Change of meaning
Change of meaning
Causes, nature and results of semantic change
Causes: extralinguistic or linguistic
Extralinguistic cause:
- word meaning changes due to change in the nature of related object or in concepts about it
- word meaning changes also due to the social phenomena of taboos and euphemisms β avoiding particular words and using others instead.
Linguistic causes:
- differentiation of synonyms
- lingistic analogy
- ellipsis
Nature of
change of meaning Β
The nature of change of word meaning is determined by the secondary application of the word form to name a different yet related concept.
Lexical-semantic naming
Similarity - metaphor
Contiguity
β metonymy Β
Results of
change of meaning Β
Changes in the denotational component:
- restriction (or narrowing), specialization
- extension (or widening), generalization
- semantic shift
changes in the connotational component:
- ameliorative development (amelioration)
- pejorative development (pejoration)
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Polysemy
Monosemantic words
Polysemantic words
Sources of polysemy:
- convergence of homonyms,
- derived meanings
Lexical-semantic naming of concepts related by similarity or contiguity is used to create both figurative and direct names.
Direct names:
- instruments
- parts of any structure including body
- actions, events and their results
- qualities
- different abstract conceptsΒ
There are certain regularities in using lexical-semantic means of naming.
Ex. Words denoting an animal are regularly used to denote:
- some other animal
- their flesh or objects made of parts of their bodies
- a quality of a person
- an instrument or appliance
- a sign in the Zodiac
Semantic structure of a word
Lexical-semantic variants (LSV)
Synchronic approach
- basic/central/major meaning
- peripheral/ minor meanings
Diachronic approach
- primary meaning
- secondary/derived meanings
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