Задание 1. Процесс горения водорода в кислороде сопровождается изменением энтальпии ΔH=-241 кДж/моль. Что произошло с энергосодержанием системы?Увеличилось? Уменьшилось? (Решение → 1678)

Вариант 1
Задание 1. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.
The Economic Environment
The economy comprises millions of people and thousands of firms as well as the government and local authorities, all taking decisions about prices and wages, what to buy, sell, produce, export, import and many other matters. All these organizations and the decisions they take play a prominent part in sharing the business environment in which firms exist and operate.
The economy is complicated and difficult to control and predict, but it is certainly important to all businesses. You should be aware that there are times when business and individuals have plenty of funds to spend and there are times when they have to cut back on their spending. This can have enormous implications for business as a whole. When the economy is enjoying a boom, firms experience high sales and general prosperity. At such times, unemployment is low and many firms will be investing funds to enable them to produce more. They do this because consumers have plenty of money to spend and firms expect high sales. It naturally follows that the state of the economy is a major factor in the success of firms.
However, during periods when people have less to spend many firms face hard times as their sales fall. Thus, the economic environment alters as the economy moves into a recession. At that time, total spending declines as income falls and unemployment rises. Consumers will purchase cheaper items and cut expenditure on luxury items such as televisions and cars.
Changes in state of economy affect all types of business, though the extent to which they are affected varies. In the recession of the early 1990s the high street banks suffered badly. Profits declined and, in some cases, losses were incurred. This was because fewer people borrowed money from banks, thus denying them the opportunity to earn interest on loans, and a rising proportion of those who did borrow defaulted on repayment. These so-called “bad debts” cut profit margins substantially.
Задание 2. Переведите словосочетания на русский язык.
The government and local authorities;
to take (make) decisions;
to cut back on spending;
to enjoy a boom;
the economy comprises millions of people and millions of firms;
to alter the economic environment;
to cut profit margins;
unemployment rises;
firms experience high sales;
their sales fall;
total spending declines as income falls;
luxury items;
the high street banks suffered badly;
to earn interest on loans;
so called “bad-debts”;
changes in the state of economy;
profits decline;
to borrow money from the bank;
to affect all types of business.
Задание 3. Переведите словосочетания на английский язык.
Играть заметную роль;
формировать среду;
сокращать расходы;
сократить размеры прибыли;
переживать тяжёлые времена;
приходить в упадок;
доходы падают;
нести убытки;
состояние экономики;
иметь большое значение для бизнеса в целом;
лишать возможности;
результат действий;
не выполнять обязательства по уплате;
получать процентный доход;
покупать более дешёвые товары;
в определенной степени;
сложно предсказывать экономику;
занимать деньги в банке.

Задание 4. Ответьте на вопросы.
1. What does the economy comprise?
2. What’s a boom in the economy? What characterizes the state of the economy at that time?
3. What happens when the economy moves into a recession?
4. What are “bad debts”?
5. What happened to some banks in the early 1990s and why?
Задание 5. Переведите предложения на английский язык
1. Состояние экономики имеет большое значение для успешной деятельности фирмы.
2. Когда экономика находится на подъёме, то фирмы продают больше товаров, что ведет к получению большой прибыли и процветанию.
3. Упадок экономики характеризуется сокращением объема производства и сбыта продукции (sale). Таким образом, доходы предприятий снижаются, и они несут убытки.
4. Экономику сложно предсказывать (to predict). Результатом деятельности всех субъектов производства является формирование той или иной экономической среды, в которой развивается бизнес (субъект - группа общества).
5. У фирмы не было возможности увеличить расходы на рекламу, и в результате она потеряла часть рынка сбыта (market).
Задание 6. Определите видовременную форму глагола.
1. Trade is a major factor in economic development of any country including Russia.
2. How long will it take you to put everything in order?
3. They agreed to interrupt the talks and make a short break.
4. The president of the company was so upset that he didn’t understand what I was saying.
5. They won’t sign the contract at such high price.
6. The director of the company doesn’t find your prices acceptable.