Children Who Are Mentally Retarded
Facts for Families
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Children Who Are Mentally Retarded
The term "intellectual disability" is often misunderstood and seen as derogatory. Some think that retardation is diagnosed only on the basis of below-normal intelligence (IQ), and that persons with intellectual disabilities are unable to learn or to care for themselves. Actually, in order to be diagnosed as a person with intellectual disabilities, the person has to haveΒ bothΒ significantly low IQΒ andΒ considerable problems in everyday functioning. Most children with intellectual disabilities can learn a great deal, and as adults can lead at least partially independent lives. Most individuals with intellectual disabilities have only a mild level. Intellectual disabilities may be complicated by several different physical and emotional problems. The child may also have difficulty with hearing, sight or speech.
In the past, parents were often advised to institutionalize a child with significant intellectual disabilities. Today, the goal is to help the child with intellectual disabilities stay in the family and take part in community life. In most states, the law guarantees them educational and other services at public expense.
It is very important that the child has a comprehensive evaluation to find out about his or her strengths and needs. Since no specialist has all the necessary skills, many professionals might be involved. General medical tests as well as tests in areas such as neurology (the nervous system), psychology, psychiatry, special education, hearing, speech and vision, and physical therapy are useful. A pediatrician or a child and adolescent psychiatrist often coordinates these tests.
These physicians refer the child for the necessary tests and consultations, put together the results, and jointly with the family and the school develop a comprehensive treatment and education plan.
Emotional and behavioral disorders may be associated with intellectual disabilities, and they may interfere with the child's progress. Most children with intellectual disabilities recognize that they are behind others of their own age. Some may become frustrated, withdrawn or anxious, or act "bad" to get the attention of other youngsters and adults. Adolescents and young adults with intellectual disabilities may become depressed. These persons might not have enough language skills to talk about their feelings, and their depression may be shown by new problems, for instance in their behavior, eating and sleeping.
Early diagnosis of psychiatric disorders in children with intellectual disabilities leads to early treatment. Medications can be helpful as one part of overall treatment and management of children with intellectual disabilities.
Periodic consultation with a child and adolescent psychiatrist may help the family in setting appropriate expectations, limits, opportunities to succeed, and other measures which will help their child with intellectual disabilities handle the stresses of growing up.
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Π€Π°ΠΊΡΡ Π΄Π»ΡΒ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉ
ΠΠ΅ΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Β ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΌΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΒ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ
Π’Π΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ "ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ" ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΒ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΒ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΒ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΒ ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ. ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Β Π΄ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎΒ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΒ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅-Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΊΠΈ (IQ), ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈ Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½Ρ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅. Π€Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊ Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ, Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΉ IQ ΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ Π²Π·ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ. Π£ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π° Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ. ΠΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. Π Π΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π·Π°ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ.
Π ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌΒ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΒ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΒ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ. Π‘Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ, ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΡ Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°. Π Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ² Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ Π³Π°ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Ρ.
ΠΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±ΡΒ ΡΒ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ°Β Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π²ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ°, ΡΡΠΎΠ±ΡΒ ΡΠ·Π½Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΒ Π΅Π³ΠΎΒ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΒ Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΈΠ»Π°Ρ Β ΠΈΒ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ . Π’Π°ΠΊΒ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΒ Π½ΠΈ ΡΒ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ°Β Π½Π΅ΡΒ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡΡ Β Π½Π°Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈΒ Π±Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ. ΠΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΅Β ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅Β ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΒ ΡΠ°ΠΊΒ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΒ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΒ Π²Β ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡΡ , ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ Β ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΒ Π½Π΅Π²ΡΠ°Π»Π³ΠΈΡ (Π½Π΅ΡΠ²Π½Π°ΡΒ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°), ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ, ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅Β ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈΒ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β ΠΈΒ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½Ρ. ΠΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΡΒ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΒ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊΒ ΠΈΒ ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΒ ΠΊΠΎΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΒ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ.
ΠΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΒ
Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ°Β Π΄Π»ΡΒ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡΡ
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ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΒ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΒ
ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΠΈΒ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΒ ΡΒ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ΠΉ,
ΠΈΒ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°Β ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΒ Π²ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½Π΅Π΅
Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β ΠΈΒ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉΒ
ΠΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΒ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅Β Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡΒ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΡΒ ΡΒ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈΒ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈΒ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ, ΠΈΒ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΒ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡΒ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΒ Π²Β ΡΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ Β ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ°. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π°Π΄ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°. ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΡΡΡ, ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ "ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡ ΠΎ", ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΡ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΆΠΈ ΠΈ Π²Π·ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΡΡ . ΠΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ. Π£ ΡΡΠΈΡ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎ Π±Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ Π½Π°Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ², ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ± ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ , ΠΈ ΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π² ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΡ.
Π Π°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΉΒ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΠ·Β
ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Β ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Β Π²Β
ΠΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΒ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΒ ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠΌ
ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΒ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅Β Π²Β ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ
ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Β ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²,
Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΒ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡ, ΠΈΒ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Β ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡΒ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΡΒ
ΡΒ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈΒ
- Chrysler Group LLC Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ
- Climat and nature of Kazakhstan
- Cobra - ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²
- Colgate Palmolive
- Colonial politics of European countries
- Comfort-ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡ CR
- Company organisation
- CASE-ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π° Silverrun
- CASE - ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ
- Causes of Unemployment in the United States
- Celebrating the New Year with Television
- CGI
- Change of meaning
- Chemical pollution of natural waters