Semantic of computers

     Plan. 

1. Introduction

 

2. Main part

 

II.I     Semantic description of computer terms 

II.II.   Sublanguage of computer terms  

II.III. Formation of computer terms by metaphorical transference 

II.IV. Translation of terms  

3. Conclusion

 

4. References

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Introduction  

     Semantic apparatus: Semantic analyses of computer terms: In connection of development of techniques and science the control system changes. So the maintenance of professionals is become new and needs new objectives, new opinions and new possibilities. One of the main problems in development of our society is introduction of technologies in educational progress in an educational system at school. Because of that new technologies such as teaching trough syllabus, information, managing teaching, developing, problem teaching, module, teaching through signals (trek) according to Shatolov, game, self – development teaching technologies are formed and take root at school. To get good results it’s necessary to use methods like role play, the grammar – translation, the direct approach, community language learning, the audio – lingual method, functional – national approach, total physical response methods with technologies.

      Connection of man with computer, constant “communication” with him lead to formation of computer – systems as a “man – machine”, determining the character of such communication all information embedded in the computer has special coded special feature. Codes are based on different principles, but abbreviations, digital and literal symbols have also been a part of them. Examples of special computer languages are BASIC, ALGOL, FORTRAN, BAWK, BETA, BABEL, BEFUNGE, and etc.

      Actuality of researching: Semantic analyses of computer terms: The intensification of educational process puts problem of searching of means of maintenance pupils` interest to a studied material and activization of their activity throughout all employment. An effective remedy of this problem is new innovative pedagogical technologies. One of the most important problems of using new innovative pedagogical technologies is to select right kind of technologies according their level and psychological peculiarities. In pedagogical progress the new innovative pedagogical technologies means introduction something new into the methods, types, objectives  and the maintenance in training and in organization of the collective activity of the teacher and pupils.

      It is well known that each form of public consciousness coincide with its own specific form of reflection – scientific notion, artistic image. Typical features of scientific thanking are strict nations, generalization and abstract conception, consistency of logic, but means of expression and consolidation in some sciences are particular. Here, new language has appeared “language of symbols and formulas”. In its turn, it is reflected upon forming of specific lexical, stylistic and semantic means inherent in linguistic expression of ideas and nations of the given sphere of science. That is how special system of methods and means is shaped in the language of science and technology.    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

2.1 Semantic description of computer terms 

      To start the semantic analysis of Internet and computer terms lets chart some central themes in the expansion of scientific study of meaning including their histories and their important figures.

      The scientific study of meaning in language has expanded in the last 100 years and continues to expand steadily. Meaning is a broad term that can encompass any aspect  of the potential for cognitive or emotive aspects are the center of focus.

      There had been attempts to give definition to word meaning in accordance with the main principles of different linguistic schools. Traditional linguistic theory presupposed that proper language has an intended meaning and that the recipient has only to understand that meaning by means of interpretation to make communication work and speech understandable.  This concept assumes that the purpose of language is communication. In that case language is only a kind of code system, a carrier of information, which is capable of transmitting any intended meaning whatsoever. And this concept seems to work quite well as regards words. For instance, we are sure that we known what is meaning by words DELETE, PAGE, and NEWS. This is studied by morphology and lexicography which are branches of semantics.

      Spoken language uses the phonological sign system; written or printed language consists of letters taken from the alphabetic sign system. Semiotics, then, examines the nature of these sign and the way in which they work. Recent studies by Derrida have shown that primarily signs do not refer to objects (or concepts for than matter) in the real word, but to each other.

      Moreover, the linguistic sign system like any code to which public has access is a social system. Society and its language use has considerable influence on the system itself, for example creation of new words like:

      Cursor – A point of attention on the computer screen, often marked with a flashing line or block. Text typed into the computer will usually appear at the cursor.

      Internet – The Internet is the world – wide network of computers. There is only one Internet, and thus it is typically capitalized (although it is sometimes referred to as “the net”). It is different form an intranet.

      Laptop – A laptop is any computer designed to do pretty much anything a desktop system can do but run for a short time (usually two to five hours) on batteries. They are designed to be carried around but are not particularly convenient to carry around. They are significantly more expensive than desktop systems and have far worse battery life than PDAs. Calling a system a laptop implies nothing about its platform. By far the fastest laptops are the PowerPC based Macintoshes.

      Modem – A modem allows two computers to communicate over ordinary phone lines. It derives its name from modulate\ demodulate, the process by which it converts digital computer data back and forth for use with an analog phone line.

      Printer – A printer is a piece of hardware that will print computer information onto paper.

      Beta – A beta version of something is not yet ready for prime time but still possibly useful to related developers and other interested parties. Expect beta software to crash more than properly released software does. Traditionally beta version (of commercial software) are distributed only to selected testers who are often then given a discount on the proper version after its release in exchange for their testing work. Beta versions of non – commercial software are more often freely available to anyone who has an interest.

      Cognition of the processes of subject and phenomena development of the objective world, discovering its essential relations and objective laws is impossible to be carried out on the level of sensual way of thinking. It is necessary to bear in mind removal, imaginary distraction (abstraction) of these or those other numerous characteristics. Abstraction can be seen as a from of idealized object, conception of the type “Absolutely black body”, but hat reflect sings significantly deviated from real objects and do not exist in its pure forming nature. But formation of ideal notion reached by maximum, nut not by absolute abstraction from the characteristics of the real object it necessary for solving scientific tasks. Abstract notion can reflect essential sign of one phenomenon (“methodological objective laws”), general sign of many phenomena (“program”, “function”) and at last definite object or group of objects. And higher degree of abstraction, than stronger the gap between real and ideal.

      Any oral utterance is a combination of smaller units. A choice out of the possible different phonemes/letters is syntagmetically combined with other choice from that level and together they can form, for instance morphemes, which again may be syntagmatically combined with words, words then can form an utterance or sentence.

      Logically, the meaning of an utterance is the sum or the relation of the several semantic units. Obviously, meaning, as a communicative phenomenon cannot be divided into independent and single meaning units. And after all we have two poles between which structural organization works: the smallest units of signs (phonemes/letters) and their latest conceivable systematic arrangement. The meaning of a certain system is deliberate in the sense that cannot derive the meaning of a world from the meaning of its letters, since letters do not have any immediate meaning, apart from their differences between each other.

      Many words that we consider as sings for “real objects” are only the material expression of concepts, their points of condensation, which found respective discourse on those concepts. World like, “mailto”, “news”, “applet”, “cell spacing” and so on do not seem to have a counterpart in the real world. They are concepts in certain discourses. Discourses order builds up concepts in human understanding. Semantic should thoroughly observe the words that are used, their adequacy, and the concepts they involve. Analysis of concept change in history is an important strategy in semantic analysis.

      Semantic analysis aims at the building of an abstract theory of relationship between signs and their referents. Unlike linguistic semantics, which deals with real languages, pure semantics has its formalized language. For a long time it has been banned as idealistic and too abstract to be made use of pure linguistic. Recently, however, scientists show an absolutely different attitude and appear to be deeply interested in the possibilities offered by some mathematical, methods applied to linguistics, especially in the field of computer terms translation.

      Semantics is one of the youngest branches of linguistics, although the objects of its study have attracted the attention of philosophers and grammarians since the times of antiquity. We find the problems of word and its notion, notion relationship discussed in the works of Plato and Aristotle and the famous Indian grammarian Panini.

      For a very long period of time the study of meaning formed part of philosophy, logic, psychology, literary criticism and history of language in which fields semasiology is indiscriminate considered to be the synonym of the word semantic which came into its begin only in the 1830`s when a German scholar Karl Resisting suggested that the studies of meaning should be regarded as an independent branch of knowledge.

      The treatment of meaning throughout the 19 th century and in the first decade of the 20 the century was purely dichromatic. Attention was concentrated upon the process of semantic change and the part semiotic principles should play in etymology. Seismology was even defined at that time as a linguistic science dealing the 3 changes in world meaning, their causes and classification. Semantic changes were traced and described as isolated word units without taking into consideration the interrelation of structure exciting within each language. Consequently it was impossible for this approach to formulate any general tendencies peculiar to English language.

      The English scholars R. C. Trench and J. Murray have been firmly convinced that the complete meaning of a word is always contextual, and no study of meaning apart from a complete context can be taken seriously. So every meaning or shades of meaning were established only on the evidence of their occurrence in sentences found in sources that were considered reliable and representative enough.

      From that time on indications of semantic change were found by comparing the contexts of words in older written records and in contemporary usage and also by studying different meanings of cognate words in related languages. And we can come to conclusion that the old meaning whatsoever it was has changed in some or all of the languages.

      Semantic changes have been variously classified into such categories, like enlargement, narrowing, generalization, specialization, irradiation, and many others.

      This problem of classification upon which attention used to be centered has a long history, and there are a considerable number of books dealing with the subject.

      It seems significant and probably means that the machinery of semantic changes in different languages has much is common. If one is interested in bringing forth the individual peculiarities of every language, one has to look for a different kind of approaches.

      No satisfactory or universally accepted scheme has been ever suggested or found, and this line search to be abandoned.

      The semantic change is necessary not only because of interest in the various cases presented in them but also because of a through knowledge of these possibilities helps to understand the semantic structure of English word sat the present stage of their development. The development and change of the semantic structure of a term is always a source of qualitative and quantities development of any vocabulary.

      All the types discussed depend upon some comparison between the earlier (whether extinct or in still in use) and the new meaning of the given word, or partially, completely transferred or changed meaning of a particular word.

      So, in order to define a word meaning we have to give it a list of characteristics. And how we can single out the characteristics of the words? Semantics, in its broad since – analysis of relation between linguistic word and in itself, real or imagined, and this relation itself and combination of its relations. The given relation lies in that linguistic expressions denote everything that we have in the word, - subjects, qualities, relations, situations and their sequences. Term semantics if formed from the Greek stem connected with the idea of “sign”. Semantics as a linguistic branch deals with the questions how people are able to give the different kind of information about the world, bearing in mind the words, grammatical rules of some language, how one is able to understand any information concerning the world addressed to him even if he hears it for the first time.

      Semantic component has already been acknowledged as the essential part of the full description of the language. Different language theories contribute to the formation of general principles of semantic description. Meaning of word in the dictionary is described with help of vocabulary definition or interpretation that is the expression on the same language or on the specially elaborated artificial semantic language for the better understanding. Artificial language can be applied for defining the meaning of words as well as sentences.

      Representatives of semantic theory of language proceeded from the assumption that all semantic structures after all can be reduced to components represents the basic moments of cognitive and perceptible structure of the man. It is stated on this basis that semantic features are the same in different languages and probably are the part of general linguistic mans competence. That is why, M.Birvish wrote, that:  “which is studied in the process of language cognition, these are not semantic components, and their special combinations into the special notions, that are shaped as special phonetic form and morphological characteristics”. K.Nelson, referring to J.Benford, mentions four classes of notions and their explicit correlation with linguistic categories: 1) possible objects – nouns; 2) possible characteristics of the object – adjectives; 3) possible transformations of the objects – verbs; 4) possible characteristics of transformations – adverbs.

      Process of notion formation goes through the three stages: notions, combining the particular cases. This process is bipartite: first, classification as to any principle, and then identification of the general characteristics.

      Nomination of the notion depends on the existence of the notion itself, whereas existence of the notion not necessary leads to its nomination.

      Combination of several lexical units into the complex nomination occurs in the course of organized process of meaning generation, which is dialectically based on the unity of production and decoding. In the case of complex nomination this process is functionally stipulated by the discourse context and the situation and the basic task of it is to maximize informative volume of the complex unit not preserving meaning of the components, but reduction of complex syntactical structures to minimal units on the explicit level with contextually transparent and clear deep structure of unfolding.

      The possibility to unfold the structure is widely used in the cases when brevity expressiveness is the necessary attributes. Structural configuration in the form of key noun and pre – nominal can convey semantic relations between the proposition boundaries.

      At the same time loss of information till critical level does not occur when we will form complexes, because all information significant elements of the structure find explicit expression in the complex. And those omitted elements can be reproduced rather clearly and as to certain models.

      For example:

• Disable page fault – a page fault that occurs when external interruptions are disallowed by the processing unit;
• Editing statement – statement specified by editing;
• Electronic messaging – message created by electronic means;
• Initiator procedure – the procedure that controls an initiator;
• Integrated word processing equipment – word processing equipment that has its associated control unit contained within the body of the machine.

          Rising of these elements from the superficial structure of the complexes does not create semantic losses, but otherwise predicts definite predictable ambiguity that somewhat impedes decoding, but nevertheless contributes to the creation of expressive stylistic component.

     The basic nominative function of the creation of complex lexical units is the choice and nomination of the most important elements of reference object. This explains that different speakers can create different complexes while describing one and the same object.

           P. Downing wrote, that: “process of complex creation is productive, because they are more semantically transparent than new mono morphemes and can be perfectly considered as special nominations.

           When we create complex words and word combinations, especially in the field of computer science, and when decoder is facing unusual form of derivation acquiring additional steps and obstacles for perception, pragmatic factors are taking into account. What are necessary pragmatic principles for the creation of new nominative complexes?

1. These complexes should be endocentric, i.e. key word should denote more wider notion and its determinants should name or emphasize some elements of its notion;
2. Determining element should exactly or quite “transparently” send listener to any reality reviewer;
3. Determining element should denote really differentiating  sign of the key word that distinguish this notion from the other, at that it should give neither redundant information nor negative one;
4. It is necessary to use regular and permanent associations or relations between referents in order ease decoding;
5. It necessary for the adequate decoding that both speakers knew  one the same rules of the “game”, because the task of the listener will be to denote referent correctly.

  In any case, form the point of view of the “strong semantics”, aim of the semantic description of any language consists of that every language expression should get interpretation in this or that word model.

      In the “pure” compiler it would be expected that the formal descriptions of all the language elements would be convertible – to implementations that are elements of the compiler. This is primarily true of the lexical and syntactic components, but the semantic module is not yet so well supported. The closest contribution is the “Attribute Grammar”. Otherwise the semantic element tends to be a collection of hand – written routines that insert into the parsed code the necessary semantic information. Actions to be taken by the semantic module include:

• Inserting default conditions
• Completing identifier descriptions and definitions
• Converting syntactic structures into semantic structures and finally generation an intermediate code that will be the input for the code generation phase.

     Semantic module is the final element in the “front end” of the compiler, and the last portion that is language dependent.

     In computer science, semantic analysis is a pass that identifies the meaning of a programming language and determines how to execute it. It follows parsing and precedes code generation. This process faithfully reflects the structure of a programming language. The job of the semantic analyzer is to identify the role of an expression and make the order evaluation. In other words, a semantic analysis is what defines the individual character of a programming language.

     Semantic analyzers usually maintain symbolic tables in order to know what a symbol refers to when it is encountered. The semantic analyzer usually employs a set of tiny routines called semantic action routines.

           Wide spectrum of investigation methods is used in semantics from scientific observation method, modeling, and experiment to particular methods, which are guided by achievements of related sciences. But the most well known among the semantic methods is the method of componential analysis.

     Component analysis of the meaning is a set of procedures in the result of which word is compared to its definition represented structured collection of semantic components assigning conditions of the word use. In order to give an idea about the method of component analysis, as a method of acquiring vocabulary definition of a word, let me demonstrate you one of its variants on the specific example of analysis of the word definition “file”. This word combination is a set of records stored. Meaning of this kind relation as to the word file will be the first semantic component including into word definition file. The component – “set of records stored” – reflects the characteristics that are general ones with the other things of that kind. These sings in the word meaning are called integral semantic signs. Now we have to find all words other kinds of set of records stored and comparing the objects in mind denoting by the word file, to find out those signs, which distinguish files from the other kinds of set of records. Such signs in the word meaning are called differential semantic signs. Expect for files, profiles, catalogs, records, documents, programs can be defined as set of records stored.

            Profiles are differed from files that it has data describing the significant characteristics of a user, a group of users, and one or near computer resources, but not just a set of records more specified data are described in the profiles.

     The objects of special translations are materials that belong to different fields of human activities, science and technology. The distinctive feature of this type of translation is an exact expression of the sense of translating material, which is attained through wide usage of special terms.

      Thus, we have to include two components into the word definition “file” related to two differential sings characterized them from the point of view of the external shape as well as from its internal content.

      There is a complicated factor in the word meaning. It may seem that every word has one clear and definite denoting meaning. But in reality it is nit true. Polysemy is the complicated factor in denoting the meaning of the word. Many words are used in more than in one meaning. Let me provide you with some examples for the better understanding of the given matter. For example: a word is defined as (literary) an important event or period of history: a glorious page of Arab history in literal discourse. But in computer language it is defined as a single document in a World Wide Web sire written using HTML language. You use the FrontPage Editor to create, modify, and test the pages without having to learn HTML.

      Cell in medicine terminology means the smallest unit of living matter that can exist on its own. All plants and animals are made up of cells: red blood cells the nucleus of cell in computer terms language means the smallest component of a table. In a table, a row contains one or more cells.

      Finger means one of the four long thin parts that stick out from the hand (or five, if the thumb is included) – in computer language Finger means an Internet program that displays information about the users.

      Editor is person who is in charge of a newspaper, magazine, etc, or part of one, and who decided what should be included: the editor of the Washington Post the sport /financial/ fashion editor – in computer language Editor meaning an interactive program that can cerate and modify files of a particular type.

      Frame in building and construction meaning the supporting structure of a piece of furniture, a building, a vehicle, etc. that gives it its shape: the frame of an aircraft /a car/ a bicycle, the bed frame is made of pine. Frame for the computer language means a named element of a frameset. A frame appears in a web browser as a scrollable window in which pages can be displayed. You assign a page to a frame when you create a hyperlink to the page.

      News means new information about Seth that has happened recently: What’s the latest news? Have you heard the news? Pat’s leaving! That’s great news. Tell me all your news. Have you had any news of Patrick? Any news on the deal? – In computer language News means the Internet protocol for retrieving files from an Internet news service. You can create news hyperlinks in the FrontPage.

      From the example given above you can observe polysemy that greatly contributes to the word meanings. Terms can have a lot of different meaning depending on to which filed of language does it bong to. Polysemy is the main factor in semantic analysis of the terms. 

2.2 Sublanguage of computer terms 

      As Vinogradov wrote almost everyday our languages are enlarged by means of new terms transforming old terminological systems. Terminological problems during rapid development of science and technology, culture, literature and are of great theoretical and practical interests.

      The task is settled in front of science how to put all investigations into direct production power. For linguistic science the great importance is discovery and description of objective laws of functional progress. Functional style of scientific and technical literature is “the most distinctive linguistic indicator of mincing development in modern epoch”.

      It is well known that each form of public consciousness coincides with its own specific form of reflection – scientific notion, artistic image. Typical features of scientific thinking are strict notions, generalization and abstract conception, consistency of logic, but means of expression and consolidation in some sciences are particular. Here, new language has appeared “language of symbols and formulas”. In its turn, it is reflected upon forming of specific lexical, stylistic and semantic means inherent in linguistic expression of ideas and notions of the given sphere of science. That is how special system of methods and means is shaped in the language of science and technology.

      Here I will pay great attention to the lexical meaning sublanguage of computer terms, for the most important thing here is studding of terminology that is its essential feature.

      Taking into consideration the fact that term “sublanguage” and its estrangement to some extent are conditional, we can give several definitions: sublanguage is a special system of lexical (mainly terminological) and grammatical terms with characteristics of each separate field of science, technology and production.

      Scientific and technical branch – computer science appeared on the basis of many sciences and in its first turn, mathematics, and physics, radio engineering. It’s sublanguage also has been developing on the basis of sublanguages of the given sciences.

      And it means that lexical and grammatical features inherent in these sciences happened to be essential and for the language of computer terms. And at the same time, in the course of it’s development some new trends were taking shop, some new features that now help to distinguish computer terms language from it’s base – sub languages. Such specific features like formation of considerable amount of abbreviations terms stipulated not only peculiar structural and semantic but also special stylistic type of all sublanguage, specific features of computer terms that show all system of notions inseparable connected with peculiarities of scientific activities realization. Consequently, terms from the very “beginning of it’s formation are stipulated by conceptual system” of the science which they belong to by objective laws and processes of development of that science. Conceptual system of computer terms terminology can be understood from the point of view that term correlated with notion simultaneously names abject of reality that is for example not only a part of computer fulfilling certain but determines that function.

      AST – (Asynchronous System Trap) – means a special device in computer and also a special characteristic: “system condition, appearing as the result of external occasion such as, for example, the end of enquiry for enters – removal”.

AMPL – a comprehensive and powerful algebraic modeling language for linear and non - linear optimization problems, indiscrete or continuous variables. Developed at BELL lads, AMPL let you use common notion and familiar concepts to formulation optimization models and examine solution while the computer manages communication with an appropriate solver. Its flexibility and convenience render it ideal for rapid prototyping and model development while its speed and control options make it especially efficient choice for repeated production runs.

ALGOL - the youngest and probably most influential of the three big classics languages the other two being LISP and FORTFAN. The language is suitable for expressing a large class of numerical processor in a form sufficiently concise for direct automatic translation into the language of programmed automatic computers.

      The algorithmic language has three different kinds of representations – reference, hardware and publication, and the development described in terms of the language are represented by a given set of symbols that the other two representations may differ. Structure and content must be the same for all representations.

      ALF – a language that combines functional and logic programming techniques. The foundation of ALF is HORN logic with equality that consists of predicates and HORN classes for logic programming, and functions and equations for functional programming. The operational semantics of ALF is based on the resolution rule to solve literals and narrowing to evaluate functional expressions.

      The ALF system is an efficient implementation of the combination of resolution, narrowing, rewriting and rejection. ALF uses a backtracking strategy corresponding to a depth – first search in the deracination tree. Therefore, this operational semantics is more efficient than PROLOG’S resolution strategy.

      ADA – powerful, general – purpose language with built – in concurrency, exception handing generic templates, distributed execution, standard and be facto interfaces to other languages and libraries. ADA compiles to just about any OS (operational system) out there. Strongly influenced by PASCAL, and at one time mandatory for Department of Defense Software projects at the Pentagon.

      ADA is a large complex, block – structured language aimed primarily at embedded computer applications. It has facilities for real time response, concurrency, hardware access, and a reliable run – time handing. So much for the pros.

      Now the cons, if was designed by committee, it’s cockish, difficult to use, and overall a disastrous, multi – billion dollar boondoggle. Hackers find ADA’s exception handing and interpose communications features particularly hilarious. The kindest thing that can be said, is that there is a probably a good small language screening to get out of its elephant bulk.

      Thus, special feature of meaningful structure of computer terms terminology is that nominative direction of terms is obvious but non – specialist is of paramount importance.

      This is great difficulty determining of terminology and nomenclature status of new lexical unit in the process of term selection for computer dictionaries. Connection of man with computer, constant “communication” with him lead to formation of computer – systems as a “man – machine”, determining the character of such communication all information embedded in the computer has special coded special feature. Codes are based on different principles, but abbreviations, digital and literal symbols have also been a part of them. Examples of special computer languages are BASIC, ALGOL, FORTRAN, BAWK, BETA, BABEL, BEFUNGLE, and etc.

      Abbreviation terminology of computer terms in English language as well as in Russian is very productive. Activization of the words formation method is caused by linguistic as well as non – linguistic reasons. Let’s mark some of them. From the point of view of extra linguistic factors significantly contributed to the development of abbreviation system of computer terminology. Firstly, “reality as an object of logic and conceptual designing is essential connections and objective laws”. And reality of computer science is that the most important part of man’s work with computer is creation of special computer language that is characterized, as distinct from natural language, by “complete and limiting formalization and abstraction”. Secondly, sublanguage of computer terms (as scientific style in general) correlated with generalization and cognitive activity of consciousness, in the process of which word first of all is directed to cognizable object and its reflected notion. Thirdly, mass character of science and scientific publications alongside with “information explosion” lead to that in scientific interpretation tendency of means economy, in particular, compression (especially on the syntactic and word – formation levels) is becoming very perceptible.

      Let’s consider lexical composition of sublanguage of computer terms, and to be precise, its separate groups, terms – abbreviations and contemplate a title bit on the nature of terminological units, taking into consideration first of all its structures.

      Specification of computer terms reflected upon its units. But especially it can be noticed in terms – abbreviations, which mostly resembles mathematical formulas than just simple abbreviations. They consist, first of all, of so called mathematical abbreviations that exist in English language as well as in Russian.

      For example;

                       English TL (Transistor – transistor logic);

      FC (critical frequency);

                       M (Miller – squared);

                       2-D image (two – dimensional image);

                       2x speed (double speed);

                       DF _d (data flow diagram);

                       D _ma (direct memory access). 

      Index abbreviations are widely spread among mathematic abbreviation terms. Numerical and literal indicators act as definers and classifiers. Such phenomenon is widely spread in English as well as in Russian system of graphic abbreviations in terminology of computer language. Compare, for example: G _m (gibe function per atom or molecular) and Б _м (блок моделировония). It is significant that mathematical index system exists. So, in abbreviations T _s (surface) temperature basic, pivotal component T (traditionally) represented by initial capital letter T, secondary specified component _s (surface) – initial small letter that is written as an index in the bottom or at the from right as it is done in mathematics according to its rules. Such graphic design of abbreviation terms shows that index _s can be substituted by others and in given abbreviation is a changeable figure. Examples of such kind abbreviations are numerous.

      Here are some more examples of another kind of abbreviations in computer language terminology. They are AOS (algebraic operating system technical manual), IDL (Intelligent Data base language).

      Conventionality of such abbreviations is nicely demonstrated by usage of different alphabetic systems in abbreviations. Is Russian terminology system of abbreviations we may find cases, when basic component appeared as Latin letter D (from Latin denotation dictation), and index is written down in Russian initial letter corresponding abbreviate words.

      Abbreviations of the type TL, E GL are presented in the group of index digital abbreviations. Number “2” is used as double mark that is at top of abbreviations. It might mean double a word, which may twice be encountered in terminological word combination, for example;

            E CL (emitter – emitter coupled logic);

            T L (transistor – transistor logic);

      Or double initial letter, two different components of terminological word begin with this letter, for example:

            I L (Integrated Injection - Logic);

            A L (Average Access Time);

            BE P (Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol);

            CD I (Copper Distributed Data Inference);

            EF (Electronic Frontier Foundation);

            E C (Escrow Error Correction);

                  E S (Escrow Extended Standard).

      There are also some cases where “2” has purely mathematical denotation – “squared”, i.e. literal indication of a number that should be squared. It concerns above-mentioned M2  (Miller – squared).

       It is interesting to know that method has found its implication in linguistic much earlier. It can be applied in systems familiar with duplication, for example, in Indo – European language orang2 means (people), buah2 an – buah – buahan (fruits).

      Among English graphical terms of computer language widely spread type of abbreviations united by sign and denoting copulative conjunction and such abbreviations were called conjunctives. For example:

            - OC – Operation and Checkout;

            - RD – Research and Development

            - DCAS – Digital Control and Automatic Systems;

            - E EM AC – Electrical and Electronically Manufactures in Canada;

            - CAD D – Computer – aided Design and Drafting;

            - C CIA – Computer – aided Design and Drafting;

            - C CIA – Computer and Communications Industry Associations;

            - CM VC – Configuration Management and Version Control;

            - D IP – Document and Image Processing;

            - DSS SL – Document Style Semantics and Specification Languages;

            - IS IS – Intelligent Scheduling and Information System;