Usage of it in the process of translation
MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND EDUCATION OF REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
COLLEGE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE
“USAGE OF IT IN THE PROCESS OF TRANSLATION”
Group: PD-3
Supervisor:
CHAPTER 1: IT, PROCESS OF TRANSLATION: DEFINITION
1.1What is IT and its usage in the process of translation...............
1.2 History of the development of modern information technology in the translation…………………..
1.3 Electronic dictionaries and their definition…………..
CHAPTER 2: THE PRATICAL USAGE OF IT IN THE PROCESS
OF TRANSLATION...................
2.1 Literature review research methodology ……………..
2.2 The practical usage of “IT” by electronic dictionaries Abbey Lingvo, Promt and Google……..
CONCLUSION……………..
BIBLIOGRAPHY……………….
APPENDIX……………………..
INTRODUCTION
This paper studies the use of information technology in the translation work.
At the present stage of translation special importance is the problem of using innovative technologies. Among these are, for the most part of the information and communication technology.
Over the last ten to fifteen years of the work of the translator and requirements for it have changed significantly. The first changes were the translation of scientific, technical, official and business documents. Today, as a rule, it is not enough just to translate the text, using the computer as a typewriter. The customer expects the interpreter, that the design of the finished document will match the appearance of the original as closely as possible, while meeting the performance standards in the country. The translator also requires the ability to effectively use a previously completed orders on the same subject, and the employer, in turn, relies on a significant time and cost savings in the translation repeated or similar pieces of text. These conditions can be observed only if the interpreter is not only fluent in the native and foreign language, and a deep study of the chosen subject area, but focused and confident in modern computer technology.
Thus, IT created a new culture of communication in electronic form at the same time a significant increase in its volume. Under the influence of this, and with the expansion of international cooperation have increased significantly informative (non-fiction) into the field of science, engineering, economics, law, etc. Changed the very nature of the translation process, it became necessary to increase the efficiency of PD through the use of modern computer technology. From the above it can be concluded undoubted relevance of this topic.
The aim of the study was to explore ways to optimize the translation process by means of IT.
Achieving this goal requires the following specific tasks:
1. Establish a universal model cycle translation work with IT, describes the steps necessary to perform skilled and subsequent support order for translation.
2. Analyze the features of the use of IT "translation work";
3. To analyze the effectiveness of the use of IT in the translation work and to determine whether a computer is able to replace the traditional interpretation;4. Based on these results give a predictive assessment of the prospects of development of IT in the translation work.
The object of investigation stages of PD, in particular, the present stage of translation and editing.
The subject of research is the effective use of IT in PD, in particular machine translation for interpretation.
The scientific novelty of this research is to try to establish the significance of the use of IT in modern translation, determine the extent of impact of IT on the quality of the translation, a universal model cycle of the translation with the use of IT.
The practical value is to optimize the transfer of ICT in the results of the effectiveness of a software in PD, which can be used in writing the master and the subsequent translation work.
The validity and reliability of the results provided by aligning them with the basic provisions of the didactics and methodology of translation, the logical structure of the study, the choice of methods, appropriate goals and objectives, practical testing, the implementation of research results in the practice of translation.
Supporting technologies - technologies of information processing that can be used as tools in various subject areas. However, they can provide a solution to set different plan and a different degree of difficulty. ICU can be divided into classes of tasks, depending on the class of ICU use different kinds of components and software. When you combine the ICU on the basis of a substantive problem of system integration, ie bringing various technologies to a common standard interface.
Functional Information Technology (FIT) - a modification providing technology for the problems a particular subject area, ie implemented subject technology. The subject of technology and information technology influence each other. For example, the appearance of plastic cards as carriers of financial information technology fundamentally changed the subject. In this case, had to create a completely new information technology. But, in turn, opportunities presented by the new IT technology influenced the subject of plastic media (in their defense, for example).Information technologies are classified by type of user interface. There are system and application interface.
The application interface is associated with the implementation of information technology function. System interface - a set of methods of interaction with the computer, which is implemented by the operating system or its superstructure.
Most of providing technology and functionality used by the user without intermediaries - programmers. The user may change the sequence of use of certain technologies. In terms of participation or non-participation in the user information process, technology can be divided into batch and interactive.
CHAPTER 1: IT, PROCESS OF TRANSLATION: DEFINITION
1.1What is IT and its usage in the process of translation
Information technology (IT, from the English. Information technology, IT) - a class of areas related to technology management and process the huge flow of information using computer technology.
According to the definition adopted by UNESCO, Information
Technology (IT) - a set of inter-related science, technology, engineering,
studying the methods of efficient organization of people involved processing
and storage of information using computer technology and methods of
organization and interaction with people and production equipment, and
their practical application, as well as associated with all of these
social, economic and cultural problems. The main features of the modern
IT: Computer-processing; -
Informatization based on the introduction of computer and telecommunication technologies is a social response to the need for a substantial increase in labor productivity in the information sector of social production, which accounts for more than half of the workforce. For example, in the field of information the U.S. employ more than 60% of the working population in the CIS - 40%. [1]Modern information technology Modern information technology with their rapidly growing potential and rapidly declining costs have great potential for new forms of work organization and employment in both individual corporations and society in general. The spectrum of possibilities greatly expanded - innovations affect all spheres of human life, the family, education, work, the geographical boundaries of human communities, etc. Today, information technology can make a decisive contribution to strengthening the relationship between the growth of labor productivity, output, investment and employment . New services that extend across networks, is able to create a number of jobs, which is confirmed by the practice of recent years. Until the early 1980s, information technology was represented mainly by large computers and used for the needs of only half of the corporate "pyramid", because due to their high cost was not possible to automate the solution of management problems. Automate repetitive information processing was comparable to the automation of manual labor on the basis of the use of machines that have replaced people. It is estimated that from 1960 to 1980 more than 12 million existing or potential jobs related to information processing were automated through the use of traditional computers. Automation jobs are on the lower levels of the administrative hierarchy, led to a decrease in the size of enterprises, but at the same time did not cause major changes in the general model of labor organization. At the time, it seemed unlikely that information technology can contribute to the stability of social and economic development, on the contrary, the evidence showed that their role in increasing productivity, forming patterns of consumer behavior focused on new products and services, creating jobs in industries information technology, compared with the retirement of jobs in the industry - the consumers of their products were generally low. The information technology industry is one of the fastest growing industries in the world. Over the last 5 years the industry revenues grew by an average of 10 percent per year, with an average growth rate of 3-4 per cent of the economy, which has led to an increase in the share of industry in GDP in both developed and developing countries. According to the forecasts of international analytical agencies, high growth rates of about 9 percent a year, will continue for the next five years. [4]Features of the technology industry can move to other countries not only software development, but also the support of products, and a number of auxiliary processes. A large number of international IT companies, starting with the second half of the 90's, opened its offices in India and China, and transferred the functions or performance of the entire business processes in these units. In parallel, an IT company developing countries provide services to customers in countries with remote access. The undisputed leader in all segments of the offshore far is India, with total IT exports of about $ 15 billion in 2003. [4] Recently appeared on the market in Eastern Europe, focused on the EU market, as well as China, which is mainly focused on neighboring countries (Japan, South Korea, Gonkng, Philippines). The development of telecommunications and multiple lower cost data was a critical factor in ensuring the growth of the export of services. Having a good telecommunications infrastructure at competitive prices is a necessary factor for a country to claim the leadership position in this market. Information technology market Thus, the market of information technologies transformed orientation towards IT services, with a significant part of these services will be provided to developing countries.
1.2 History of the development of modern information technology in the translation.
The transfer time is a computer - a difficult but interesting scientific problem. Its main difficulty lies in the fact that natural languages are difficult to formalize. Hence the low quality of the MT systems using text, content and form of which is the constant object of jokes. However, the idea of machine translation goes back far into the past.
First thought of the possibility of machine translation suggested by Charles Babbage, who developed in the 1836-1848 years. project "Digital Analytical Engine". Charles Babbage's idea was that the memory of 1000 50-bit decimal numbers (50 gears in each register) can be used to store the dictionary. Charles Babbage brought this idea as a justification for the request from the British government funds for physical embodiment of the analytical engine, which he was unable to build. [7.106]
And 100 years later, in 1947, William Weaver (director of the Division of Natural Sciences of the Rockefeller Foundation) wrote a letter to Norbert Wiener. In the letter, he suggested the use of technology to decrypt text translation. This year is the year of birth of machine translation. In the same year was the implementation of the algorithm of word translation, and in 1948, R. Richens proposed rule splitting words at the source end. In the next two decades, the machine translation system developed rapidly.[6.97]
In January 1954, the machine IBM - 701 demonstrated the first system of machine translation IBM Mark II. But in 1967, a special commission of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States recognized the "machine translation unprofitable" significantly inhibited the research in this area. The new lift machine translation experiences in 70 years, and in the 80's is economically advantageous due to a comparatively low cost of computer time. [7.107],
However, in the USSR, research in the field of machine translation continued. After the demonstration of IBM Mark II VINITI group of scientists began to develop machine translation systems for the BESM. The first sample of translation from English into Russian has been received by the end of 1955.Another line of work emerged in the Department of Applied Mathematics, Mathematical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences (now the Keldysh Institute. M. Academy of Sciences) on the initiative of Lyapunov. The first machine translation software, developed by the team, have been implemented by car "boom." Thanks to the work on the creation of MT systems took shape such direction as applied linguistics.
In the 70 years to build MT systems development team worked VINITI PhD. GG Belonogova. Their first system of MI was developed in 1993, and in 1996, after several revisions was registered under the name RosAPO Retrans. This system is used by the Ministry of Defence, Transport, Science and Technology.
Parallel studies were conducted in the laboratory of Engineering Linguistics LGPI them. Herzen (now Normal University). They formed the basis of today's most popular MP "PROMT". The latest versions of this software using high technology and are based on advanced network technology transitions and formalism of neural networks.[8.110]
A sign of division - the problems standing in the way of information society.
Stage 1 (end of the 60's.) Characterized the problem of processing large amounts of data in a limited capacity of the hardware.
Stage 2 (up to the late 70's.) Associated with the spread of computer series 1VM/360. The problem of this phase - lag software on the level of the hardware.
Third stage (from the early 80's.) - Computer becomes a tool for the lay user, and information systems - means of supporting its decision-making. Problem - meeting the needs of users and creating an appropriate interface in the computer environment.
Stage 4 (from the early 90's.) - The creation of inter-organizational relationships of modern technology and information systems. Problems in this stage are many. The most important of them are:-production agreements and the establishment of standards and protocols for computer communication, organization, access to strategic information, organization, protection and security of information.
A sign of division - the types of technology tools.
Phase 1 (to the second half of the XIX century.) - "Hand" information technology tools which were: pen, ink, book. Communication is done by hand by smuggle through mail letters, packages, dispatches. The main purpose of technology - to provide information in the right form.
Phase 2 (end of XIX c.) - "Mechanical" technology, tools which were: a typewriter, telephone, voice recorder, equipped with more sophisticated means of delivering mail. The main purpose of technology - presenting information in the right form, more convenient means.
Stage 3 (40 - 60s. XX c.) - "Electric" technology, tools which were: mainframe and software, electric typewriters, copiers, portable recorders. Change the purpose of technology. Emphasis in information technology begins to move to the presentation of information on the formation of its content.
Stage 4 (from the early 70's.) - "E" technology, which are the main tools mainframe and create on their basis of the automated control systems (ACS), and information retrieval systems (IRS), equipped with a wide range of basic and specialized software systems. The center of gravity is shifting even more technology to form a meaningful part of the information management environment for various spheres of public life, especially in the organization of the analytical work. Many objective and subjective factors prevented challenge before the new concept of information technology tasks. However, experience has been gained by the formation of meaningful management information and prepared professional, psychological and social basis for the transition to a new stage of technology development.
Stage 5 (mid-80's.) - "Computer" ("new") technology, which is the main tool is a personal computer with a wide range of standard software products for different purposes. At this stage, the personalization process of ACS, which is manifested in the creation of decision support systems for certain specialists. Similar systems have built-in elements of the analysis and intelligence for the different levels of management, implemented on a PC and use telecommunications. In connection with the transition to microprocessor base undergo significant changes and facilities for domestic, cultural and other purposes.[5. 76]
Becoming widely used in various global and local computer networks. Information technology is quite natural that they become obsolete and are replaced by new ones. Pros methodology centralized technology: user-recourse to large amounts of information in the form of databases and information products to a wide range, ease of implementation, comparative methodological decisions on development and improvement of information technology through centralized adoption. Disadvantages of this methodology are obvious: limited liability, lower staff who do not contribute to the rapid acquisition of information by the user, thus preventing the proper production management decisions, limiting the user experience in the process of creating and using information. The advantages of this methodology are:-flexible structure that provides space initiatives user-greater responsibility to lower-level employees, reducing the need-to-use central computer and thus control of the data center,-a complete implementation of the creative potential of users through the use of computer communication. [3.115]
Described the advantages and disadvantages of centralized and decentralized information technology has led to the need to adhere to the line and the judicious application of both approaches. This approach is called a rational methodology, and show how in this case will be allocated duties: computer center should be responsible for developing a common strategy for the use of information technology to help users both at work and in training, set standards and determine the policy of software and hardware ,-personnel using information technology should follow the instructions the computer center, to develop their local systems and technologies in accordance with the general plan of the organization.
"The new members of the forum on CompuServe of foreign languages are often asked the question, could you tell them to someone a good machine translation software for a reasonable price. The answer is invariably 'no'. "[6.40] Depending on the charge, the answer may be two main arguments: either that machine translation can not afford, or that machine translation is too expensive.
Both arguments are true to some extent. But the answer is not so simple. Studying the problem of machine translation (MT) should be considered separately the various subsections of the problem. The next division is based on lectures Larry Childs carried out by the International Technical Conference on Communications, 1990:• Fully automatic translation;• automated machine translation by man;• translate, the person using the computer.
Fully automated translation. Typically, this type of transfer is implied by most people, when they talk about machine translation. The point here is simple: enter your text in one language, the text is processed and the computer displays the same text in another language. Unfortunately, the implementation of this type of automatic translation faces some obstacles still to be overcome. [1,16]
The main problem is the complexity of the language itself. As it turned out, some progress has been made in the development of programs of transfer, distinguishing the meaning based on context. More recent studies in the analysis of texts rely more on the theory of probability. However, fully automatic machine translation of texts with extensive subject is still a daunting task.
The automated machine translation by man. This kind of machine translation is now quite feasible. Speaking of the machine translation by man, usually involves editing text, both before and after treatment with a computer. People translators change the text so that they are understood machines.
After the computer has made a translation of the people again, edited rough machine translation, making the text in the target language right. In addition to this method of work, there are systems of MPs during the transfer require the constant presence of a human translator, helping a computer to do a translation particularly complex or ambiguous designs.
Machine translation with human applies more to the text with a limited vocabulary narrowly limited subjects.[1.17]
Translate, the person using the computer. In this approach, a human translator is placed in the center of the translation process, while a computer program is seen as a tool for making the translation process more efficient, and translation - accurate. This is a conventional electronic dictionaries that provide word you want translated by giving the person responsible for selecting the desired option and the meaning of the translated text.
Machine translation systems perform an automated translation. The units of translation in this case consists of a word or phrase, and the latest developments allow for the morphology of the word to be translated. "Development of the MP can translate on the set designer and / or user-correctable translation algorithm" [3, 40].For the implementation of machine translation, a special computer program, which implements the translation, which is defined as a sequence of unique and well-defined action on the text to find the translation equivalents in a given pair of languages Yaz1-Yaz2 for a given direction of translation (from one specific language to another). The machine translation system includes a "bilingual dictionaries, with the necessary grammatical (morphological, syntactic and semantic) to ensure the transfer of equivalent, variant and transformational translation equivalents, as well as algorithmic means of grammatical analysis, implementing any of the accepted for the automatic processing of texts of formal grammars "There are also individual machine translation system designed for translation in three or more languages, but they are currently experimental. [2, 110].
Currently, there are two concepts of machine translation systems:
1. Model of "a large vocabulary with complex structure" which is incorporated into most modern translation software;
2. Model 'meaning-text first formulated AA Lyapunov, but not yet implemented in any commercial ,product.
To date, the best known are the machine translation system, as• PROMT 2000/XT company PROMT;• Retrans Vista Vista companies and Advantis;•Socrates - a set of programs of Arsenal.
In sytems PROMT developed almost uniquely complete morphological description for all languages, which are able to handle the system. It contains 800 types of inflection for the Russian language, more than 300 types, like the German and the French language, and even in English, which is not one of the inflectional languages, highlighted. more than 250 types of inflection. Many endings for each language is stored in a tree structure, which not only provides an efficient way to store, but also an efficient algorithm to morphological analysis.[1.14]
Instead of taking a linguistic approach that dedicate the processes of analysis and synthesis of proposals, based on system architecture was on the concept of the process of translation as a process of "object-oriented" organization, based on the hierarchy of the different components offer. This has led to systems PROMT stable and open. In addition, this approach made it possible to use different formalisms to describe the transfer of different levels.
the systems work and network grammar, similar in type to the extended network transitions, and treatment algorithms of filling and transformation of frame structures for the analysis of complex predicates.
Description of a lexical unit in a dictionary entry, which in fact is not limited in size and may contain many features, closely related to the structure of the system and algorithms is not structured on the basis of the age-old antithesis syntax - semantics, and based on levels of components of the text.
The system can work with incompletely described dictionary entries, which is an important point in the opening dictionaries for the user who can not demand fine handling linguistic material.
The system is released level of lexical items to the group level, the level of simple sentences and the level of complex sentences. All these processes are linked and interact hierarchically in accordance with the hierarchy of text units, exchanging synthesized and inherited traits. This device allows you to use different algorithms, formal methods for the description of algorithms at various levels.ES. ABBYY Lingvo.[13.245]
Electronic dictionary - it is usually a computer database containing specially encoded entries that allow a quick search for words and phrases. Search words by considering morphological combinations (examples of use), as well as with the ability to change the direction of translation (for example, English-Russian or Russian-English).The main difference from EC SMP is that ES provides the full range of interpreter listed in its database the values of the search word or phrase, leaving the choice of the most suitable option for the person while the SMP is self-selection of options from the database based on the in-built algorithms .ABBYY Lingvo - family of electronic dictionaries. Created by the Russian company ABBYY. August 13, 2008 The new version of x3 (three X volume of entries is more than 8.7 million units.[13.244]
Lingvo translated from Esperanto means "language" of which there are articles in dictionaries ABBYY Lingvo (LingvoUniversal and LingvoComputer).Multilingual version covers 12 languages - Armenian, Russian, Ukrainian, English, German, French, Spanish, Italian, Turkish, Latin, Chinese, Portuguese. There is also a European version - 130 dictionaries in 7 languages and English-Russian-English electronic dictionary.
In ABBYY Lingvo no full-text translation, but is likely to word translation of texts from the clipboard. In some dictionaries in English, German and French, most of the words voiced by native speakers - speakers.
The program includes a training module Lingvo Tutor, learn new words.
Apart from the existing 150 professional dictionaries result lexicographical work ABBYY employees and reputable paper and electronic dictionaries has an extensive base of free user dictionaries for the program. Reading pre-tested and are in the public on the website of the Association of lexicographers Lingvo.
ABBYY Lingvo x3 Multilingual version specialized dictionaries for translation from Russian into English, Spanish, Italian, Chinese, Latin, German, Portuguese, Turkish, Ukrainian, Spanish and back.• Mobile multilingual dictionary ABBYY Lingvo x3 - dictionary for smartphones and PDAs, comprising 38 modern full dictionaries for 8 languages. []
Besides the already described above of software that are used to an interpreter, as there are special IR, allowing search translation online, without the need to download and install any software.IR can also be divided into two types, dictionaries and similar in principle online database and machine translators.
The most famous online dictionary can rightly recognize the online version of ABBYY Lingvo. Apart from the already familiar word translation and provide entries site offers a range of additional features:
• FineReader Online - is a convenient online OCR service that recognizes your images, PDF-files or photos, documents and converts them to the correct format - Microsoft Word, Excel, TXT, RTF or Searchable PDF• Translation - development company representatives ABBYY Lingvo, which allows the customer to optimize costs. Type of translation and its value is determined purpose of the document, subject area, volume, and duration of the project• Individual training on the phone (or on the Internet - via Skype)• Online version of ABBYY Aligner for aligning parallel texts and creating Translation Memory databases• The service "Text translation" - a teleconference in which only you and your interlocutor involved remote interpreter Additionally, you can draw attention to a resource like Urban Dictionary. This online database has been created to explore users with an ever-changing and rapidly renewing sphere English slang, phrases, a figurative meaning, conversational turns.
This resource allows users to make a new database of speech and expression, to complement the existing definition. Each article in addition to explanations of expression provides examples of its use, taken from the popular texts, songs, movies. The site also contains sections on "Word of the Day" and "Word of the Year", which are selected by a vote of users of the most popular words and phrases of the day and year, respectively.
As for the online translators, it is sufficient to note that the majority of MRE programs have online versions, including PROMT. They offer the same feature set as their software "brothers."
1.3 Electronic dictionaries and their definition
An electronic dictionary is either a small handheld computer with integrated reference materials, or a PDA or a smartphone with a dictionary program.
Electronic dictionaries are also programs that can be downloaded from the Internet or purchased on a CD-ROM or DVD and installed on a desktop computer
or on a lap top. Other electronic dictionaries can be searched and consulted online on the Internet. The computer-installed dictionaries can often be consulted directly from within any application that uses editable text. The term may be used in a broader sense to refer to the features of a machine-readable dictionary or spell checker.
Some electronic dictionaries contain only a single language (monolingual), but others are bilingual dictionaries and translation dictionaries and may also include, medical or legal dictionaries, thesauri, travel dictionaries, dictionaries of idioms and colloquialisms, a guide to pronunciation, a grammar reference, common phrases and collocations, and a dictionary of foreign loan words.
Electronic dictionary databases, especially those included with software dictionaries are usually extensive and can contain up to 500,000 headwords and definitions, verb conjugation tables, and a grammar reference section. Bilingual electronic dictionaries and monolingual dictionaries of inflected languages often include an inter-active verb conjugator, and are capable of word stemming and lemmatization.
Manufacturers and developers of electronic dictionaries may offer native content from their own lexicographers, licenced data from print publications, or both, as in the case of Babylon offering premium content from Merriam Webster,and Ultralingua offering additional premium content from Collins, Masson, and Simon & Schuster, and Paragon Software offering original content from Duden, Britannica, Harrap, Merriam-Webster and Oxford.
Hand held electronic dictionaries resemble miniature clamshell laptop computers, complete with full keyboards and LCD screens. Because they are intended to be fully portable, the dictionaries are battery-powered and made with durable casing material.
Some of the features of both hand held dictionaries and software dictionaries include stroke order animations, voice output, handwriting recognition for Kanji and Kana, language-learning programs, a calculator, PDA-like organizer functions, encyclopedias, and time zone and currency converters, and crossword puzzle solvers. Dictionaries that contain data for several languages may have a "jump" or "skip-search" feature that allows users to move between the dictionaries when looking up words, and a reverse translation action that allows further looking up of words displayed in the results.
As well as for Roman script, electronic dictionaries
are also available for non Roman, logographic, and right-to-left scripts,
including (but not limited to) Arabic, Persian, Chinese(Simple/Difficult/
Dictionary software generally far exceeds the scope of the hand held dictionaries. Many publishers of traditional printed dictionaries such as Langenscheidt, Collins-Reverso, OED - Oxford English Dictionary, Duden, American Heritage, and Hachette, offer their resources for use on desk top and lap top computers. These programs can either be downloaded or purchased on CD-ROM and installed. Other dictionary software is available from specialised electronic dictionary publishers such as iFinger, Abbyy Lingvo, Collins-Ultralingua, Mobile Systems and Paragon Software. Some electronic dictionaries provide an online discussion forum moderated by the software developers and lexicographers
Many manufacturers produce pocket calculator sized electronic dictionaries that use licenced dictionary content that use a database such as the Merriam Webster Dictionary and Thesaurus while others may use a proprietary database from their own lexicographers. Many devices can be expanded for several languages with the purchase of additional memory cards. Manufacturers include AlfaLink, Atree, Besta, Casio, Canon, Instant Dict, Ectaco, Franklin, Iriver, Lingo, Maliang Cyber Technology, Nurian, Seiko, and Sharp.
PDAs and smart phones such as the Palm, the Pocket PC, and the iPhone/iPad/iPod Touch are small, often pocket-sized computers that can accept various software programs and databases. Full-featured dictionary programs and complete suites of dictionary databases are available. Some models offer stylus or touch screen entry, while others, especially models destined for Asian markets or customized for learners of Asian languages, allow the user to enter complex Asian characters by writing on the screen. It's usually possible to find PDAs, Cellphones, and software optimized for use in the user's native language, which can make them easier to use and more useful than dedicated devices optimized for native speakers of the language the user is trying to learn.[5] Also, as these are essentially small computers, it's possible to expand them by adding other dictionaries and software. Thus you can have Greek, Thai, English, Sanskrit, Chinese etc. dictionaries all on one device, as well as multimedia programs, internet browsers, email programs, and whatever else is available for a given type of PDA or smart phone.
In addition to their software packages, many dictionary publishers make their content available online either for a subscription, or access to a shortened free database of 40,000 - 100,000 definitions or to free access with only partial information.
Others may make the entire database available for free casual use many dictionaries for special purposes, especially for professional and trade terminology, and regional dialects and language variations, are published on the websites of organisations and individual authors. Although they may often be presented in list form without a search function, because of the way in which the information is stored and transmitted, they are nevertheless electronic dictionaries.
Other online dictionaries include the non commercial type of collaborative dictionary. Some of these are built up from user contributions[13] in a similar way to the Wikipedia, and allow for discussion among the contributors.While the databases are often extensive, they lack professional supervision, and may therefore not be reliable or authoritative lexicographic sources. Other online dictionaries are developed by resarech and educational institutions and the lexicographers retain ultimate control with what is included in the dictionaries and how the data are presented with a view to maintain reliability, as described in Nielsen/Mourier (2007).
There are differences in quality of hardware (hand held devices), software (presentation and performance), and dictionary content. Some hand helds are more robustly constructed than others, and the keyboards or touch screen input systems should be physically compared before purchase. The information on the GUI of computer based dictionary software ranges from complex and cluttered, to clear and easy-to-use with user definable preferences including font size and colour.
A major consideration is the quality of the lexical database. Dictionaries intended for collegiate and professional use generally include most or all of the lexical information to be expected in a quality printed dictionary. The content of electronic dictionaries developed in association with leading publishers of printed dictionaries is more reliable that those aimed at the traveler or casual user, while bilingual dictionaries that have not been authored by teams of native speaker lexicographers for each language, will not be suitable for academic work. Some developers opt to have their products evaluated by an independent academic body such as the CALICO.
Another major consideration is that the devices themselves and the dictionaries in them are generally designed for a particular market. As an example, almost all handheld Japanese-English electronic dictionaries are designed for people with native fluency in Japanese who are learning and using English; Japanese words must by entered by pronunciation, not by how they're written, so in most cases a user can't look up a word seen in print unless she or he already knows that word (not a problem for the native Japanese user, but it rather defeats the point for one learning Japanese). Similar limitations exist in most two or multi-language dictionaries and can be especially crippling when the languages are not written in the same script or alphabet; it's important to find a dictionary optimized for the user's native language.
Several developers of the systems that drive electronic dictionary software offer API and SDK - Software Development Kit tools for adding various language-based (dictionary, translation, definitions, synonyms, and spell checking and grammar correction) functions to programs, and web services such as the AJAX API used by Google. These applications manipulate language in various ways, providing dictionary/translation features, and sophisticated solutions for semantic search. They are often available as a C++ API, an XML-RPC server, a .NET API, or as a Python API for many operating systems (Mac, Windows, Linux, etc.) and development environments, and can also be used for indexing other kinds of data.
If we speak about the dictionary as a linguistic term, it is a list of words with their definitions, a list of characters, or a list of words with corresponding words in other languages. Many dictionaries also provide pronunciation information; grammatical information; word derivations, histories, or etymologies; illustrations; usage guidance; and examples in phrases or sentences. Dictionaries are most commonly found in the form of a book, but more and more dictionaries are produced as software runs from electronic PDA or a general purpose computer. Most dictionaries are produced by lexicographers.
Since words and their meanings develop over time, dictionary entries are organized to reflect these changes. Dictionaries may either list meanings in the historical order in which they appeared, or may list meanings in order of popularity and most common use.
Dictionaries also differ in the degree to which they are encyclopedic, providing considerable background information, illustrations, and the like, or linguistic, concentrating on etymology, nuances of meaning, and quotations demonstrating usage.
Any dictionary has been designed to fulfill one or more functions. The dictionary functions chosen by the maker(s) of the dictionary provide the basis for all lexicographic decisions, from the selection of entry words, over the choice of information types, to the choice of place for the information (e.g. in an article or in an appendix). There are two main types of function. The communication-oriented functions comprise text reception (understanding), text production, text revision, and translation. The knowledge-oriented functions deal with situations where the dictionary is used for acquiring specific knowledge about a particular matter, and for acquiring general knowledge about something. The optimal dictionary is one that contains information directly relevant for the needs of the users relating to one or more of these functions. It is important that the information is presented in a way that keeps the lexicographic information costs at a minimum.
All dictionaries are divided into linguistic and encyclopedic.
Encyclopedic dictionaries describe different objects, phenomena and people and give some information about them.
Linguistic dictionaries describe vocabulary units, their semantic structure, their origin and their usage; words are usually given in the alphabetical order.
Linguistic dictionaries are divided into general and specialized dictionaries.
General dictionaries include explanatory (monolingual) and translation (bilingual) dictionaries.
In explanatory (monolingual) dictionaries the entry consists of the spelling, transcription, grammatical forms, meanings, examples, phraseology.
Translation (bilingual) dictionaries give words and their equivalents in the other language.
Specialized dictionaries include dictionaries of synonyms, antonyms, collocations, word frequency, slang, neologisms; etymological, pronouncing, phraseological and other dictionaries.
Specialized dictionaries (also technical dictionaries) focus on linguistic and factual matters relating to specific subject fields. A specialized dictionary may have a relatively broad coverage, e.g. a picture dictionary, in that it covers several subject fields such as science and technology (a multi-field dictionary), or their coverage may be more narrow, in that they cover one particular subject field such as law (a single-field dictionary) or even a specific sub-field such as contract law (a sub-field dictionary). Specialized dictionaries may be maximizing dictionaries, i.e. they attempt to achieve comprehensive coverage of the terms in the subject field concerned, or they may be minimizing dictionaries, i.e. they attempt to cover only a limited number of the specialized vocabulary concerned. Generally, multi-field dictionaries tend to be minimizing, whereas single-field and sub-field dictionaries tend to be maximizing.
Phraseological dictionaries describe idioms, colloquial phrases and proverbs. Some of them have examples from literature.
Etymological dictionaries trace present-day words to the oldest forms of these words and forms of these words in other languages.
Pronouncing dictionaries record only pronunciation.
Dictionaries of neologisms contain newly appearing words.
Anybody learning a foreign language knows the value of a good dictionary.
We all know how useful a bilingual dictionary can be in providing a quick translation for something when we don’t know a simple concrete word which translates easily. On the other hand a good well-organized monolingual dictionary can help a lot.
Let’s begin by looking at meaning. You know that one word can have a whole range of different meanings, some of them very similar to each other and some completely different. Which definition should you choose? Well, the first way in which a dictionary can help is by listing meanings so that the most common or frequent comes first, and at least common comes last. A good dictionary will also provide example sentences for each of the different meanings; it can solve a lot of problems if you can see how the word is actually used in a sentence.
The example sentence should also help with understanding the way the word combines with other words in a sentence. For example, you can’t really use a verb unless you know that it should be followed by a gerund or an infinitive or «that» clause or whatever.
Another important thing is the use of certain preposition after some adjectives which a dictionary will prompt to you. Besides, dictionaries give examples of common compounds and phrases which include the word you’ve looked up.
The example sentences can give you quite a lot of information about the grammar of the word you’re interested in; but it isn’t the only way in which a dictionary provides grammatical information. A dictionary will indicate to what word class a word belongs. A well-thought-out dictionary will also have a system of abbreviations or symbols to tell you, for example, whether a noun is countable,
whether a verb is transitive or intransitive and so on. You won’t be able to use a word correctly in a sentence unless you know the answers to such questions.
English is famous for its unpredictable spellings and a dictionary is obviously going to be very useful here. A dictionary will tell you whether this spelling is British or American. You can even find out whether a verb has an irregular past tense or whether an adjective has an irregular comparative form.
The phonetic alphabet is used in dictionaries to tell you about the pronunciation of a word, and a special indication will help you get the stress in the right place.
List of major English dictionaries:
The Penguin English Dictionary
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Webster's Third New International Dictionary (descriptive)
Random House Dictionary of the English Language
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
Webster's New World Dictionary
Oxford English Dictionary (descriptive)
Concise Oxford Dictionary
CHAPTER 2: THE PRATICAL USAGE OF IT IN THE PROCESS OF TRANSLATION
2.1 Literature review research methodology
The latest software enables radically facilitate the work of the modern interpreter.
Based on the above examples in the previous chapter, we can conclude that the use of computer-aided machine translation is not the final stage of PD for the translator. For example, the main disadvantages of using machine translation software - is the need to adjust transfer with specialized dictionaries. The advantage is the high transfer speed - one program takes the same amount of text as 20-40 translators, no need to re-execute each time repeating texts for translation quality translation of standard documents. Preferable at this stage to use the package Trados, despite the fact that the presence of a small number of matches with counterparts in the database proportion of manual translation is high and the fact that initially you need to create a database that takes time.
For high quality translation with the translator software at this time, with a large database software counterparts, the ability to recognize the realities that have no equivalents in the TL, for example, steady pace, as well as grammar rules written in the form of algorithms. Only in this case a computer translation will reach the level at which it can replace traditional.
Of course, analysis of the options is up by a translator, the artificial intelligence has not yet been created, and to make sense of translation is still a human being.
Accordingly, from the foregoing it can be concluded that at the stage of translation, the translator needs a new technology, devoid of said defects of machine translation - a unique product that will combine the speed and convenience of machine translation, Translation Memory technology's potential and artificial intelligence.
Study were subjected to such Internet sources as: www.zpu-journal.ru, www.yazykoznanie.ru, www.lingvoinfo.com etc.
In the XXI century projects to develop information
systems and technologies is a priority and the most promising trends
in the development of human knowledge and philological sciences in particular.
This is clearly seen from the number of projects supported by the creation
of translation databases. We list the most popular projects for the
establishment of various types of electronic dictionaries, translation
databases, electronic translators, on which we relied in writing this
work: www.Multitran.ru, www.MultiKulti.Ru, www.Trworkshop.net, www.lingvoda.ru
, www.promt.ru, www.lingvo.ru.A special group of sources are Internet
forums for translators, as well as blogs (online diaries), in which
the direct translators practitioners share their experience and knowledge
of direct relevance to the subject in question. For example, www.translation-blog.ru,
www.translations.web-3.ru, www.translatortips.com.
The purpose and objectives of the study determined the use of the following set of research methods, complement each other:
General scientific complex, including such methods as induction, deduction, synthesis, analogy, theoretical generalization, etc., aimed at obtaining detailed information about the subject of the study and based on the understanding, explanation and interpretation of empirical data, was used to collect information;-A special complex, in particular the theoretical analysis of the scientific and methodological sources - to gather information, techniques - to use the appropriate software in the work, as well as modeling and comparative statistical analysis - for organizing, grouping and classification of the material according to study , was used for writing, both practical and theoretical part of this work. Analysis of the effectiveness of the use of IT in the PD was made using the experimental method, also a member of the complex.
- V1 А топ элементтері тақырыбына инновациялық әдістерді қолдану
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- XX ғасырдың басындағы қазақ ру-тайпаларының құрылымы
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- Translation of political literature and terms
- Tерроризм в России на современном этапе
