Mother - Adult Daughter Relationships Within Dementia Care
Mother - Adult Daughter Relationships
Within Dementia Care: A Critical AnalysisΒ
Catherine Ward-Griffin, RN,
PhD, Abram Oudshoorn, RN, BScN, Kristie Clark, RN, MScN, Nancy Bol,
RN, MScN, University of Western OntarioΒ
Back to Main PageΒ
This article is a shortened version of a paper published in the Journal of Family Nursing (2007), 13, 13-32. The authors gratefully acknowledge support from the Marian and Chester Fish Research Grant from the Alzheimerβs Society of London and Middlesex, Ontario, Canada.
Background and Significance Β
Caregiving is relational, and
cannot be separated from peopleβs experiences of each other in the
past, present, or even the anticipated future (Poirer & Ayres; 2002).
Moreover, family caregiving takes place within a historical context
since bonds of affection and reciprocity that sustain caregiving are
rooted in past relationships (Pallett, 2001). Many argue that the mother-daughter
bond is central to the lives of women (Allen & Walker, 1992). Given
the longer life span of women and the gendered role expectations of
women to assume the role of primary caregivers for family and friends
(Armstrong & Armstrong, 2004); intergenerational caregiving between
mothers and daughters will become increasingly common. Β
As Canadaβs elder population grows, an increasing number of individuals will require care for Alzheimerβs Disease (AD). The prevalence of AD in Canada is expected to increase from approximately 364,000 persons in 2000 to over 750,000 persons by 2030, with approximately half of the individuals living in the community (CSHA Working Group, 1994).Β Recent changes in patterns of care provision, including health care restructuring, the closure of long-term care facilities and under funding of home care (Chappell, 1999; Strang & Koop, 2003) have led to an increasing reliance on daughters to provide care for their aged mothers. In order to identify and implement appropriate programs and policies that promote the health and well-being of both caregivers and care recipients, we need to broaden our understanding of the relationships between community-dwelling mothers and their daughters within the context of dementia care.
Purpose Β
The purpose of this qualitative
study was to develop a better understanding of the care giving/receiving
experiences of adult daughters and their mothers with mild to moderate
cognitive impairment. Specifically we were interested in the following
questions: a) How do daughters/mothers describe their relationships
with one another within dementia care? b) What contextual factors shape
these relationships? and c) What are the health experiences of mothers
and daughters involved in dementia care? Β
Method Β
Evidence suggests that the caregiving experience differs by gender, by the relationship of the family member to the care recipient, and by the health status of the care recipient (Dupuis & Norris, 2001). This study focuses exclusively on adult daughters caring for mothers with mild to moderate cognitive impairment. This type of inquiry focuses on individual subjective perceptions of womenβs care experiences, while at the same time, attending to the fluctuating nature of the mother-daughter relationship over time. Because so little is known about the experiences of mothers and adult daughters within dementia care, an exploratory qualitative approach was chosen.
Recruitment & Sample Β
This study contained a diverse
sample of 10 community-dwelling mothers with mild to moderate cognitive
impairment and their 15 caregiving daughters. The mean age of the mothers
was 84.6 years. Mother participants who obtained a standardization mini-mental
status examination score (SMMSE) of 17 or over were invited to participate
in the study. At the time of the first set of interviews, the mothers
lived either in their own homes, in their daughtersβ homes, or resided
in retirement homes. The majority of mothers were widowed (78%), Canadian
(55%) and received an income of less than $20,000 (71%). Β
Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β
The mean age for the daughters was 49.6 years. The majority were Canadian
(55%), married (64%), had at least a post-secondary education (50%)
and were employed, either full-time (50%) or part-time (14%).Β
Daughters reported that they had been providing daily to weekly assistance
for the mothers for an average of 49 months. All daughters, with one
exception, lived in the same city as their mothers. On average, the
daughters provided regular assistance to their mothers (3 days per week).Β Β
Data Collection and Analysis Β
In-depth interviews and the
corresponding field notes of each interview were the major data source
used in this study. Two audiotaped interviews, 6-9 months apart, were
conducted. The participants were asked non-directive questions designed
to trigger dialogue about their experiences in providing/receiving care,
the mother-daughter relationship, and the factors influencing the process
of care. Β
Preliminary data analysis focused
on addressing key defining characteristics, contextual factors and health
experiences of the mothers and daughters that emerged within the data.
Using NUD*IST, a software program, to facilitate this analysis (Richards
& Richards, 1994), each researcher independently and collectively
contributed to the development of a typology of mother-daughter relationships
within the context of dementia care (see Figure 1). Β
Figure 1: Mother-Daughter Relationships
Within Dementia Care Β
Β
Findings Β
There were two major, dialectical dimensions of the mother-daughter relationship: 1) task focused-emotion focused, and 2) deficit based-strength based.Β A typology depicting 4 unique types of mother-daughter relationships associated with each of these two dimensions of the care process of dementia emerged: Custodial, Cooperative, Combative and Cohesive. It is important, however, to remember that these are prototypes, in reality the dyads often engaged in more than one type of relationship.
Custodial Β
In the mother-daughter custodial
relationship, the defining characteristic is one of βdutyβ, where
both the mother and daughter report that familial caregiving expectations
are the main motivator and reason for their interactions. Β
Furthermore, like other types
of custodial relationships, the daughter within this relationship is
clearly in charge of identifying her motherβs physical needs and providing
task-focused care accordingly. There is a notable absence of emotional
attachment within the custodial mother-daughter relationship. Β
In fact, a lack of intimacy
has been a common theme expressed throughout the lives of these dyads. Β
The main health experience of a task focused, deficit based custodial relationship is one of objectification leading to potential caregiver and/or care recipient burden, particularly as the disease progresses over time. Theoretically, a custodial mother-daughter relationship could easily slip into the second type discussed below, a combative mother-daughter relationship.
Combative Β
Similar to the custodial relationship,
the mother-daughter combative relationship exists primarily to address
the cognitive deficiencies of the mother.Β The distinctive feature
of this emotionally charged relationship is one of βpower overβ
where both the mother and daughter compete for control or authority
over the dementia care process.Β However, with the onset and progression
of dementia, the perceptions of both mothers and daughters of their
interactions are shaped by their previous contentious mother-daughter
relationship. Β
Although dementia dramatically alters the power relations in all types of mother-daughter relationships, the daughter in a combative relationship tends to be more aggressive in controlling her motherβs behaviours and activities of daily living while the mother tends to resist her daughterβs control. As the daughter assumes more of the care of her mother, the tension that exists between the mother and daughter escalates, which may lead to further alienation of the mother. Increasing hostility between the mother and daughter, coupled with high caregiving demands and limited formal and informal supports, may also lead to elder neglect and/or abuse.
Cooperative Β
The cooperative mother-daughter
relationship is strength based.Β Rather than focusing on the cognitive
deficiencies of the mother, the caregiver burden of the daughter or
the relational difficulties between the mother and daughter, a defining
characteristic of this mother-daughter relationship is a reciprocal
cooperation between mother and daughter. Furthermore, mothers and daughters
in a cooperative relationship attempt to work together as a team. They
strive to be flexible and attentive to one anotherβs needs. Β
Although both the custodial relationship and cooperative relationships are focused on βdoingβ tasks, the desire to work together as a team in the cooperative relationship facilitates rather than impedes the care process between mothers and daughters.Β Moreover, mothers and daughters in a cooperative relationship tend to have a strong family network for support. There is a high level of satisfaction and gratification with the care provided and received.
Cohesive Β
The final mother-daughter relationship is a cohesive relationship, one that is emotion focused and strength based.Β A positive, mutual emotional bond or attachment exists between the mother and daughter.Β In addition, similar to the cooperative relationship, rather than focusing on the deficits of the disease, the daughter in a cohesive relationship is cognizant of her motherβs strengths and need for independence. βPower withβ not βpower overβ as in the combative relationship, is the dominant feature of a cohesive relationship.Β βPower withβ involves mutual problem solving.
Discussion and Implications Β
The findings from this study
extend our knowledge of dementia care relationships in many ways.Β Β
Moreover, study findings highlight a number of implications for practice,
policy and research.Β Β
First, this study revealed
four, unique relationships between mothers and daughters: custodial,
combative, cooperative, and cohesive.Β This finding is significant
in that it recognizes the various types of relationships among persons
with dementia and their caregivers, which differ in perceptions of deficits,
strengths, tasks and emotions.Β Β For instance, there are two
types of mother-daughter relationships that reflect a task approach
to care, one that focuses on deficits (custodial) while the other focuses
on strengths (cooperative) of the relationship. In contrast, strength
based combative and cohesive relationships produced positive outcomes,
such as mutual growth and gratification. These findings suggest that
health care providers need to be aware of how the different types of
relationships between caregivers and care recipients produce different
experiences for caregivers and care recipients. Β
Second, different mother-daughter
relationships may require different practice interventions. For example,
it is important to validate and reinforce a collaborative approach used
in a cohesive relationship. Mothers and daughters in this relationship
may be assisted in finding alternative mutually satisfying activities
as the disease progresses. However, mothers and daughters in a cooperative
relationship may reconsider the amount of caregiving assumed by the
family and perhaps consider obtaining some formal support.Β Similarly,
daughters and mothers in a custodial relationship may benefit from respite
and assistance with some of the tasks of caregiving. Finally, daughters
in a combative relationship may seek counseling to help them to reflect
on the potential negative effects of a βpower overβ approach to
care. Β
Third, study findings revealed
that the custodial, combative, cooperative and cohesive relationships
are dynamic; mothers and daughters may fit within one prototype or may
move among them.Β For instance, a mother-daughter relationship
may change from one type to another depending on a number of intrinsic
and extrinsic contextual factors: intimacy between mother and daughter,
familial care expectations, and informal and formal care supports.Β Β
Since there are few publicly funded supports to assist with the care
of older women with dementia and other chronic conditions (Dalley, 1996;
Guberman, 2004; Krogh, 2004), it is imperative that personal support
and homemaking services are available to mothers with dementia in order
to enable them to remain at home without having to rely solely on their
daughters. Thus, study findings affirm the need to identify and implement
appropriate community-based programs and policies to better meet the
needs of both caregivers and care recipients in dementia care. Β
The fourth and final area is
related to future research directions. There is a need to better understand
how certain contextual factors shape womenβs health experiences within
dementia care.Β Previous research shows that family caregivers
who have limited resources in terms of money or time experience difficulties
in caregiving (Stephens et al., 2001). Potential implications for research
might arise from the variations in mother-daughter relationships within
dementia care. More needs to be known about the type of negotiation
strategies employed by mothers and daughters within these four types
of relationships. Finally future research in dementia care needs to
include individuals in the later stages of dementia. It is important
to collect stories from individuals in all stages of dementia. Β
In conclusion, this study highlights
the importance of examining the current pattern of care between adult
caregiving daughters and their mothers with dementia. However, we must
continue to broaden our understanding of the relationships between family
members within the context of dementia care if we hope to provide quality
care for frail seniors with cognitive impairment and their families
in the future.Β
ΠΠ°ΡΡ - Π΄ΠΎΡΡ Π²Π·ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉΒ Π²Β ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ:
ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉΒ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Β
ΠΡΡΡΠΈΠ½Β Π£ΠΎΡΠ΄-ΠΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ½,
RN, PhD, ΠΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΌΒ ΠΡΠ΄ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½, RN, BSCN, ΠΡΠΈΡΡΠΈ ΠΠ»Π°ΡΠΊ,
Π . Π., MSCN, ΠΡΠ½ΡΠΈ ΠΠΎΠ»Π°, Π . Π., MSCN, Π£Π½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠ½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎ Β
ΠΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΡΡΒ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ Β
ΠΠ°Π½Π½Π°ΡΒ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉΒ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉΒ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ, ΠΎΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²Β ΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π»Π΅Β ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Ρ (2007), 13, 13-32. ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠ΅ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ ΠΈ Π§Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π ΡΠ±Π° ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π³ΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΠ»ΡΡΠ³Π΅ΠΉΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΠΠΈΠ΄Π΄Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ, ΠΠ½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎ, ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π΄Π°.
Π‘ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ½Π°ΡΒ ΠΈΒ
Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Β
Π£Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Β ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΈΒ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΒ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π°
ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ°Β Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΒ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ ΠΎΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³Π°Β Π²Β
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌ, Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΠΌ
Π² Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ (Poirer ΠΈ ΠΡΡ, 2002). ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΈ
ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ΅,
ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ·Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π»ΡΠ±Π²ΠΈ ΠΈ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅
ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΅
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ (Pallett, 2001). ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡ,
ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ-Π΄ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½ (Allen & Walker, 1992). Π‘
ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΈ Π³Π΅Π½Π΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½ Π±ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²
Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ·Π΅ΠΉ (Armstrong & ΠΡΠΌΡΡΡΠΎΠ½Π³,
2004); ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΌΠΈ
ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΌΠΈ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅
ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ. Β
ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΉΒ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π΄Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Ρ, Π²ΡΠ΅Β Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π΅Β ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΒ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΒ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΒ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΒ ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π°Β Π·Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΈΒ ΠΠ»ΡΡΠ³Π΅ΠΉΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° (ΠΠ). Π Π°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΠ Π²Β ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π΄Π΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΒ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ, Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Ρ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ 364 000 Π»ΠΈΡ Π² 2000 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π΄ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 750000 Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΊ 2030 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π° Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΡΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ (Π¦ΠΠΠ Π Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ, 1994). ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π°, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π·Π°ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· Π΄ΠΎΠΌΡ (Chappell, 1999; Π‘ΡΡΠ°Π½Π³ ΠΈ Koop, 2003) ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΊ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ Π·Π° ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ° ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ. Π ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΈ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ, ΠΌΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ.
Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΒ Β
Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΒ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ
ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°
Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΒ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π΄Π°Π²Π°Ρ / ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ° Π²Π·ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ
ΠΌΡΠ³ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ.
Π ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΌΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π²
ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ:) ΠΠ°ΠΊ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ / ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ
ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΌ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ? Π±) ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ? ΠΈ Π²)
ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ,
ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π² ΡΠ»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ? Β
ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ Β
ΠΠΏΡΡΒ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎΒ ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°, ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΈΒ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ, Π°Β ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅Β ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅Β Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ (ΠΡΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ, 2001). ΠΡΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π° Π²Π·ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΌΡΠ³ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΡΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΠΏ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ° ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½, ΠΈ Π² ΡΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π±Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ-Π΄ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ. ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π²Π·ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π² ΡΠ»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ Π±ΡΠ» Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠ°Π½.
ΠΠ°Π±ΠΎΡ ΠΈΒ ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΒ Β
ΠΡΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅,
ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠ΅Π΅ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ²
ΠΈΠ· 10 ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΆΠΈΠ»ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΌΡΠ³ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ
ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
15-ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ.
Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π±ΡΠ» 84,6 Π»Π΅Ρ. ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ
ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ
ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈ-ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ·Ρ
(SMMSE) ΠΎΡ 17 Π»Π΅Ρ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ, ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ
Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ°Ρ
, Π² Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ
Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π² Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ°Ρ
Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ
.
ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ (78%),
ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ (55%) ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ» Π΄ΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ $ 20
000 (71%). Β
Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΒ
Π΄Π»ΡΒ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ 49,6 Π»Π΅Ρ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΒ
ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ
Β Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ (55%), Π·Π°ΠΌΡΠΆΠ΅ΠΌ (64%),
ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½Π΅ΠΉΒ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Β ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΒ
ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ (50%) ΠΈΒ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π°Π½ΡΡΡ,
Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΠΉΒ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ (50%) ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠΉ
ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ (14%). ΠΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ
ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΠΎ Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ
ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π² ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π° 49 ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅Π².
ΠΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ, Π·Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΈ
Π² ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Ρ ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΌΠΈ. Π ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΌ,
Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΌ (3 Π΄Π½Ρ Π² Π½Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Ρ). Β
Π‘Π±ΠΎΡΒ ΠΈΒ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·
Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Β
Π Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Β
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ ΠΈΒ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅Β ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ
ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
Π²Β
Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ²Π° audiotaped ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ,
6-9 ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅Π²Β Π΄ΡΡΠ³ ΠΎΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³Π°, Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ.
Π£ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅-Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Ρ
Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°
Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π° ΠΎΠ± ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ΅ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ / ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ, ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ-Π΄ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ,
ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ, Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Β
ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ
Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΒ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ
ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ,
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ°
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈ Π²
ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
. ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ NUD * IST, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ΅
ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅Π³ΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·
(Π ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΄Ρ ΠΈ Π ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΄Ρ, 1994), ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ
ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»
ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ-Π΄ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ
Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ
(ΡΠΌ. ΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 1). Β
Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ 1: ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ-Π΄ΠΎΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡ Π£Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ Β
Β
ΠΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΒ Β
Π‘ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΒ Π΄Π²Π°Β ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ , Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ: 1) Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠ° ΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ, ΠΈ 2) Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅. Π’ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ 4 ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ-Π΄ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π²ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ: ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΠΌ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π°Ρ, Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΡΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ, ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΈΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΡ, Π² Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π΄ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ Π² Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΡΠΈΠΏ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ.
Π‘Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅Β Β
Π ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ-Π΄ΠΎΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ
ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· "Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³", Π³Π΄Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡ, ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄
ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ
ΠΈΡ
Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ. Β
ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΒ
ΠΈΒ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ,
Π΄ΠΎΡΡ Π²Β ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π·Π° Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ
Π΅Π΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠ°-ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ. Π‘ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅
ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
Π² ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ-Π΄ΠΎΡΡ. Β
Π ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΌΒ Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅,
ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΌΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΒ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°
Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π΄. Β
ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉΒ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ, Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΒ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Β Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉΒ
ΠΠΎΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉΒ Β
ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΒ Π²Β ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Β
ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Β ΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ΠΉΒ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ,
ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ-Π΄ΠΎΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΡΒ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΡΠΌΒ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌΒ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅Β
Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°ΡΒ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΒ
ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ
ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌΒ ΠΈΠ· "Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΡ Π½Π°Π΄",
Π³Π΄Π΅Β ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΒ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΒ Π΄ΠΎΡΡ Π±ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡ Π·Π°
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΈ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΡ Π½Π°Π΄ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π°
ΡΠ»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ, Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅
Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ
ΠΈΡ
Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ. Β
Π₯ΠΎΡΡΒ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΊΠΎΒ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ» Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ-Π΄ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π΄ΠΎΡΡ Π² Π±ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡ Π±ΡΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π°Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π² ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π΅Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΠΊ Π΄ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΊ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΎΡΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ. Π£Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ, Π² ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π±Π΅Π·Π½Π°Π΄Π·ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ / ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
Π‘ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°Β Β
ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°
ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ-Π΄ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΉΒ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅. ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΡΡΠΎΠ±ΡΒ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΒ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅Β
Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ, Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡ
ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ, ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ-Π΄ΠΎΡΡ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ²ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ.
ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π² ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅
ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄Π°. ΠΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ
ΠΈ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ ΠΊ Π΄ΡΡΠ³Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ. Β
Π₯ΠΎΡΡΒ ΠΎΠ±Π°Β ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Β ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Β ΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ΠΉΒ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ ΠΈΒ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π½Π° "Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ" Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ, ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΒ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄Π°Β Π²Β ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ, Π° Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΌΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΡ. Π‘ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ, ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ».
Π‘ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅Β Β
ΠΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ-Π΄ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ,
ΡΡΠΎΒ ΡΡΠΎΒ ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΒ
ΠΈΒ ΡΠΈΠ»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅. ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ, Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ½Π°Ρ
ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π°ΡΒ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΡΒ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΒ
ΠΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β ΠΈΒ
Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Β
Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΒ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΒ Π½Π°ΡΠΈ Π·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉΒ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π°Β Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Β ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠ΄Β ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉΒ
Π΄Π»ΡΒ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΒ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Β
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Β
ΠΠΎ-ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ
, ΡΡΠΎΒ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΎ, ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅, ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΒ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΒ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΌΠΈ:
ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΠΌ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, Π±ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅, ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°
ΠΈΒ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ
ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡΒ ΠΎΠ½Π°Β ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Π΅Ρ
ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Β ΡΠΈΠΏΡ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΒ Π»ΠΈΡ,
ΡΡΡΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ,
ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π² Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°,
ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ, Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ,
ΠΡΡΡ Π΄Π²Π° ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ-Π΄ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅
ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊ ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ
ΡΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡ (ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΠΌ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ),
Π° Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ (ΠΊΠΎΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°)
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ· Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΡΠ²
ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅
ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°
ΠΈ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ,
ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠΏΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ
ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ
ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ. Β
ΠΠΎ-Π²ΡΠΎΡΡΡ
, ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Β
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΒ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΒ ΠΈΒ
Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΒ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡΒ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡΒ
ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Β ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΒ
Π-ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ
, ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎΒ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Β
ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Β ΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ΠΉ, Π±ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ,
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΉΡΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ-Π΄ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° ΠΊ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΌΡ
Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ΄Π° Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΈ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²: Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ,
ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ
ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ. Π‘ ΠΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ Π² ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ
ΡΠΎ ΡΠ»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ
Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ (ΠΠΎΠ»Π»ΠΈ, 1996; ΠΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½, 2004;
ΠΡΠΎΠ³, 2004), ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½Π΅ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠ°
ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ
Ρ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΡΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ°, Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ
Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌ
Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ
ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ. Β
Π§Π΅ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈΒ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΡΡΒ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅Β ΡΒ
Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠΌΒ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ.
Π‘ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±ΡΒ Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅Β
ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΒ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Β ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Β
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡΒ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΒ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ°Β ΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½ Π²Β ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠ΅
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²
ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΡ Π²
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ, Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅Π³ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ
ΠΎΠΏΡΡ Π² Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ (Π‘ΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΈ Π΄Ρ.., 2001). ΠΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΡΡΡ
Π² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ-Π΄ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ. ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ΅ Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΉ,
ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ
ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ
Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΠ»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ
Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ Π»ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΡ
Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π»ΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΡ
Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ. Β
Π Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΒ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΒ Π²Π·ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠΌΠΈΒ ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π°Β Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉΒ ΠΈΒ ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΡΡΡΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ, ΠΌΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΡ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π·Π° Ρ ΡΡΠΏΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ»ΡΡ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉ Π² Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ.

- Mother Courage And Capitulation Essay Research Paper
- Mother Courage Lessons Essay Research Paper What
- Motherless Brooklyn Essay Research Paper Motherless Brooklyn
- Mother Of Invention Essay Research Paper Necessity
- Mother's Day
- Mothers In The Workplace Essay Research Paper
- Motif Of Romeo And Juliet Essay Research
- Morrie Schwartz Essay Research Paper Question for
- Moscow
- Moscow
- Moscow nationalist rally hears attack on Putin party
- Moscow works less and sleeps more
- Most Important Line In Hamlet Essay Research
- Most Memorable Experience Essay Research Paper My