Causes of Unemployment in the United States
ΠΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΒ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΒ ΠΈΒ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΈΒ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ
ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅Β Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅Β ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
Β«Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉΒ (ΠΡΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ) ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉΒ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΒ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΒ Π.Π. ΠΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π°Β»
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Causes of Unemployment in the United States |
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Causes of Unemployment in the United States
A series of events in the United States had sparked a vicious recessionary cycle which is commonly referred to as the economic recession of 2007 or financial crisis of 2007. The Bureau of Labor Statics, United States, churns out numbers according to the current population census with the rate of unemployment at about 9% in the June of 2010. Economists have predicted this exorbitant rate of unemployment to rise from the beginning of 2011. Though the causes of unemployment have been closely associated with the financial crisis and recession, there are several other factors that have contributed to the same.
Financial Crisis of 2007 to 2009
United States President once commented in very harsh words that unemployment and economic crisis was as a result of 'culture of irresponsibility'. What President Obama implied was the current status of the United States economy. Let us go down to the basics of Alfred Marshall and Adam Smith. An economy with a good GDP is a result of legitimate demand and supply curves, meaning that producers produce and consumers pay for the goods. The total goods that are purchased in the economy is the GDP. However, in the United States, an enormous volume of goods are purchased by credit cards (i.e. money which will be paid at a later date). In May 2010, G.19 report on consumer credit, the Federal Reserve indicated that as of March, $2.45 trillion worth of consumer debt had accumulated, with a circulation of 576.4 million credit cards. This enormous number of 'credit' has generated a GDP that is partially 'artificial'. This unhealthy purchase rate has led to an enormous volume of bad debt and bankruptcy with lenders, credit card companies and consumers suffering losses. This loss bearing spread to all economic entities in the US economy with an enormous number of companies either filing for bankruptcy, or initiating lay offs and job cuts.
Real Estate Bubble
A sector that is closely related to the financial crisis and unemployment, is the real estate sector. From the 1990s to 2000s the real estate rates in the United States had risen by 124%. Concepts such as refinancing, second mortgages, reckless lending and unnecessary price appraisals caused banking companies to fall into severe crisis of loss. Apart from that, foreclosed properties and short sale procedures started fetching lesser and lesser returns. People, either refused to buy or had defaulted mortgage loans. The blow was dire and a considerable number of banks and financial institutions started filing for bankruptcy. The first prominent example being bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers which was worth $600 billion in assets. The blow was so substantial that people associated with the bank also lost a mammoth amount of their liquidity had to bear financial troubles. Many companies who were associated with the bank filed for bankruptcy, initiated lay offs. Lehman itself laid off 1,200 of its personnel, while still in the initial phases of its decline. This crisis is also sometimes referred to as the sub-prime mortgage crisis of United States.
Automotive Industry Crisis
One of the biggest industry that was affected after the banking industry was the automotive industry. With a decline of banks and lending institutions, a large volume of lending facilities that provided car loans and auto loans, disappeared. Apart from loans, sectors such as international trade, foreign exchange and oil trade had been affected. The 2003 to 2008 lapse of enthusiasm in fuel trade had also drastically affected all fuel supply facilities, causing inflation in the costs of fuel. The automotive industry thus suffered from significant burdens such as loss of sales and markets, credit crunch for raw material and labor procurement, unwanted products, etc. The concluding effect was a terrible number of people being laid off.
Outsourcing
The first three causes of unemployment in the United States are principally financial crisis. There are however other unemployment causes and consequences that have originated as a result of business practices. Outsourcing is one such practice where work is allocated to companies which are based in less developed economies, to benefit cheaper manpower hours. This practice has led to loss of job opportunities.
Iraq and Afghanistan Wars
The indirectly related causes are the two wars by the Bush administration. The United States Armed Forces which were involved in the Afghanistan invasion roughly amounted to 78,430. A permanent military installation of Kandahar Air Field amounted to $780-million and as of 2009, $1.6 billion has being spent on military installations in Afghanistan. In 2003 invasion of Iraq 248,000 troops were deployed in Iraq. The conclusion, United States government spends a $533.8 billion defense budget (as of 2010) and the foreign operation brings it to $663.8 billion. This amount is almost sufficient to revive many sectors in the economy.
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The Obama administration has made it a point to make changes and revive the economy and also the United States unemployment rate.
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ΠΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Π±Π΅Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΒ Π²Β Π‘Π¨Π
Π ΡΠ΄ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π² Π‘ΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π¨ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π» ΡΠΏΠ°Π΄ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΏΠ°Π΄ 2007 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ° 2007 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°.Β ΠΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, Π‘Π¨Π, ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΏΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΌ Π±Π΅Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 9% Π² ΠΈΡΠ½Π΅ 2010 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°. ΠΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ Π±Π΅Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Ρ Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° 2011 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°. Π₯ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Π±Π΅Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Ρ Ρ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ, Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ Π² ΡΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ΅.
Π€ΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉΒ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ 2007 ΠΏΠΎ 2009 Π³ΠΎΠ΄
ΠΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π‘Π¨ΠΒ ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΒ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»Β Π²Β ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΒ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ , ΡΡΠΎ Π±Π΅Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ -Β ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ Β«ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΒ». ΠΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΠ±Π°ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΌΠ΅Π²Π°Π» ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π‘ΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π¨ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠΎΠΉΠ΄Π΅ΠΌ Π²Π½ΠΈΠ· ΠΊ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΌ ΠΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π»Π» ΠΈ ΠΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠ° Π‘ΠΌΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ° Ρ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΠΠ Π² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π° ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ°. ΠΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊ ΠΠΠ. Π’Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅, Π² Π‘ΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π¨ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ , ΠΎΠ³ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡ (ΡΠΎ Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ³ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ Π²ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄Π½Π΅Π΅). Π ΠΌΠ°Π΅ 2010 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ , Π€Π Π‘ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»Π°, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ΅, $ 2.45 ΡΡΠ»Π½ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³Π° Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ, Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΆΠΎΠΌ Π² 576 400 000 ΠΊΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Β«ΠΊΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Β» Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π» ΠΠΠ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ Β«ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉΒ». ΠΡΠΎ Π½Π΅Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΊΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π» ΠΊ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΠΌ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡ ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ²Π° Ρ ΠΊΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π½Π° Π²ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ Π² ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π‘Π¨Π Ρ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΠΎ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ.
ΠΡΠ·ΡΡΡΒ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ΅Β Π½Π΅Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ
Π‘Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉΒ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΒ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ Ρ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡ Π½Π΅Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ. Π‘ 1990-Ρ Π΄ΠΎ 2000-Ρ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π° Π½Π΅Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π² Π‘Π¨Π Π²ΡΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π° 124%. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π²ΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°, Π±Π΅Π·ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½ Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠΉ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΆΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠ΄ΠΈ, Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΎΠ². Π£Π΄Π°Ρ Π±ΡΠ» ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌ ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΡ Π·Π°ΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ²Π΅. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΡ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ²Π° Lehman Brothers, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠ» $ 600 ΠΌΠ»ΡΠ΄. Π² Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ . Π£Π΄Π°Ρ Π±ΡΠ» Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Ρ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ»ΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΌΠΌΡ ΠΈΡ Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Ρ Ρ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ²Π΅, ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Lehman ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ»Π° 1200 ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², Π² ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π² Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠ°. ΠΡΠΎΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ Π‘Π¨Π.
ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ
ΠΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Β ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΡ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π΄Π°Π» ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°Π» Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΈ, Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»Ρ ΠΈ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΡ, ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π·Π»ΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ , ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²Π»Ρ, ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²Π°Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡ. 2003 ΠΏΠΎ 2008 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ½ΡΡΠ·ΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΌ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈΡΠ» Π½Π° Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°, Π² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΎΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΆ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ°, ΠΊΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΠΊ, Π½Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΈ Ρ.Π΄.Β ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π° Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ.
ΠΡΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ½Π³
ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Β ΡΡΠΈΒ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΒ Π±Π΅Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΒ Π²Β Π‘Π¨ΠΒ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΡΠΌΒ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ. Π‘ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ, ΠΈΒ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΒ Π±Π΅Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΒ ΠΈΒ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Β Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈ Π²Β ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉΒ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ. ΠΡΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ½Π³ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌΒ ΠΈΠ· Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Ρ , Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ»Ρ. ΠΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π»Π° ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ.
ΠΡΠ°ΠΊΒ ΠΈΒ ΠΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ
ΠΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΒ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΡΒ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΒ Π΄Π²ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½ Π°Π΄ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈΒ ΠΡΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅Β ΡΠΈΠ»Ρ Π‘ΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Β Π¨ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Β ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΒ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈΒ Π²Β ΠΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ 78430. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅Β ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈΒ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΠ°Π½Π΄Π°Π³Π°Ρ Air ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» $ 780-ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° 2009 Π³., $ 1,6 ΠΌΠ»ΡΠ΄. ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ Π² ΠΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅. Π 2003 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΡΠ°ΠΊ 248000 Π²ΠΎΠΉΡΠΊΠ° Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΡΠ°ΠΊΠ΅. ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π‘ΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π¨ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ $ 533 800 000 000 ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ° (ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° 2010) ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ Π΅Π΅ Π΄ΠΎ $ 663 800 000 000. ΠΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΌΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ.
ΠΠ΄ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΠ±Π°ΠΌΡΒ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π»Π° ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΊΡ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ Π±Π΅Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ Π‘Π¨Π .
- Celebrating the New Year with Television
- CGI
- Change of meaning
- Chemical pollution of natural waters
- Children Who Are Mentally Retarded
- Chrysler Group LLC Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ
- Climat and nature of Kazakhstan
- Business organization
- CALS-ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°
- Cals-ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π§ΠΠ
- Can't get enough tv
- Case study
- CASE-ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π° Silverrun
- CASE - ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ