ΠΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ° Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΒ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ. ΠΠ· ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Β ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ.
ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°ΡΒ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΡΒ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎΒ Π»ΡΠ±ΡΠ΅Β ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π΄ΡΠΉΠΌΠ°Β Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΒ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ°Β Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΒ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ³Π΄Π°, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π°Β ΠΎΠ½Π°Β ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡΒ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΠΌΒ Π΄Π»ΡΒ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ Β ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΒ ΡΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅, ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΒ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎΒ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΒ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅ΡΒ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΒ Π΄Π»ΡΒ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ Β ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ², Π±Π΅Π·Β Π²ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ.
ΠΡΠΎΡΠ°ΡΒ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΡΒ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ
Π²Β ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π΅Β Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ. ΠΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ
ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎΒ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΒ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈΒ
ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈΒ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΡΡΠ΅Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΒ
ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΠ»Π°ΡΡΒ Π΄Π»ΡΒ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Β
Β
2. Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΒ ΠΈΒ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅Β ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ
2,1 ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈΒ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈΒ Π½Π°Β ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌΒ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ΅Β ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ
ΠΠΎΒ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΌΒ
ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ
Π‘ΡΠ΄ΡΒ ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Β
ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΒ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅Β
ΠΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΒ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ Β ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΒ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²Β Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΎΒ Π½Π΅ ΡΒ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΒ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΒ ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ², Π½ΠΎ ΡΒ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΒ ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ², ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅Β ΡΠΈΡΠΌΡΒ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΡΡΒ Π±ΡΠΊΠ²Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΆΠ΅Β ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΒ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ², ΠΈΒ ΡΡΠΎΒ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊΒ ΡΠΎΠΌΡ, ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ Β Π»ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅Β ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ½Π΅ΡΡ ΠΈΒ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡ, ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅Β Π²Β Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Β ΠΊΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ, ΡΡΠΎΒ ΠΎΠ½Π°Β ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΒ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΡ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ². ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΒ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΒ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΉΒ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅Β ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ½Ρ ΡΒ ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ±Π½ΡΠΉΒ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡ.
Π‘ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Β
ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ΡΒ ΠΎΒ
Π ΡΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Β ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΒ Π²Β ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎΒ ΡΡΠ°Β Π±ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Ρ-ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΒ Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΒ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡ, ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β Π²Β Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉΒ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π²Β Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ.
Π‘ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ, Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅Β ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΒ ΠΎΒ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉΒ ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΎ: Π²Β ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΒ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π½ΡΠ΅Β ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅Β Π»Π°Π²ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅ΡΠ°, Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Β ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΒ Π²Β ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌΒ Π±ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅. ΠΡΠ°Β ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ° Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡΠ°Β ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ Π²Π°Π»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΒ Π±ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Β Π΄ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉΒ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ.
Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΒ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΒ
ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠΌ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΒ Π½Π΅ Π²Β ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·.
ΠΒ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π°Β
ΠΊΒ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΒ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΌΒ
S.U. ΠΠΈΡΡΠ΅Β ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΒ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΌΒ
ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°Β Π΄Π»ΡΒ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Β
Π‘ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΠΈΡΡΠ΅Β ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π°
ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ: ΠΊ 1900 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ Π²ΡΡΠ»Π°Β
Π½Π° 1 ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΒ Π²Β ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΈ,
ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³Β Π²ΡΡΠΎΡΠ»Π°Β
ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΒ ΠΠΈΡΡΠ΅Β ΡΡΠ°Π» ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎΒ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π²Β Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΊΒ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΉΒ ΠΈΒ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ΅ ... ΠΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ° Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΒ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡΒ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΒ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π±Ρ Π²Β ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈΒ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ... ΠΠ½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π°Β Π·Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΒ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΒ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ "
ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π²Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ΅
Β
2,2 ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π°Β Π²Β ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉΒ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ
ΠΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π²Β Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Β ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΒ Π²Β ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΒ Π²Β Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡ ΠΈΒ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΉ. ΠΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 1,5% ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ Β ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π²Β Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Β ΠΈΒ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅Β ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Β ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΎΠ½ Π²Β ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π°:
- Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β ΠΈΒ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ΅Β ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ
ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π°Β Π±ΡΠ»Β ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Β ΡΒ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉΒ
ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π±Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΒ ΠΈΒ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΒ
- ΠΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΈΒ ΠΈΠ·Β ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉΒ
ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉΒ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΒ Π²Β Π·Π°ΡΡΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
Β
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Ρ
.Β ΠΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Β ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Β
Π½Π΅Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΒ Π²ΡΠ²Π΅Π·ΡΠΈΒ ΠΈΒ
ΠΠΎΒ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π° Π²Β ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉΒ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ: Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉΒ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉΒ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΉΒ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΒ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΡ Π½Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ², ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΉΒ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉΒ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΒ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΎ ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Β Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ (ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ) Π°ΡΠΌΠΈΠΈΒ Π²Β Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉΒ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Π΅Β Π² XIX-XX Π²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²Β ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΡΠΌ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΡΠΈ.
ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎΒ
ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΒ Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ
Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅Β Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΒ Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ-
Β
3. ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡΒ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ
ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Β ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΉΒ Π²Β
ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ Π²Β ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈΒ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌΒ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉΒ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ Π²Β Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ.
ΠΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΡ, ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π²Β ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΒ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ΅, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΒ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡΒ Π½Π° 3 Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ:
ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Β ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ Π²Β Π°Π½ΠΊΠ»Π°Π²Π΅Β ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΒ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ;
ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΡ
ΠΈΒ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ
Β
ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Β ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡΒ
Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠ»ΠΈΒ
Π Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΡ ΠΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΠΏΒ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ½ΠΈΒ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΒ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈΒ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΒ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ.
ΠΠ΅ΡΡ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Β ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉΒ Π΄Π»ΡΒ
ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠ°Β ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ 3 ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ: Π±Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅Β ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠ°; ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅
ΠΈΒ Π°Π΄ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Β ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²; ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅
ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΡΒ Π΄Π»ΡΒ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠ°Β
Π‘ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉΒ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΒ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π²Β ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Β ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ
ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Β ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅
Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Β ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉΒ Π΄Π»ΡΒ
ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ΄ΡΒ ΡΒ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΒ
Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ°, ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β
Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Β ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΡ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΒ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅Β
Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡΠΌ. ΠΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΒ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β
Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°ΡΒ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΒ ΡΒ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΒ
Π ΡΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΒ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΌΒ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΡΡΡ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡΒ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉΒ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ.
ΠΡΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΒ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ Β ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ Π²Β Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΒ Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°Ρ :
- Π€ΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅Β ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΡΒ Π΄Π»ΡΒ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Β Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Β ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΒ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ΅Β Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β Π΄Π»ΡΒ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈΒ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ, Π²Β ΡΠΎΠΌΒ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Β ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΒ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠΉΒ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈΒ ΠΈΒ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Β Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ Β ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ;
- Π€ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ°Π»Β ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡ: ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β
ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Β ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ (1) Π²Β ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Ρ-Tech
ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈΒ (ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅Β
- ΠΡΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΒ Π΄Π»ΡΒ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
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ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ: ΡΡΠΎΒ Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎ,Β ΡΡΠΎΠ±ΡΒ
ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡΒ ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β
- Π‘ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅Β ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡ: Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΒ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Β ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ
ΠΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΉΒ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° Π±ΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π° ββΠ½Π° Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π°Π΄ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ Π±Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΠΏΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π°, Π½Π° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π³Π°ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π²Π°Π», ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠ°.
ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΒ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π° ΠΏΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉΒ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Β ΠΈΒ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΈΒ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅Β ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ Β ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ. Π‘Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΒ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅Β ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ ΠΈΠ· Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΡΡ Β ΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉΒ Π²Β Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈΒ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ. ΠΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅Β ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΈΒ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π²Β ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌΒ Π±ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅.
Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΒ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΒ ΡΠ»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΡΡ Β Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ Β ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ², Π²Β ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π²Β ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈΒ ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Β ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΒ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΈ. ΠΡΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ΅Β Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΒ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅Β ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π²Β ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ°Β ΠΈΒ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ Β ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΉ. Π’Π΅ΠΌΒ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅, ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Β Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΒ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, ΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π²Β ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ΅, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΒ Π²Β ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Β ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³. ΠΒ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅Β ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅Β ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π²Β ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Β ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ Β ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ²Ρ, Π‘Π°Π½ΠΊΡ-ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ±ΡΡΠ³Π° ΠΈΒ Π Π΅ΡΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π’Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Π½, ΡΠ΅ΠΌΒ Π²Β Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Ρ .
ΠΡΡΡΒ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Β ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ
ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Β Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΒ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ
Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Π°ΡΒ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠ°Β
Π ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π΅Β Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΒ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΒ ΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈΒ Π²Β ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉΒ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΎΒ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΒ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΒ Π΄Π»ΡΒ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΉΒ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ. ΠΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅Β ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉΒ ΠΈΠ· Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΡΡ Β ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Β Π΄Π»ΡΒ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Β Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ.
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Foreign investments in Russian economy to reach $100 billion next year
The economy of present-day Russia can be described as highly differentiated and complicated. The Russian administration is trying to balance between a variety of economic trends, giving world news agencies and foreign observers an opportunity to express their own interpretation of the current state of economic affairs in Russia. Nevertheless, no one doubts that the government controls and affects the nation's economy.
Economic changes in the country and the improving living standard can be seen clearly. US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice said in one of her recent interviews that a lot of things had changed for the better in Russia over the recent several years. Ms. Rice noted that queues in Russian furniture stores prove the increasing purchasing capacity of the population and the expansion of the Russian middle class. On the other hand, Condoleezza Rice pointed out the considerable life quality difference between Russian cities, where the middle class was being formed, and villages, where the majority of people still live below the poverty line. It is noteworthy that the USA had a similar experience in the 1920s and 1930s, when industrial capital was developing in the States. The economic phenomenon of that period was reflected in classic American literature. The Russian government has been trying to smooth out negative consequences in the development of large industrial centers, introducing special programs for the support of provincial towns.
The outflow of capital, which Western specialists probably view as negative, is another typical trend of the present-day Russian economy. About 100 billion dollars haven flown out of Russia over the recent four years, which became a record level achieved since 1997, Fitch agency said. The agency believes that such an impressive number testifies to the hostile investment climate, which was particularly ruined by the Yukos case. However, investments in the Russian economy have been growing as well, although at a much slower pace. It would be logic to surmise that the Russian economy absorbs the money, which it can process at the moment, pushing excessive funds abroad. In addition, the government does not tend to keep the money in the country, but supports their export, the director of the Expert Institute, Andrey Nashchadin said. The practice is used to weaken the inflation pressure. The Russian government plans to liberalize the currency legislation in 2006 instead of impeding the capital outflow.
The Yukos case has definitely affected the Russian economy, although it did not became the key factor in determining the investment climate in Russia. Russian Minister for Finances, Aleksei Kudrin, believes that foreign investments in Russia might reach 100 billion dollars in 2005. There is nothing strange about the careful approach of the Russian government to large-scale investments in economic projects. Furthermore, Russian enterprises can afford saving debts to modernize their production, taking into consideration the increased gold and forex reserves. The foreign debt of the USA has been growing during the recent several years. The national wealth of the USA, however, has been growing a lot faster in comparison with the foreign debt, which saves the USA from default.
Nevertheless, Russia has a lot of economic problems to deal with nowadays. They are mainly connected with the weak process of the economic diversification. Russia presumably exports raw materials. Minister Kudrin said that the 5.8-percent economic growth was a stable forecast, although Kudrin added that a higher level of progress could be achieved too. It is noteworthy that last year's growth was registered on the level of 7.1 percent. There are certain problems with the recreation of the transparent economic capital. Spokespeople for the Russian Office of the Prosecutor General say, however, that the department is currently targeting other prominent Russian businessmen. According to Minister for Finances, Aleksey Kudrin, a lesser interference of this agency in the economy may speed up the economic development. To crown it all, Russia stands on the verge of important economic changes, such as the WTO membership and the completion of a series of reforms. Unlike several smaller states, which are incapable of affecting their macroeconomic indexes, the Russian economy depends on the government's decisions and will. Russia has all opportunities to slow down the progress of one economic field, focus attention on another one and accomplish necessary goals.
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ΠΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ Π²Β ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΒ Π΄ΠΎ $100 ΠΌΠ»ΡΠ΄. Π²Β ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΒ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ

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