Section A (Grammar reference)

UNIT 11

Section A (Grammar reference) 

THE  PASSIVE  VOICE  (СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ) 

      В английском языке имеются два залога: действительный залог (The Active Voice)  и страдательный залог (The Passive Voice).

      Формы залога показывают, является ли подлежащее лицом / предметом, совершающим действие, или лицом / предметом, подвергающимся действию.

      Когда подлежащее является  лицом / предметом, совершающим действие, глагол употребляется в форме действительного залога:

They will sign the contract next week.    Они подпишут контракт на следующей неделе.

      Когда подлежащее является  лицом / предметом, подвергающимся действию со стороны другого лица / предмета, глагол употребляется в форме страдательного залога:

The contract will be signed next week.    Контракт будет подписан на следующей неделе.

      Времена страдательного залога образуются при  помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени и формы причастия прошедшего времени (Past Participle) смыслового глагола. Таким образом, при спряжении глагола в страдательном залоге изменяется только глагол to be, а смысловой глагол имеет во всех временах одну и ту же форму - Past Participle. 

Present Simple:      The contract is signed.     Контракт подписан.

                    Is the contract signed? – Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t.

                    The contract is not (isn’t) signed. 

Past Simple:         The contact was signed last week.  Контракт подписали (был подписан)            на прошлой неделе.

                    Was the contract signed last week? – Yes, it was. / No, it wasn’t.

                    The contract was not (wasn’t) signed last week. 

Future Simple:        The contract will be signed next  week.   Контракт подпишут (будет подписан)

                  на следующей неделе.

                                  Will the contract be signed next week? – Yes it will. / No it won’t.

                                  The contract will not (won’t) be signed next week.                           

                   

      В английском языке в страдательном  залоге часто не указывается лицо (предмет), которое производит действие. При необходимости указания данного лица или предмета употребляется предлог by или with.  Предлог by употребляется при обозначении действующих лиц,  предлог  with  - для неодушевленных предметов.

      This novel was written by my friend.

      The contract was signed by Mr. Brown.

      The picture was drawn with a piece of chalk.

      The bread was cut with this knife.

      Глаголы, которые употребляются с предлогами, в страдательном залоге эти предлоги сохраняют. Например:

     The Active Voice     The Passive Voice

They speak much about this film.   This film is much spoken about.

                              Об этом фильме много  говорят.

They listened to her with great interest.   She was listened to with great interest.

                                   Ee слушали с большим интересом. 

Exercises

I. Раскройте скобки, употребив глагол в нужной форме в Passive Voice (Present, Past, Future Simple Passive)

1. A lot of mail (receive) yesterday.
2. The products of our firm (export) to many countries.
3. The construction of the plant (complete) next year.
4. Electronic equipment (produce) at our plant 6 months ago.
5. A lot of models (modify) every year.
6. The invitations (send) 2 weeks ago.
7. Letters usually (type) by our secretary.
8. The goods (deliver) in four months.
9. The price problem (settle) the day before yesterday.
10. I can’t drive to work today. The car (fix) only on Friday.
11. The managing director always (assist) by executives.

 

II. Образуйте специальный вопрос в Passive Voice

1. The company was founded in 1993. (When?)
2. The contracts are signed in the conference room. (Where?)
3. The discount was offered to him because he was a regular customer.  (Why?)
4. The goods will be delivered next week.  (When?)
5. English language is spoken by many people. (What?)
6. The talks will be held on Tuesday (What? When?)
7. The sales department was headed by Mr. Flake a few years ago. (What?)
8. The catalogues were looked through yesterday. (When?)
9. The tests of the machines were carried out at the plant. (Where?)
10. All the terms were discussed because it was a trial order. (Why?)

 

III. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Active Voice или в Passive Voice.

1. The factory is big, five hundred people (employ) there.
2. The letter (post) a week ago but it (arrive) yesterday.
3. The office (lock) at 7 p.m. every evening.
4. The catalogues (receive) a week ago.
5. The customers (increase) the order.
6. The new model (offer) for sale next year.
7. When the manager was on holiday the documents (disappear) from the office.
8. When the manager was on holiday the documents (steal) from the office.
9. The offer (receive) 2 days ago.
10. They (invite) the businessmen to the restaurant.
11. We (tell) to discuss the matter in detail.
12. The sellers (deliver) the machines last month.

 

IV. Преобразуйте предложения из активного залога в пассивный.

1. We sign contracts every year.
2. People don’t refer to this website very often.
3. Somebody cleans the office every day.
4. How do people learn languages?
5. They painted the office two weeks ago.
6. He advised us not to buy these products.
7. They cancelled the flights because of fog.
8. The director promoted a new employee.
9. They will design a new model next year.
10. They bought new computers in June.

 

Section B 

Text

     ORGANISATION STUCTURE 

     Here is the organization structure of Rossomon. The Managing Director is responsible for running the company and is accountable to the Board.

     He is assisted by four executive departments. Human Resources Department which is responsible for personnel, training and management development. Then there is the Finance Department which takes care of corporate finance and accounting. Next is the Management Services Department. It is led by Peter Jenkins who is in charge of rationalisation throughout the company. And finally there is the R&D Department – research and development – which works closely with the five regions on new product development.

     Directly under the Managing Director, there are five Regional Managers. Each of them is responsible for the day-to-day management of a territory – these are geographically split into North, South, East, West and Central Regions.

     In addition to the parent company, Rossomon has three subsidiaries, they are Rossomon France, Germany and Japan. The subsidiaries report to the Export Sales Department, which in turn is accountable to the board.

           

Vocabulary 

accountable a – подотчетный, ответственный перед к.-л.

accounting n – бухгалтерский учет

assist v – помогать, оказывать помощь

be in charge of v – отвечать за ч.-л., руководить

board n – совет, комитет

closely adv – зд. в тесном контакте

corporate finance – корпоративные финансы, финансы корпорации

day-to-day management – оперативное управление

executive a – исполнительный

Export Sales Department –  отдел экспортных продаж

Finance Department –  финансовый отдел

Human Resourses Department – отдел кадров

lead v – вести, руководить, возглавлять

management development – повышение квалификации руководящих кадров

Management Services Department – административный, административно-управленческий отдел

organization structure – организационная структура

parent company - материнская компания, компания, владеющая контрольным пакетом акций другой компании

personnel n – кадры, штат, персонал

rationalization n – рационализация

report to v– давать отчет, отчитываться

Research and Development Department – отдел исследований и разработок

responsible for a – ответственный за

split v – разделять

subsidiary n – дочерняя компания

take care of v – смотреть, заниматься (чем-л.), следить за (чем-л.)

throughout prep – через, по всему

throughout the company – во всей компании

training n – подготовка, обучение

in turn – в свою очередь 

Exercises 

I. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. Who is responsible for running the company?
2. Who is he accountable to?
3. What departments assist the Managing Director?
4. What is Human Resources responsible for?
5. Which department is in charge of finance and accounting?
6. Which department does Peter Jenkins lead?
7. What does R&D work on?
8. How many regional managers does the company have?
9. Where does the company have subsidiaries?
10. Who are the subsidiaries accountable to?

 

II. Согласитесь с данными утверждениями или опровергните их.

1. The company is run by the Managing Director.
2. Both the Managing Director and the Export Sales Department are accountable to the Board.
3. The executive departments of Rossomon are Human Resources, Management Service and Research and Development.
4. The Management service Department is responsible for rationalization in the company.
5. New product development is the responsibility of Human Resources.
6. Regional Managers are accountable to the Managing Director.
7. Rossomon has two subsidiaries abroad.
8. The subsidiaries are accountable to the Export Sales Department.

 

III. Составьте словосочетания, используя слова из двух столбцов.

 
 

IV. Заполните пропуски предлогами, где это необходимо.

1. Let me say a few words ____ our company.
2. This chart shows the structure ___ the company.
3. The Export Sales Department is responsible ____ the subsidiaries and is accountable ___ the Board.
4. The Managing Director is assisted ___ five executive departments.
5. The Human Resources Department is in charge ___ personnel and training.
6. The R&D Department takes care ___ research and  works ___ product development.
7. There are four departments_____ the Managing Director.
8. ____ addition ____ managers responsible ____ the executive departments, there are five regional managers.
9. Regional managers report ___ the Managing Director.

 

V. Заполните пропуски, используя приведенные ниже слова.

accountable      accounting      assisted      Board      charge      personnel       report       responsible      subsidiaries

1. Our firm is based in the USA, and we have three _______ in Europe.
2. What do you do? – I’m a Sales Manager and I’m _________ for the distribution of our goods.
3. I’m accountable to the Production Manager, so I  __________ to him every week.
4. The major service industries should be _______ to their customers.
5. Who ________ you in the preparation of this report?
6. We have improved our ________ policy lately. Now our employees are more experienced.
7. Mr. Brown is our Sales Manager. He is in ________ of the Sales Department.
8. The ________ of Directors is responsible for taking decisions.
9. Michael has always been good at mathematics and he has decided to study ________.

 

 

UNIT 12

Section A (Grammar reference) 

The Past Perfect Tense (Предпрошедшее  время)

      Past  Perfect образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have в форме прошедшего времени (had) и Past Participle смыслового глагола.

     Past Perfect употребляется для выражения действия, которое закончилось до определенного момента в прошлом.

     Этот  момент может быть выражен:

• точным указанием времени с предлогом by:

 

• другим  прошедшим действием:

 
 

Exercises

I. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глагол в Past Perfect.

1.  We returned the contract to the customer because he (not to sign) it.

2.  They couldn’t get into the office because the manager (to leave) the keys at home.

3.  We (to finish) our work by 6 o’clock.

4.  It was difficult to operate this machine because we (not to do) it before.

5.  We arrived at work and found that somebody (to break) into the office during the night.

6. Jack realized that he (to make) a serious mistake. 

II. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глагол в Past Simple или Past Perfect.

1. After we (to study) the prices we (to sign) the contact.
2. I couldn’t get the job. They (to find) someone else before my resume (to arrive).
3. Before we (to invite) the partners to the factory we (to make) all the necessary arrangements.
4. Before the director (to go) on business the secretary (to reserve) a room in the hotel for him.
5. After I (to go) through the customs I (to receive) my baggage.
6. After we (to see) the new model at the exhibition we (to place) an order.
7. When they (to arrive) at the airport the registration already (to begin).
8. I (to invite) Jane to the party but she couldn’t come because she (to arrange) something else to do.
9. Liz (not to want) to go to the exhibition because she already (to visit) it before.

 

III. Закончите предложения используя Past Perfect.

1. I didn't want to watch the  news because I …
2. The secretary phoned to say that the customer…
3. Yesterday we sent a letter to our partners to say that …
4. I was looking forward to my trip because I …
5. Before we started the talks we …

 

REPORTED  (INDIRECT)  SPEECH   (КОСВЕННАЯ  РЕЧЬ)

      Если  сказуемое главного предложения  выражено глаголом в настоящем времени, то в придаточном дополнительном предложении сказуемое употребляется  в требуемом по смыслу времени.

 

      Если  сказуемое главного предложения  выражено глаголом в прошедшем времени, то при переводе прямой речи в косвенную  соблюдается правило согласования времен, т.е. сказуемое придаточного дополнительного предложения должно быть употреблено в одном из прошедших времен. При этом происходят следующие изменения: 

 

      Для выражения действия,  одновременного с действием главного предложения, в придаточном предложении употребляется  Past Simple или Past Continuous:      

 

      Для выражения действия,  предшествующего  действию главного предложения,  в придаточном предложении употребляется  Past Perfect:

We knew he had left for Madrid.   Мы знали, что он уехал в Мадрид.                                                                                                 

      Для выражения последующего (будущего) действия,  в придаточном предложении употребляется Future in the Past:

        

      Употребляемые в прямой речи личные и притяжательные местоимения в косвенной речи заменяются по смыслу (например,  we  → they ,   my book → his/her book и т.п.).

      Следующим образом также заменяются указательные местоимения, обстоятельства места  и времени:

      Повествовательные предложения при переводе из прямой речи в косвенную вводятся союзом  that,  который может опускаться:

                                                                                       

      При переводе вопросительных предложений  в косвенную речь изменяется порядок  слов в предложении – сказуемое  ставится после подлежащего:

                                                                                                 

      Общие вопросы при переводе в косвенную речь вводятся с помощью союзов  if или whether,  соответствующих в русском языке частице ли:

      Повелительное наклонение в косвенной речи передается инфинитивным оборотом. При передаче просьбы  употребляется глагол  to ask (просить), а для передачи приказания – to tell (сказать, велеть, приказать).

 
 

Exercises

I. Передайте предложения в косвенной речи.   Повествовательные предложения начинайте с she(he) said…   вопросительные с  she(he) asked….

1.  The manager made an appointment with customers yesterday.

2.  Where have you been?

3.  He can’t go to this meeting next week.

4.  Can you lend me some money?

5. We don’t sell the goods to this company.

6. What matters are you discussing now?

7. I have just come back from the business trip.

8.  He will buy a new model of computer next month.

9.  How are you?

10. I have to go now.

11. Where do you work?

12. Why did he retire last year?

13. I’m very busy now.

14. How long have you had this computer?

15. We’ll be in the office on time tomorrow.

16. They are having talks now.

17. Do you have customers abroad? 

II. Закончите предложения, используя выражения в рамке по смыслу в косвенной речи.

1. It was late so I…..
2. The customs officer ….
3. It was a secret so I …
4. She started asking me personal questions so I ….
5. I couldn’t do the work myself so I ….
6. It was difficult to understand the words of the foreign customer so I…

 

III. Раскройте скобки, поставив глагол в нужной форме.

1. I met Diana last week. She said that she (work) for another company soon.
2. Charlie was sure that having lunch at the restaurant (be) always expensive.
3. Ann said that she (not enjoy) her job very much.
4. Janet claimed that somebody (steal) her car a few weeks ago.
5. We had no idea if Carol (come) to the management meeting.
6. I wondered if Jane (receive) the letter.
7. We didn’t know how far it (be) to the airport.
8. They asked if the bank (be) near there.
9. She insisted that Dave always (work) very hard.
10. I was looking for the manager but the secretary said that he already (go) home.

 
 

Section B.

     Text A

     STAYING AT HOTEL

The other day Mr. Magon arrived in Moscow on business. Boris Mitin, the manager, met him at Sheremetjevo airport and took him to the Metropol Hotel. Mr. Mitin had reserved accommodation for Mr. Magon two days before. A hotel porter met him at the door and showed him to the reception desk. Some people were waiting at the desk.

The receptionist gave Mr. Magon a form and asked him to write his name, address, nationality and occupation on it. As Mr. Magon knew Russian well it didn’t take him long to fill in the form. After he had gone through the formalities, the receptionist gave Mr. Magon the key to his room and the porter showed them to the room. Mr. Mitin left the hotel after they had made an appointment for the next morning.