Great Britain. 2
The maintenance___________________
1. The introduction__________________
2. The card of Great Britain
______________________________
3. A geographical position______________________
4. An economic estimation of
natural resources_____________________
5. The population____________________
6. An economy general characteristic________________
7. The industry______________________
8. Agriculture___________________
9. Transport and external economic relations _ __________________________7 p.
10. Capital_______________________
11. The conclusion____________________
12.The list of the used literature.___________________
In the work I write about the advanced and original country – Great Britain.
It is the country involves me with the beauty and independence.
Unlike other countries it hasn't
lost the traditions and remembers the history.
The United Kingdom Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Great Britain or England (under the name of the basic part of the country) the state located at the western coast of Europe on two large - Great Britain and Ireland - and numerous small islands adjoining them.
Territory - 244,1 thousand in sq. km.
The population - 58,2 million (1992), including 80 % - Englishmen, 15 % - Scots, уэльсцы (or Welshmen) and Irish.
Official language - English.
The majority of believers - Protestants.
Capital - London.
The largest cities - Birmingham, Glasgow, Liverpool, Manchester, Sheffield, Leeds, Edinburgh, Belfast.
Great Britain consists of 4 is administrative-political parts: England (39 counties, 6 метрополитенских counties and the Greater London), the Wales (8 counties), Scotland (9 areas and island territory) and Northern Ireland (26 districts).
Great Britain - a parliamentary monarchy. The head of the state - the queen (in н.вр. Elizabeth II who has come to the throne 11/6/1952) or the king. A legislature - a parliament of two houses (the House of Commons and chamber of lords). Executive power is carried out by the government (cabinet).
The class monarchy and English parliament were issued in
Second half of 13 centuries. Political parties - тори and Whigs were issued in the end of 17 centuries. In the middle of 19 centuries they were transformed accordingly to Conservative and Liberal parties.
Great Britain has no the hand-written
constitution formulated in the form of uniform, of the organic law.
At the heart of a state system the major parliamentary statutes, the
constitutional customs, decisions of the higher judicial bodies (case
law) lie. Among existing laws the big constitutional value have: the
Great charter of liberties of 1215, the Bill about the rights of 1689,
the Certificate about a personal liberty of 1679, the Law about престолонаследии
1701, the Law on parliament, the Law on administration of justice, the
laws, concerning an electoral system, etc.
Great Britain is washed by Atlantic ocean and its seas.
The most part of territory of Great Britain is characterized by the crossed relief. In northern part of island mountains in height from 840 to 1340 m above sea level tower. The Northern-Scottish uplands are separated from South Scottish by the Sredne-Scottish lowland. This area optimum for settling. It represents a narrow strip (width less than 100 km).
Hills cover almost all western part of island, in particular the Wales and Kornu Ellas. The average part of Northern England is occupied with Peninsky mountains which separate Lan каширскую lowland in the west from Jorkshirsky in the east.
The southern half of Great Britain represents the plains divided by hills and heights.
The longest river - Severn (338 km) originates in mountains of the Wales and runs into Bristol bay (at the western coast), the Lancashire lowland is crossed by Mersej running into the Liverpool gulf. The main river of east coast Thames (336 km) flows on the most denselypopulated areas of southeast England.
The sredne-Scottish lowland also is rich with the rivers; most important of them - Clyde (157 km), originating on the South Scottish uplands and Firth of Clyde running into a gulf (the western coast), and a Fort running into a gulf Firth of Forth (east coast).
The climate of Great Britain defined mainly by influence of ocean and its seas, moderated, oceanic, damp. Thanks to warm damp winds from Atlantic ocean, in England, as a rule, very soft winter; temperature here on 12-15 degrees above, than in the countries of continent of Europe or in Canada, 50-59 parallels lying on same.
Average temperature of January - from 3 to 7 degrees of Celsius, July - 11 - 17 degrees. Damp oceanic winds cloudy weather, steady rains and fogs speaks also; on the average in territory of Great Britain there are 209 rainy days in a year. Deposits drops out to 3000 mm in the West and 600-750 mm in the Southeast in a year.
Great Britain is washed by Atlantic ocean and its seas. The most part of territory of Great Britain is characterized by the crossed relief. In northern part of island mountains in height from 840 to 1340 m above sea level tower. The Northern-Scottish uplands are separated from South Scottish by the Sredne-Scottish lowland. This area optimum for settling. It represents a narrow strip (width less than 100 km).
Hills cover almost all western part of island, in particular the Wales and Kornu Ellas. The average part of Northern England is occupied with Peninsky mountains which separate Lan каширскую lowland in the west from Jorkshirsky in the east.
The southern half of Great Britain represents the plains divided by hills and heights.
The longest river - Severn
(338 km) originates in mountains of the Wales and runs into Bristol
bay (at the western coast), the Lancashire lowland is crossed by Mersej
running into the Liverpool gulf.
4.Economic estimation of natural resources.
Source of raw materials actually Great Britain is rather insignificant. It is coal, iron ore, nonferrous metals, oil, stone salt (deposits have the big industrial value), combustible slates, a kaolin. The considerable part of raw materials consumed and processed in the country is imported from abroad. The coal industry of England which has endured the periods of nationalization and denationalization needs serious reconstruction. Many mines because of their unprofitability are closed. The coal greatest quantity is extracted in Northeast and East Midlensky areas of the country.
As oil stocks are insignificant
and don't represent serious industrial interest, petroleum industry
works basically on imported raw materials. A source of raw materials
actually Great Britain is rather insignificant. It is coal, iron ore,
nonferrous metals, oil, stone salt (deposits have the big industrial
value), combustible slates, a kaolin. The considerable part of raw materials
consumed and processed in the country is imported from abroad. The coal
industry of England which has endured the periods of nationalization
and denationalization needs serious reconstruction. Many mines because
of their unprofitability are closed. The coal greatest quantity is extracted
in Northeast and East Midlensky areas of the country. As oil stocks
are insignificant and don't represent serious industrial interest, petroleum
industry works basically on imported raw materials.
Ethnic structure of the population of Great Britain motley enough. Since the earliest periods of history of British isles there was a process of formation of three various ethnic общностей - Englishmen, Scots and уэльсцев, or валайцев, occupying three historically developed isolated area of island of Great Britain - actually England, Scotland and the Wales. Mutual relations between
These three radical people of island and processes occurring in their environment ethnic processes always took an important place in a political history of the country. The ethnic question isn't solved also today.
Dominating and most numerous group of the population of Great Britain - Englishmen. They occupy England, the most part of the Wales and form the compact
Settlements in some areas in the south of Scotland. English language is included into northwest group of the German languages. It widespread and outside of
The states Great Britain. In English tell also the majority of the Celtic by origin the country population - Scots and уэльсцев.
From the Celtic people of Great Britain Scots are most numerous. They occupy mainly northwest areas of island Great Britain and
Adjoining to their coast Shetland, Orknejsky both the Hebrides. There was also a special national Scottish language as a basis for which one of northern dialects англосакского language has served. Many words have entered into the Scottish language from forced out by it Gaelic, besides, influence of the Scandinavian languages has affected it. On lexicon and phonetics national Scottish language
Considerably differs from literary English. The most numerous class of an English society - workers.
Great Britain - one of the most densely populated and highly urbanized countries in the world. On the average on 1 sq. km. It is necessary its area of 230 persons. However on territory of the country the population is distributed very non-uniformly. The basic part of inhabitants of Great Britain is concentrated in England possessing the most convenient geographical position, a favorable environment and playing a leading economic role throughout all history of British isles. Here the average density increases to 356 persons by 1 sq. km. Within the England the basic industrial belt of the country, extended along an axis London-Liverpool is most densely populated: in this belt there lives half of all
The population of Great Britain. The most sparsely populated areas are in Scotland with its severe in comparison with other parts of the country an environment
And less developed economy. On 1 sq.km. here on the average lives 86 persons, and the population concentrates basically at coasts, in valleys and
Lowlands (especially round
Glasgow and Edinburgh) while some high-mountainous areas are almost
deserted.
Great Britain - the advanced industrial country which in the international division of labor acts as the supplier of an industrial output.
At the same time the economic role of Great Britain in the modern world is defined not only industrial, but also bank, insurance, sudo-charter and other commercial activity. About 30 % of its total national product arrives from manufacturing industry and 45 % - from sphere of service,
Including transport and communication, retail trade, insurance, banks and other financial institutions, public health services and formation. A share of sphere of service
In a total national product the share of manufacturing industry which even decreases a little increases much faster, than. Has decreased
Also an agriculture share - to 3 % and a mining industry - to 1,4 %.
For development of economy of Great Britain exclusive value has export of the industrial goods and export of "services" to the capitalist world which together give 26 % of a total national product. The important income item of the British international monopolies was and there is a capital export in other countries.
About formation of world socialist camp and the independent national states in Asia, Africa and Latin America many communications of the British
The capital have broken, but the general sizes of foreign investments of Great Britain grow, having exceeded even at a 20 billion face-value ф.ст.
With reorientation of the British industry to the newest branches for its development the foreign market began to play large role, than cheap labor. Recently the British monopolies find this market in the developed capitalist countries which share in export of the British capital has exceeded 3/5. Export of the capital of Great Britain to developing countries is still great: on it
Half of capital taken out to these countries the West European states is necessary almost. At the same time contributions of foreign monopolies to economy of Great Britain quickly grow. Nationalization on-kapitalisticheski, spent in the late forties in electric power industry, the coal and gas industry, on railway and in
Motor transport, has brought benefits to monopolists: one - huge indemnifications with annual percent, another - the low prices for production of these branches. For this reason many nationalized enterprises worked with losses from what workers to whom under the pretext of economy refused salary increase suffered first of all.
Having lost almost all colonies, Great Britain has lost many economic advantages: undivided control over the richest world deposits - nonferrous metals, oil, important sources of natural rubber, the cheap agricultural production, the guaranteed commodity markets of the industrial goods and boundless possibilities of export of the capital on all
Being the debtor of the USA
and their "younger" partner and having incurred considerable
expenses on the NATO, Great Britain is compelled to be reconciled with
penetration into its economy of the American capital, which role increases
every year. Money of magnates because of ocean is put mainly in quickly
developing modern industries. 3/5 COMPUTERS and the same share of medicines
are issued by the American firms over half of cars. More than half of
the companies occupied with investigation of oil fields and gas in the
North Sea - also American.
The industry of Great Britain gives 1/3 total national products, on it it is necessary all 1/3 occupied. It uses basically imported raw materials
And more and more is guided by a foreign market. On the one hand, for Great Britain fast growth of the modern branches using the progressive is characteristic
The production technology and the work organization, the newest equipment and perfect management methods, with another - backlog of old traditional branches.
To the first group, electronics, the newest branches of the general and exact mechanical engineering, the majority of branches of the chemical industry concern the second - coal mining, the cotton and woolen industry, shipbuilding, ferrous metallurgy.
Process of concentration of manufacture in the industry of Great Britain has led to creation in many branches, especially modern, largest associations
Industrialists. The small number of the huge companies supervises in them almost all manufacture. The largest industrial monopolies of the country - "the Imperial of Kemikal Indastriz", or ИКИ, "Junilever", "British Lejland" and "Dzheneral the Electrician компани" in which it is occupied on 200 thousand persons.
The basic part of the industrial enterprises of Great Britain is concentrated in the densely populated industrial belt including counties from London to Lan Kashira and from the Western Yorkshire to Gloucestershire. The largest industrial regions outside of this belt - the Southern Wales, the northeast of England and the central part of Scotland.
Those areas in which old manufactures and traditional branches developed, became lagging behind or depressive. It is the most part of Scotland, Northern Ireland, all Wales, the extreme northeast and a southwest part
England.
For the last few years the British government aspires to carry out regional to the policy, directed, on the one hand, on some restraint
Concentration of the population and the industry in excessively expanded конурбациях, and with another - on assistance to lifting of old industrial regions with the big share
The traditional branches enduring decline. For attraction in lagging behind areas of industrial firms it are given to businessmen state
Credits, concessionary terms of rent of industrial buildings, payments of taxes etc.
All these measures have a little reduced territorial concentration of the industry. Thanks to unloading of capital agglomerations, first of all Big
London, and конурбации the Western Midland, and also to development of the newest branches in lagging behind areas also the territorial structure of the industry a little has changed.
On the gas pipeline laid at the bottom of the North Sea gas reaches east coast of island Great Britain in area Isingtona and Yorkshire. In the British zone five basic nonassociated gas fields which give 1 6 consumed in the energy country are maintained. Nowadays all gas arrives from natural sources.
Great Britain - the second supplier in the world and the exporter of a kaolin (white clay of which do porcelain); here in very vast scales extract and
Other kinds of clay for ceramic
industry. There are prospects of extraction of tungsten, copper and
gold from again reconnoitered deposits. Probably even that in the future
Britain can stop tungsten import completely.
9.Transport and external economic relations.
As Great Britain - the state of island, all its external transportation and trade are connected with sea and air transport. About 9/10 general turnovers of goods it is necessary on sea transport, including 1/4 - on a cabotage. All areas of Great Britain, except the Western Midland, are to some extent directly connected with seaports which serve as the basic transport knots. Largest of them - London, Southampton, Liverpool, Hull and Haridzh, and the London and Liverpool seaports pass nearby
Half of all cargoes (at cost).
With continent Great Britain it is connected by the tunnel under the passage La Manche, two railway ferries (Dover - Dunkirk and Haridzh - Ostende), both numerous sea automobile and passenger ferries - with Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Holland and France. In internal freight traffic the greatest role is played by motor transport. The network of highways simultaneously extends and there is their reconstruction.
The foreign trade turn was quadrupled almost. On the one hand, capital export has doubled, with another - contributions of foreign monopolies to economy of Great Britain quickly grow. "Invisible export" almost has four times grown. The Most part of cost of export is necessary on manufacturing industry products: cars, planes, hardware, an electric equipment, production of the chemical industry and textiles.
The country continues to import natural rubber, the phosphorites, almost all color and rare metals, more than half of iron ore. However as a whole dependence of Great Britain on raw materials import decreases in connection with reorientation
The domestic industry on modern
branches and in particular with the further development of chemistry
and use of substitutes and local raw materials.
Capital of Great Britain and the center of a southeast part of England - London - one of the most ancient cities of the country. Medieval London - that its part,
Which is called now as City, decorated the London bridge, the royal castle a Tower, St. Pavel's cathedral, set of churches and monasteries.
In ХVIII century have been created complexes of the biggest and beautiful London area - Grovno-square and the most well-known - Trafalgar, the wide is laid
Parliament street, the building of the well-known British museum is constructed.
London consists of three historical parts: City, Westminster and West End. The Gothic palace of Westminster was under construction already in beginning ХIХ century Its building two towers finish: Victoria's tower - a royal input in parliament and
Hour tower Big Ben (the Big Ben) with a huge bell. The central part of a city has still kept a medieval interlacing of streets, and some of them, as well as in ancient times, have accurate specialization. Business offices and numerous banks concentrate in City, one of the largest financial centers of the world. Recovered in the afternoon, streets become empty by the evening, when army of employees
To go home. Westminster - political and a capital and country administrative center. West End with its classical symmetric areas is the center of capital service: it is area of expensive shops, theaters, restaurants and hotels.
London - very ancient city. It has been based in 43 AD on northern to river bank of Thames by the Roman conquerors who named its Londinium. Ruins of the Roman wall can be seen till now about the London Tower or area Barbikan.
Though London remains today to one of the main commercial and financial centers of the world, the most fast-growing branch of the industry is tourism. Approximately 20 million tourists visit London every year.
The best is time for slow, quiet acquaintance to English capital - spring when in numerous parks and gardens trees, bushes, flowers, and air temperature already steadily positive start to blossom. Good time for travel also London Season, from the beginning of May till the end of July when the royal court yard still is in London, art exhibitions and annual cultural actions are arranged, theaters act in season "peak".
London.
London is a city which will
approach any age, will satisfy any taste and a purse. Your children
will be involved with numerous attractions where they can take part
in management of a TV camera in a cinema and television Museum or to
play in informative automatic games in the Museum of natural history.
Necessarily visit historical sights of London - a Tower, the Buckingham
palace and Parliament Buildings. Also don't forget to glance in national
galleries, where an input till now free, and collections - invaluable.
In the conclusion I want to tell only
One – I have written it work about the country clever, interesting and delicate …
I want, that it hasn't lost
these all qualities and has tried to prevent the third world war.
1. Aleksashkina L.N. “contemporary history 1945 - the beginnings of 1990th years: EVENTS, PEOPLE, PROBLEMS”. - М: 1995.
2. Kreder A.A. "Contemporary history" ч.2; 1994
3. “The encyclopedic dictionary”. - М: the state publishing house “Big Soviet Encyclopedia”, 1953.
4. Osipov В “Britain Russian eyes”. - М: NPA publishing house, 1976.
5. Starkov В “London in the summer”, the newspaper “Arguments and the facts” 1996, № 34
6. Shevchenko Л.М., Etc. “the Countries and the people”; 1979
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