Ирина Эланс

Автор который поможет с любыми образовательными и учебными заданиями

Holidays around the world

HOLIDAYS AROUND THE WORLD

LABORATORY WORK №1

CHRISTMAS

PART 1

ON CHRISTMAS

Proper names:

Callum, Neil Edgeller, William Kremer, Jackie Dalton, Diwali, Hindu, Bombay

To entertain a few guests развлекать несколько гостей

To celebrate Christmas праздновать Рождество

To enjoy holiday season наслаждаться праздничным сезоном

The streets busy with bargain shoppers улицы полные заядлых покупателей

The millennium bug проблема тысячелетия

To prepare the savoury items подготовить последние пункты

Bombay mix бомбейское соединение

To have a resolution иметь резолюцию

To procrastinate откладывать

In my opinion emotions, intonation and some speech turns of the speaker make this edition special
Callum’s guests are relatives and friends ie people from different part of country. They do not see each other for a long time.
As you know «so many man, so many minds» and this situation is not exception. But most of them plans to go for the big family Christmas.
Diwali popularly known as the "festival of lights", is an important five-day festival in Hinduism, Jainism, and Sikhism, occurring between mid-October and mid-November.
Bombay Mix is the name used in the United Kingdom for a traditional Indian snack. It consists of a variable mixture of spicy dried ingredients, which may include fried lentils, peanuts, chickpea flour noodles, corn, vegetable oil, chickpeas, flaked rice, fried onion and curry leaves.
In modern times, there are certain foods we associate with Christmas:

Roast Turkey or Goose

Christmas Cake with marzipan and icing
Satsumas
Nuts
Chestnuts
Mulled Wine
Sweets

But where did all these ideas come from? During the rest of the year, many of these foods aren’t eaten at all.

III

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Traditional Christmas Food

In modern times, there are certain foods we associate with Christmas Roast Turkey or Goose,

Christmas Cake with marzipan and icing, Satsumas, Nuts, Chestnuts, Mulled Wine, and Sweets. But where did all these ideas come from? During the rest of the year, many of these foods aren’t eaten at all.

In the very olden times, pre-Christian, the first important date of the Festival was the Shortest Day of the year, which is usually around the 21st or 22nd of December. It was celebrated by encouraging light back to the Earth – an idea which presumably started when the movement of the planets, and the seasons, were not fully understood. To watch the days growing shorter, without the knowledge that the year would turn again, must have been quite frightening. So the Shortest Day gained importance, and fires were lit, and light was used to encourage the year to turn. Then the village Elders would watch, to check that the magic had worked and the year had indeed turned. This would be visible by the 25th, and a huge feast would be eaten to celebrate the success of the magic. So well before Christianity, this time of year was celebrated by feasting. And the early Christian Church adopted the existing Festival (in AD300s) to assist in converting people to Christianity. It was easier for the people to accept a Festival that clashed with one they had been celebrating anyway.

PART 2

Proper names:

Santa Claus, Saint Nicholas, St. Nick, Kris Kringle, Pelznickel, Pennsylvania, Christkindhl, Bavaria, Thomas Nast

Santa Claus, also known as Saint Nicholas, Father Christmas, Kris Kringle, or simply "Santa", is a figure with legendary, historical and folkloric aspects who, in many western cultures, is said to bring gifts to the homes of the good children during the late evening and overnight hours of Christmas Eve, December. The modern figure was derived from the Dutch figure of Sinterklaas, which, in turn, may have part of its basis in hagiographical tales concerning the historical figure of gift giver Saint Nicholas.
Santa Claus, also known as Saint Nicholas, Father Christmas, Kris Kringle, or simply "Santa".
West of New York, in Pennsylvania, many German farmers had also heard of Saint Nikolas. But they called him Pelznickel. This word came from "pelz," meaning fur, and "nickel" for Nicholas. And so, to the Germans of Pennsylvania, Saint Nicholas or Pelznickel was a man dressed in fur who came once a year with gifts for good children.
Soon, people began to feel that the love and kindness Pelznickel brought should be part of a celebration honoring the Christkindl, as the Germans called the Christ child. After a time, this became Kris Kringle. Later, Kris Kringle became another name for Santa Claus himself.
The picture of Santa Claus as we see him came from Thomas Nast. He was an American painter born in Bavaria. He painted pictures for Christmas poems. Someone asked him to paint a picture of Santa Claus. Nast remembered when he was a little boy in southern Germany. Every Christmas, a fat old man gave toys and cakes to the children. So, when Nast painted the picture, his Santa Claus looked like the kindly old man of his childhood.
He is still the same short, fat, jolly old man with a long beard, wearing a red suit with white fur.
Santa can be seen almost everywhere in large American cities during the Christmas season. Some stand on street corners asking for money to buy food and gifts for the needy. Others are found in stores and shopping centers. It is easy to find them by the long lines of children waiting to tell Santa what they want for Chirstmas. If one took a vote among children to learn who their favorite person was, there is no question who would win -- Santa Claus.

PARAGRAPH

Santa Claus or St.Nick

Santa Claus is someone who will remain in the hearts of children forever. He is the make-believe person who brings toys and other gifts to children at Christmas.

To grown-ups, he is a special symbol of goodwill and selfless giving. Santa Claus also has some other names: Saint Nicholas, St. Nick, Kris Kringle, Pelznickel.

Two of his names -- Santa Claus and Saint Nicholas -- both come from the Dutch who settled in New York long ago. The Dutch believed Saint Nikolas gave gifts to children. They honored this kindly saint with a yearly festival on December sixth.

The English-speaking people who lived nearby greatly enjoyed Dutch festivals. And they brought the saint and the custom of giving gifts into their own celebration at Christmas time. The Dutch spoke the name "Saint Nikolaas" very fast. It sounded like "sinterklaas." And so, when the English said this word, it sounded like Santa Claus. West of New York, in Pennsylvania, many German farmers had also heard of Saint Nikolas. But they called him Pelznickel. This word came from "pelz," meaning fur, and "nickel" for Nicholas. And so, to the Germans of Pennsylvania, Saint Nicholas or Pelznickel was a man dressed in fur who came once a year with gifts for good children. Soon, people began to feel that the love and kindness Pelznickel brought should be part of a celebration honoring the Christkindl, as the Germans called the Christ child. After a time, this became Kris Kringle. Later, Kris Kringle became another name for Santa Claus himself. Whatever he is called, he is still the same short, fat, jolly old man with a long beard, wearing a red suit with white fur. The picture of Santa Claus as we see him came from Thomas Nast. He was an American painter born in Bavaria. He painted pictures for Christmas poems. Someone asked him to paint a picture of Santa Claus. Nast remembered when he was a little boy in southern Germany. Every Christmas, a fat old man gave toys and cakes to the children. So, when Nast painted the picture, his Santa Claus looked like the kindly old man of his childhood.

And through the years, Nast's painting has remained as the most popular picture of Santa Claus.

Santa can be seen almost everywhere in large American cities during the Christmas season. Some stand on street corners asking for money to buy food and gifts for the needy. Others are found in stores and shopping centers. It is easy to find them by the long lines of children waiting to tell Santa what they want for Chirstmas. If one took a vote among children to learn who their favorite person was, there is no question who would win - Santa Claus.

PART 3

ON CHRISTMAS TRADITIONS

Christmas Trees, Christmas Stockings, Mistletoe Holly, Ivy and Greenery Poinsettias, Christmas cards, Kwanzaa.
In 16th-century Germany fir trees were decorated, both indoors and out, with apples, roses, gilded candies, and colored paper. In the Middle Ages, a popular religous play depicted the story of Adam and Eve's expulsion from the Garden of Eden.
A fir tree hung with apples was used to symbolize the Garden of Eden -- the Paradise Tree. The play ended with the prophecy of a saviour coming, and so was often performed during the Advent season.
It is held that Protestant reformer Martin Luther first adorned trees with light. While coming home one December evening, the beauty of the stars shining through the branches of a fir inspired him to recreate the effect by placing candles on the branches of a small fir tree inside his home.

YOUR FAVOURITE CHRISTMAS TRADITION

Christmas Stockings

The tradition of the Christmas stockings began by a story told since ancient time about a kind noble man who had three daughters. The wife of the nobleman expired and the daughters and their father were left in a state of sorrow. The daughters had to do all the work in the house. When the daughters became young and eligible for marriage, the poor father could not afford to give the huge dowries to their husbands.

One evening the daughters, after washing their stockings hung them near the fire place to be dried. Santa Claus being moved by the plight of the daughters came in and put in three bags of gold one in each of the stocking hanging by the chimney. The next morning the family noticed the gold bags and the nobleman had enough for his daughter’s marriage. The daughters got married and they lived happily ever after. Since then children have been hanging Christmas stockings. Christmas stockings are supposed to have the gifts given by Santa Claus. The other gifts are wrapped in present papers and placed near the Christmas tree. It is believed that a child who misbehaves during the year will not get a gift in their Christmas stocking. The Christmas stockings are traditionally hung on the fireplace. But as most of the modern homes do not have a fireplace, any location is suitable for hanging the Christmas stockings. In many traditions the Christmas stocking is to be stuffed by a gift that will stimulate the five sensory organs.

The gift given by Santa Claus would be something to eat, a thing that makes a sound and gives a pleasant view to the eyes or gift which has a lovely fragrance.

In the present modern culture there are special Christmas stockings available in the market. Some families design unique stockings for each family member.

HOLIDAYS AROUND THE WORLD

LABORATORY WORK №2

On Easter

I

to crucify мучить

crucification мучение

to resurrect возрождаться

resurrection возрождение

Easter Day Пасха

Good Friday Чистая пятница

Mundy Thursday чистый вторник

Blessed sacrament Счастливое причастие

To santisfy food поститься

To celebrate Jesus Christ восхваливать Иисуса Христа

Liturgical life литургия

A holy week Страстная неделя

To venerate уважать

1. is the period of seven days from Easter Sunday through the Saturday following.

In the Eastern Orthodox Church and in Eastern Catholic Churches, the days of Bright Week are named: Bright Monday, Bright Tuesday, etc. Each day repeats the joyful hymns of Pascha (Easter), with only a few variations, taken from the Octoechos, according to the Eight Tones of the Orthodox liturgy. One tone (with the exception of the Seventh Tone—known as the "Grave Tone") is assigned to each day.

2. Good Friday, also known as Holy Friday, Black Friday, Great Friday, is a religious holiday observed primarily by Christians commemorating the crucifixion of Jesus Christ and his death at Calvary. The holiday is observed during Holy Week as part of the Paschal Triduum on the Friday preceding Easter Sunday, and may coincide with the Jewish observance of Passover.

3. The Blessed Sacrament, or the Body and Blood of Christ, is a devotional name used in the Roman Catholic Church, Eastern Catholic Churches, Old Catholic, Anglican, and Lutheran Churches, to refer to the Host after it has been consecrated in the sacrament of the Eucharist. Christians in these traditions believe in the Real Presence of Jesus Christ in the Eucharistic elements of the bread and wine and hence practice Eucharistic reservation and Eucharistic adoration.

4Maundy Thursday, also known as Holy Thursday, Covenant Thursday, Great & Holy Thursday, and Thursday of Mysteries, is the Christian feast or holy day falling on the Thursday before Easter that commemorates the Last Supper of Jesus Christ with the Apostles. It is the fifth day of Holy Week, and is preceded by Holy Wednesday and followed by Good Friday. The date is always between 19 March and 22 April inclusive. These dates in the Julian calendar, on which Eastern churches in general base their calculations of the date of Easter, correspond throughout the 21st century to 1 April and 5 May in the more commonly used Gregorian calendar.

5 Most scholars agree that the English word Maundy in that name for the day is derived through Middle English, and Old French mandé, from the Latin mandatum, the first word of the phrase "Mandatum novum do vobis ut diligatis invicem sicut dilexi vos" ("A new commandment I give unto you, That ye love one another; as I have loved you"), the statement by Jesus in the Gospel of John (13:34) by which Jesus explained to the Apostles the significance of his action of washing their feet.

6 Others theorize that the English name "Maundy Thursday" arose from "maundsor" baskets, in which on that day the king of England distributed alms to certain poor at Whitehall: "maund" is connected with the Latin mendicare.

PART 2

GREEK EASTER

III

To know more on the varied aspects of Greek Easter calendar, we should first try to analyze the wide historical factors leading to the observance of Greek Easter celebrations. According to the background of Greek Easter calendar, before 325 CE, Christian communities celebrated Easter on varied dates in a specific the week; but the Council of Nicea, formed by Emperor Constantine issued an "Easter Rule" which regularized Easter observance to the first Sunday after the first full moon known as the paschal moon after the vernal equinox.
It was also stated that Quatrodecimens, a group of Christians in Asia Minor celebrated Easter on the 14th day of the Jewish month of Nisan, thus making Easter a Christian Passover. However, it’s seen that the Greek Orthodox Church do not always celebrate Easter like their Catholic and Protestant counterparts in different nations.
the Greek Easter festive calendar is calculated by considering other factors such as the movement of ecclesiastical moons, paschal full moons, the astronomical equinox and the fixed equinox. Since Easter is a moveable feast, the unique Greek Easter calendar states that the actual date of Greek Easter may fall on varying dates. The controversy regarding the celebration of Easter is a subject of debate among certain intellectuals till today, but the zest of this celebration is alive and continues to spring many hopes and joy in the minds of many. Want to know more on the varied aspects of Greek Easter Calendar, flip through Dgreetings.com. Keep surfing our website for more details.

Catholic Easter Versus Orthodox Easter

Easter is a holiday celebrated by many Christians around the world to commemorate the resurrection of Christ. The days preceeding the holiday and those following it also have a special meaning.

The exact date of Easter changes from year to year and rarely repeats itself. In the Gregorian calendar, which is used by the Catholic and Protestant churches, Easter repeats itself every 5.7 million years. In the Julian calendar, which is used by the Orthodox church, Easter falls on the same date every 532 years. The frequency of repeated dates is based on calculations established by various churches throughout time and take into account lunar cycles, solar cycles, and a factor called the Epact.

When Is Easter (The Short Explanation)Simply explained, Easter is the first Sunday after the first full moon after the vernal equinox. If the first full moon falls on a Sunday, then the following Sunday will be Easter.

The meaning of Easter

Easter is the central religious feast in the Christian liturgical year. According to Christian scripture, Jesus was raised from the dead on the third day after his crucifixion. Some Christians celebrate this resurrection on Easter Day or Easter Sunday, two days after Good Friday and three days after Maundy Thursday. The chronology of his death and resurrection is variously interpreted to be between AD 26 and 36, traditionally 33. Easter also refers to the season of the church year called Eastertide or the Easter Season. Traditionally the Easter Season lasted for the forty days from Easter Day until Ascension Day but now officially lasts for the fifty days until Pentecost. The first week of the Easter Season is known as Easter Week or the Octave of Easter. Easter also marks the end of Lent, a season of fasting, prayer, and penance.

Easter is a moveable feast, meaning it is not fixed in relation to the civil calendar. The First Council of Nicaea (325) established the date of Easter as the first Sunday after the full moon (the Paschal Full Moon) following the northern hemisphere's vernal equinox.Ecclesiastically, the equinox is reckoned to be on March 21 (even though the equinox occurs, astronomically speaking, on March 20 in most years), and the "Full Moon" is not necessarily the astronomically correct date. The date of Easter therefore varies between March 22 and April 25. Eastern Christianity bases its calculations on the Julian Calendar whose March 21 corresponds, during the 21st century, to April 3 in the Gregorian Calendar, in which calendar their celebration of Easter therefore varies between April 4 and May 8.

Easter is linked to the Jewish Passover by much of its symbolism, as well as by its position in the calendar. In most European languages the feast called Easter in English is termed by the words for passover in those languages and in the older English versions of the Bible the term Easter was the term used to translate passover.

Relatively newer[citation needed] elements such as the Easter Bunny and Easter egg hunts have become part of the holiday's modern celebrations, and those aspects are often celebrated by many Christians and non-Christians alike. There are also some Christian denominations who do not celebrate Easter.

Laboratory works №3

Thanksgiving Day

Part1

Thanksgiving Day

Behind the Turkey: The story of thanksgiving

1.to hold thanksgiving celebrations-праздновать День благодарения

2.to flee oppression-попрощаться с угнетением

3.to have a good harvest of horn and barley-хороший урожай ячменя

4.to last through the winter-длиться на протяжении зимы

5.to declare a national observance-объявить национальное празднование

6.to begin a campaign for an official holiday-начать кампанию в честь официального праздника

7.an autumn harvest festival-осенний фестиваль урожая

8.side dishes-сторона блюд

9.pecan pie-ореховый пирог

10.charity groups-благотворительные группы

1) Thanksgiving is celebrated every year on the fourth Thursday of November. The month of November is in autumn, the main season for harvesting crops.

2) The writer O. Henry called Thanksgiving the one holiday that is purely American. It is not a religious holiday. But it has spiritual meaning.

3) Thanksgiving Day is a harvest festival celebrated primarily in the United States and Canada. Traditionally, it has been a time to give thanks for a bountiful harvest. While there was an underlying religious element in the original celebration, Thanksgiving today is primarily identified as a secular holiday. Thanksgiving in North America had originated from a mix of European and Native traditions. Typically in Europe, festivals were held before and after the harvest cycles to give thanks to God for a good harvest, to rejoice together after much hard work with the rest of the community. When Europeans first arrived to the Americas, they brought with them their own harvest festival traditions from Europe, celebrating their safe voyage, peace and good harvest.

4) Miz Scott-Buczak serves the traditional American Thanksgiving dinner. But she adds a few special foods that are especially popular in some African-American homes, dishes like sweet potato pie and corn pudding. Before the meal begins, the people all say a few words about what they are most thankful for.

5) Mister Sanghua was born in Sierra Leone. He says the family began a Thanksgiving tradition because the children, ages nine through sixteen, wanted to celebrate an American holiday.

6) Joan and Sandy Horwitt of Arlington, Virginia, have been holding a Thanksgiving dinner for almost thirty years. All the guests bring food to share. The Horwitts started this tradition when they moved to Virginia from the Midwest. They regretted not being able to be with all their family members. But they soon met new friends. So they started a holiday dinner for others who were also unable to travel to family homes for the holiday.

7) The centerpiece of contemporary Thanksgiving in the United States and Canada is a large meal, generally centered around a large roasted turkey. A Thanksgiving Day dinner served to the Civilian Conservation Corps in 1935 included: pickles, green olives, celery, roast turkey, oyster stew, cranberry sauce, giblet gravy, dressing, creamed asparagus tips, snowflake potatoes, baked carrots, hot rolls, fruit salad, mince meat pie, fruit cake, candies, grapes, apples, French drip coffee, cigars and cigarettes.

8) Americans have added new traditions to their Thanksgiving celebration. For example, a number of professional and college football games are played on Thanksgiving Day. Some of the games are broadcast on national television.

9) When Europeans first arrived to the Americas, they brought with them their own harvest festival traditions from Europe, celebrating their safe voyage, peace and good harvest.

10) After the first harvest, the governor of Plymouth Colony - William Bradford - suggested that the Pilgrims hold a feast of thanksgiving. He felt that it was a good time to thank God for the Pilgrims ’ survival in their new homeland. And to their thanksgiving feast the Pilgrims invited the Indians. The Pilgrims were grateful to the Indians for helping the Colony survive . In addition, they hoped that the celebration would strengthen their friendship with the Indians. But we do know that the Pilgrims and Indians enjoyed a huge feast of deer, goose, duck, oyster, eel, bread, fruit, and corn meal pudding. Everything was cooked over open fires, and the Indians even showed the Pilgrims how to roast corn over the flames to make popcorn!

11) In 1827, Mrs. Sarah Joseph Hale began lobbying several Presidents for the proclamation of Thanksgiving as a national holiday . It didn't see success until 1863 when Abraham Lincoln finally made it a national holiday with his 1863 Thanksgiving Proclamation.

Part 2

1) Thanksgiving is what the social scientists call a civil holiday. It is not religious but it does have spiritual meaning . For some families, Thanksgiving may be the only time of year when everyone gets together. The government says the Sunday after Thanksgiving is the busiest day of the year for long-distance travel as people return from gatherings.

2) The Friday after Thanksgiving , although not a Federal holiday, is often a company holiday for many in the U.S. workforce, except for those in retail. It is also a day off for most schools. The Friday after Thanksgiving is popularly known as Black Friday , so-called because of the heavy shopping traffic on that day. Black Friday is considered to be the start of the Christmas shopping season.

3) The Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade , often shortened to Macy's Day Parade , is an annual parade presented by Macy's . The tradition started in 1927, tying it for the second-oldest Thanksgiving parade in the United States along with America's Thanksgiving Parade in Detroit.

4) In the 1920s many of Macy's department store employees were first-generation immigrants. Proud of their new American heritage, they wanted to celebrate the United States holiday of Thanksgiving with the type of festival their parents had loved in Europe.

5) New safety measures were incorporated in 2006 to prevent accidents and balloon related injuries. One measure taken was installation of wind measurement devices to alert parade organizers to any unsafe conditions that could cause the balloons to behave erratically. Also, parade officials implemented a measure to keep the balloons closer to the ground during windy conditions.

6) One measure taken was installation of wind measurement devices to alert parade organizers to any unsafe conditions that could cause the balloons to behave erratically.

7) Thanksgiving memories are often made of -- the big Thanksgiving Day meal . Some families serve ham. Others serve a meatless dinner. But the traditional main dish is turkey. Most people cook the bird in an oven; some prepare the turkey other ways, like fried in oil.

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Thanksgiving Day Traditions :The Big Thanksgiving Meal

Thanksgiving memories are often made of -- the big Thanksgiving Day meal . Some families serve ham. Others serve a meatless dinner. But the traditional main dish is turkey. Most people cook the bird in an oven; some prepare the turkey other ways, like fried in oil. Turkey on Thanksgiving is usually served with a bread mixture inside. Some Americans call it stuffing; others call it dressing. Popular side dishes on Thanksgiving include cranberries, sweet potatoes and green beans. Then for a rich, sweet dessert there is often pumpkin pie or pecan pie. Many Thanksgiving tables also are heavy with other dishes, often brought by guests. And if the guests eat all that is served, they too will feel heavy. Some people like fruit soup, green salads and baked potatoes with their turkey. Others like baked squash, creamed onions, creamed spinach and corn pudding. Many people eat more at Thanksgiving than any other time of the year. For people who do not have much food, or a home to go to at Thanksgiving , charity groups play an important part. To help the needy, religious and service organizations across the country serve special Thanksgiving meals .

Laboratory works №4

Other Holidays

Part 1

A Day to Dream:

Remembering Martin Luther King and his Work

1) Martin Luther King, Jr., (January 15, 1929-April 4, 1968) was born Michael Luther King, Jr., but later had his name changed to Martin.

2) Always a strong worker for civil rights for members of his race, King was, by this time, a member of the executive committee of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the leading organization of its kind in the nation. He was ready, then, early in December, 1955, to accept the leadership of the first great Negro nonviolent demonstration of contemporary times in the United States, the bus boycott described by Gunnar Jahn in his presentation speech in honor of the laureate.

3) In 1957 he was elected president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization formed to provide new leadership for the now burgeoning civil rights movement. The ideals for this organization he took from Christianity; its operational techniques from Gandhi. In the eleven-year period between 1957 and 1968, King traveled over six million miles and spoke over twenty-five hundred times, appearing wherever there was injustice, protest, and action; and meanwhile he wrote five books as well as numerous articles.

4) he planned the drives in Alabama for the registration of Negroes as voters; he directed the peaceful march on Washington, D.C., of 250,000 people to whom he delivered his address, "l Have a Dream", he conferred with President John F. Kennedy and campaigned for President Lyndon B. Johnson; he was arrested upwards of twenty times and assaulted at least four times; he was awarded five honorary degrees; was named Man of the Year by Time magazine in 1963; and became not only the symbolic leader of American blacks but also a world figure.

At the age of thirty-five, Martin Luther King, Jr., was the youngest man to have received the Nobel Peace Prize. When notified of his selection, he announced that he would turn over the prize money of $54,123 to the furtherance of the civil rights movement.

5) On the evening of April 4, 1968, while standing on the balcony of his motel room in Memphis, Tennessee, where he was to lead a protest march in sympathy with striking garbage workers of that city, he was assassinated.

6) In 1991, the New Hampshire legislature created "Civil Rights Day" and abolished "Fast Day". In 1999, "Civil Rights Day" was officially changed to "Martin Luther King Day," becoming the last state to have a holiday named after Dr. King.

On May 2, 2000, South Carolina governor Jim Hodges signed a bill to make Martin Luther King, Jr.'s birthday an official state holiday. South Carolina was the last state to recognize the day as a paid holiday for all state employees. Prior to this, employees could choose between celebrating Martin Luther King Day or one of three Confederate holidays.

Part 2

Mothering Sunday

1) Mothering Sunday is a Christian festival celebrated throughout Europe and it falls on the 4th Sunday in Lent. Secularly it became a celebration of motherhood.

2) It is increasingly being called Mother's Day, although in countries other than the UK and Ireland that holiday has other origins. In the UK it is considered synonymous with Mother's Day as celebrated in other countries.

3) In the Roman religion the Hilaria festival was held in honour of the mother goddess Cybele and it took place during mid-March. As the Roman Empire and Europe converted to Christianity, this celebration became part of the liturgical calendar as Laetare Sunday, the fourth Sunday in Lent to honour the Virgin Mary and the "mother church"