Банковское дело: современная система кредитования
Contents
Introduction ______________________________
- Banking plastic card as a tool for calculations and credit
1. Types of
plastic cards ______________________________
2. The basic scheme of operation with the bank's credit card ______ 8
3. The benefits of card payment systems for its members ________ 12
- Banks are members of card payment systems
1. Issuing
bank ______________________________
2. Bank-acquirer ______________________________
3. Repayments ______________________________
4. Profitability of operations with bankcards ____________________ 22
Conclusion____________________
Bibliography__________________
INTRODUCTION
The introduction of bank cards as a primary means of cashless transactions is an important task "technological revolution" of banking activities. This is a means of payment, having many undoubted advantages, provides both cardholders and credit organizations involved in their production and maintenance, a lot of advantages. For cardholders are - convenience, reliability, practicality, time saving, and most importantly - no need to carry large sums of cash. For credit organizations - increasing competitiveness and prestige, assurance of payment, reducing costs for manufacturing, accounting and processing of paper-money supply, the minimum time cost and economy of a living labor. This is just an incomplete list of possibilities of plastic money, leading to their recognition in the global market.
The successful experience of the calculations, using credit cards will ensure the convenience and practicality of plastic money. However, despite this they are widely used on the territory of Russia, we must acknowledge that the law proper and necessary attention to the legal regulation of relations arising from the use of that money transfers are not paid. The conceptual questions of production, maintenance, handling, import, export, storage and payment cards have remained one of the most essential over last years and have became the basis of customary business practice, relying on the global experience gained over a long time for their application.
I. BANKING PLASTIC CARD AS AN INSTRUMENT OF PAYMENTS AND CREDIT.
Along with development of banking system, different types of plastic cards, different purpose, functional and technical specifications came in hand. From the standpoint of the mechanism of calculation of bilateral and multilateral system. Two-sided cards appeared on the basis of bilateral agreements between participants in settlements, where cardholders can use them purchase goods in closed networks, controlled by the issuer of cards (Department stores, gas stations, etc.). In contrast, the multilateral system, which is spearheaded by national association of bank cards, as well as companies, card issuers tourism and entertainment (American Express) give cardholders the opportunity to buy goods on credit from
various vendors and service organizations that recognize these cards in
as a means of payment. The cards of these systems also allow you to receive cash advances, use machines to withdraw cash from
bank account, etc.
Another division of the cards is determined by their functional characteristics. Here are different credit and debit cards. The first relates to the discovery line of credit in the bank, which enables the owner to use the credit when buying goods or obtaining cash advances. The latter are designed for withdraw cash from ATMs or purchase goods from calculated through electronic terminals. Money while being debited
cardholder's bank. Some people set a special category - payment cards as
variety of credit cards.
The difference is that the total debt using the card must be repaid in full within some time after receipt of the statement without the right to extend credit.
There are differences in the use of cards in the systems based on paper technology (paper-based systems), or in electronic systems (electronic systems).
In the "paper" systems the holder puts his signature on the trade invoice or other document prepared by the trader, which is confirmation of its authorization to debit your bank account. After shopping directed by the issuer of cards as the basis for payment appropriate amount trader (crediting his account) and debit money from cardholder's account. In the electronic system cardholder directly associated with terminal. Instead, the signature on the bill he introduced with keyboard secret combination of numbers that, when properly set is enforceable by debiting his bank account.
Main types of cards are as follows.
- Types of plastic cards.
Bank credit cards are intended for sale goods using a bank loan, as well as for advances in monetary form. The main feature of this card - opening Bank line of credit, which is used automatically every time carried purchase of goods or take out a loan in cash. Credit
The line is used within the user's bank limit. Some systems, bank credit card can apply for a reduced payment some types of services, as well as for withdrawals from ATMs. Distinguished individual and corporate cards. Solo issued individual bank customers and may be "standard" or "golden".
The latter are intended for those with high credit standing provide many benefits for users. Corporate card issued by the organization (firm), which is based on this card can give Individual cards selected individuals (managers or simply valuable employees). They open personal accounts, "tied" to corporate card account. Responsibility to the Bank on Corporate account is the organization rather than individual owners cards.
Cards for tourism entertainment and recreation (travel & entertaiment cards). This "Payment" cards, produced under the above terminology. They produced companies specializing in serving the specified areas (American Express, Dinners Club).
Cards are accepted by hundreds of thousands of retail and service enterprises around the world to pay for goods or services, as well as provide cardholders can enjoy when booking tickets, rooms in hotels, get a discount on the price of goods, life insurance, etc.
The main differences of this type of card from bank credit cards is first, in the absence of a single limit on purchases and, secondly, Acting cardholder to repay the debt within a month without the right to roll over loans. In the case of late payment from the cardholder charged higher interest rates.
In these systems, there is also a personal and corporate cards.
Private payment card business trade and services (private cards,
retail charge cards, departament store cards, affinity cards). Application
these cards is limited to a particular closed network of trade institutions,
such as chain stores, gas stations system defined company. Credit provides the company itself, it also gets a percentage of loans. Since 70-ies have proliferated in private banking cards (bank private cards), you can use to make purchases in some stores at a discount, but the issue of cards, issuance of credit by purchases and transactions for payment of accounts by the Bank - party agreement. Sometimes this kind of card is issued to members of certain professional groups (pilots, lawyers), or persons bound by common interests (eg stamp collectors). They are called "club" cards.
Cashpoint card (ATM cards). This kind of debit cards, which enable the owner of the account at the bank to get cash money within the balance of the account through automatic devices installed in banks, trading rooms, etc. You can receive money at any time of day and on holidays, weekends.
In recent years a proliferation of debit cards private networks
(Property debit cards). They are produced banks that participate in regional systems, POS terminals, and not connected to national communications.
Banks are attracted by the fact that in this case do not need pay a fee for the transfer of information on general communications.
When using the POS-card purchase amount immediately withdrawn from the account of the buyer. It is unprofitable to the latter as at other
forms of payment (check, credit card), he receives a delay of payment. For
traders also deal with POS-card more expensive than using
checks. This resulted in relatively slow growth of operations
cards of this type.
Cheque Guarantee Card (cheque guarantee card). This card is issued the owner of a bank account for the identification of the drawer and guarantees
Payment by check. The card is based on the credit line, which allows the account holder to use the credit on the overdraft. The bank
guarantees the merchant receive money by check within the established limit .In the event that the account issuer is not required amount.
Basic rules of using a check guarantee card are reduced to following:
- The signature on the check and the card should be identical
- Amount of the check must not exceed the limit specified on the card
- If the amount of the payment on the check exceeds the amount of funds in the account with the owner commission is charged for the use of credit lines and overdraft.
Another classification of credit cards linked to their technological
features. The most popular cards of two types - with magnetic
stripe and embedded chips (chip card - chip card, smart card -
smart card, "smart" card) Cards with a magnetic strip on the back have a magnetic strip, where the recorded data required for identification card holder at its the use of automated teller machines and electronic trading terminals institutions.
When the card is inserted into the appropriate reader device, the individual owner's data transmitted over communication networks to obtain authorization for the transaction.
On the cards of the major international card associations, Visa and Master Card, magnetic strip has a few tracks to secure the necessary information in a coded form. At one of the tracks recorded Personal Identification Number - PIN (Personal Identification Number), who introduced the card holder by using a special keyboard with
use of ATMs and terminals POS. Dialled numbers compared with the PIN recorded on the strip. In case of mismatch owner is given the opportunity to make several more attempts set the PIN code. This extends the functionality of the card and increases its reliability.
- Basic scheme of operation with the bank's credit card.
Bank credit card is not a legal proof of debt or claims, such as, for example, a bill or receipt. This more material character of legal relations arising between the parties have concluded Card Agreement.
The main participants of the system of card payment:
- Owner of the card (cardholder)
- The issuing bank (issuing bank)
- Trade or services (merchant) (merchant)
- Bank-acquirer (bank serving commercial enterprise - acquring bank,
acquirer).
Cardholder:
- Can use the card to pay for goods or services offered other participants in the card agreement, as well as obtaining a bank loan in form of cash within the established limit;
- Can pay off its debt to the bank for purchases during the grace
period (grace period) without paying interest;
- Can take advantage of extended loan of the bank (outside the grace
period with payment of the prescribed percent) obliged to pay the debt and interest in accordance with the scheme defined agreement.
Card Issuing Bank (here and acquirer):
- Gives the card after a thorough verification of the financial situation and assess customer creditworthiness;
- Opens the cardholder a special account, which takes into account all
operations with the card;
- The client a monthly statement indicating the size of debt amounts and maturities of debt
- Undertakes to pay the bills trading company for purchases made with
use of cards minus fees (discount);
- May refuse to pay trade accounts, if violated any terms of the agreement (eg limit exceeded purchases without permit a bank issuer).
Merchant participating in the agreement:
- Agrees to accept cards in payment for goods and services and conduct
authorization (a permit) in the cases stipulated in the agreement;
- Undertakes the card if there is suspicion that the bearer is not
is the legitimate owner.
- Can bring a bank to pay trade accounts to get on them
money immediately;
- Is obliged to keep confidential customer information.
This is the general scheme of legal relations between parties to the agreement with use of credit cards. From a legal point of view, the essence of the operation of credit (and payment) card is that the cardholder and the merchant after the preliminary opening bank accounts agree that any transaction between them will settled by crediting and debiting of the account merchant account holder cards. However, except in cases provided for explicitly, this payment will be final and conclusive. Scheme of card payments is basically assumes the existence of three separate
types of contracts:
- Between the merchant and cardholder - the sale of goods or services;
- Between the bank and the merchant - on the latter's consent to accept card payment for goods or services ;
- Between the bank and the card holder - for reimbursement of the bank the amount paid merchant in a transaction with a credit card.
General rules for dealing with credit card.
1. The client bank is a bank to apply for banking credit cards. Form is determined by the bank. Following the information provided by a customer, bank uses to assess the creditworthiness of the client and for determining of the value witch sets the limits.
2. If a positive decision, the bank offers the customer special card account. At the same time made a personal plastic card on which the information is recorded: name and surname holder, card account number, expiration date cards.
3. The issuing bank establishes two types of restrictions:
- The total credit limit the amount of outstanding debt on the card account,
which must be respected during the whole period of the card;
- One-time limit on the amount of a purchase;
Different clients are set different credit limits in accordance with
adopted by the bank credit standards.
4. At the time of purchase of goods or services the cardholder shows the
card. Seller prints account, which with the help of special imprinted device information from the card. This process is called imprinting. Trade account is made in triplicate. The first copy gets the owner of the card, the second is from the seller, the third is sent to the bank acquirer.
5. If the amount of the transaction exceeds the one-time limit, trader to
design of the trading account is required to hold a so-called authorization, then have to obtain permission of the bank issuer of the operation. If you have special POS authorization conducted for each transaction in real time (on-line). In these cases, the limit on one operation unrecorded.
6. Bank merchant (acquirer) obtains from his client on a daily basis or in other deadlines properly completed trading accounts. These accounts
Bank considers as equivalent to cash, subject to immediate transfer to the account of a merchant. The merchant can immediately use this money regardless of whether it will reimburse the buyer in consequence with its purchase of bank issuer.
An exception is made in those cases, if the purchase is made in violation of the rules in conscious participation of the trader. When you pay bills with the dealer held a special commission (discount) in the amount from 2 - 5% of transaction amount.
7. At the end of each month, the bank carries out the procedure for billing, ie sends the cardholder a special excerpt from his card account with
showing all transactions made during the period, as well as the amounts and timing debt.
The owner card has two alternative calculations with the bank:
- To pay the debt without interest payments during period - 25-30 days from the date of payment specified in the statement;
- To extend the loan beyond the grace period from the accrual of 1,5-2% a month the daily average amount of outstanding balance of the debt.
- The benefits of card payments for its members.
Rapid spread of the bank credit cards around the word, their transformation into mass calculation tool, the steady growth of their popularity among the general groups of population illustrates the fact that it is a popular mean of payment nowadays.
Main benefits of it are as follows:
Cardholders. The main attractive features for owners of the cards
are as follows:
- Usability
- Automatic provision of bank credit
- Possibility of postpone repayment of the debt
- Regular visualizing the complete information on transactions.
Dealers. For this category of players cards have the following benefits:
- Expansion of sales and attract new buyers
- The possibility of extending credit without using their own funds and
maintenance of special accounting systems
- Reducing the risk due to the substitution of bank checks cards.
Banks. Banks have initiated the introduction of credit and other cards, hoping to receive the following benefits:
-Increase in consumer loans
- Expansion of the bank's activities in remote areas
- "Cross" sell additional products and services to card holders
- To provide additional income in the form of commission and interest income.
II. BANKING SYSTEM OF ATTENDANCE CARD PAYMENTS.
In a system of bank cards, a clear functional distinction between the issuing bank cards and bank-acquirer. First serve cardholders, offer them special accounts and perform functions processing, the latter provides a set of services and commercial enterprises service firms accept credit cards as payment for goods and services. Initially period of the card systems, most banks performed simultaneously B / W issuer and acquirer. However, as a result of competition discount rate paid by traders, fell so that the operations of acquiring yield are available to big banks and the specialized agencies, receiving savings on mass operation. Accordingly, there was concentration of acquiring of a few institutions.
- The issuing bank.
The main functions of the issuing bank are as follows:
- Issue cards (coding and recording of personal data owner card embossing, card customer renewal card).
- Analysis of creditworthiness (evaluation of the financial situation of the applicant, the discovery card account, the definition of credit limit)
- Authorization (a response to a query about the possibility of merchant transaction in automatically or by phone, update master file interaction with systems of information exchange)
- Exchange information and receive commission for Interchange
- Billing (preparation and expulsion of the cardholder statement showing the amounts and maturities)
- Accounting transactions on the card account
- Recovery of arrears and control the excess of credit limit
- Work with customers (answers to queries, complaints)
- Security and control of fraud (preparation of reports using stolen and counterfeit cards, the blocking of accounts)
- Marketing (search for new customers, advertising, software activation operations card accounts)
Issuance of cards. This is not a technical function. Positive
decision on the client's request for a card shall be made after careful
examine its financial situation and risk assessment of non-payment. If the results of analyses is positive for the client, it can offer a debit card for
withdrawing cash from an account with 100% authorization in real
time.
If the client's creditworthiness evaluated positively, all existing
information from the application is entered in the laptop, which creates a master file for personal data. It stores a name and the name of the client, his permanent address, number in the system of social insurance, credit limit, Omer card account and term renewal card. At the same time prepared magnetic tape needed to manufacture the customer's card.
You must specify the security measures that must be respected in
production and shipment to customers cards. Land production
cards in the bank (or in a specialized firm) is separated from other departments and is under strict control. Access is permitted to a narrow circle of persons to reduce the risk of stolen blank or finished cards to be sent owners.
After the expulsion of cards in the mail to the owner reported the PIN code used to identify the owner of the operations through electronic terminals and ATMs. Envelope with pin is usually sent through a few days
after the expulsion of the card. Also on the card often the date of validity is shown. This is done in order to reduce the risk of fraudulent use of cards, if it is stolen in transit.
Authorization bargain by the issuing bank can be carried out in two ways:
- Through an electronic terminal in commercial
- By telephone (voice authorization)
The terminals are installed in large shopping malls with big daily traffic. Typically, terminals produce a 100% authentication of all transactions in automatic mode. In the presence of an electronic terminal central computer in shopping center is directly connected to a central computer of the exchange systems, such as "Vizanet" or "Banknet" .
Voice authentication is used where the volume of transactions is relatively small. How and authorization through the terminal, it is carried out when the purchase amount exceeds the established limit for a single transaction or in cases where there are doubts about the identity card bearer.
Authorization must be done quickly so as not to force the buyer to wait. However, this is very time-consuming process that requires time and attention. An employee answering the request, records on the keyboard of his terminal the following data:
- ID commercial enterprise (minimum 16 characters)
- Account number card holder (16 marks)
- The expiry date of card (4-6 digits)
- The amount of operation (5-10 characters)
Consequently, before giving the answer to request, operator dials the on-screen display from 40 to 50 characters.
To control the speed and accuracy of staff authorization center, banks have certain criteria: average response rate a bank employee on the authorization request (in seconds since a telephone call prior to answer), correct answer (by appointment on the tape), quick response, if card number in the "hot" list when you want to call the security service, etc.
Billing. Issuing Bank from time to time, usually once a month, sends the client a particular document - an excerpt from his loan account, which indicates the commission charges that the customer must pay the bank in connection with the operations, and the obligatory minimum amount of debt and new debt balance. This procedure is called billing, date of discharge – the billing date, between two dates – the billing cycle, and the document - the billing statements.
Billing Statement contains important information for the bank and its client. First of all, the number of the card account at the bank. Client has a right to have several cards, and account number so it is necessary to verify the calculations bank. Then in the statement contained a reminder of the credit limit, installed the card account and the unused amount is a line of credit. The latter figure indicates that the fixed bank credit limit was not exceeded by the client. In the amount of the unused limit does not include those transactions that are not arrived at the bank at the time of preparation extracts. The billing cycle is usually 30 days. In addition, the bank informs the client of the end date of the billing cycle. All transactions are reported to the bank after that date will be included in calculation of the next cycle. Specify as the deadline for receipt of payment from the client on this cycle. All amounts entered after that date considered overdue, and on which the bank will charge a fee for delay.
Further, Bank reminds customers of CMI, a minimum amount of payment. Then the operation is carried out itself, which undertook a client with a credit card. First of all, the date, which must coincide with the date
on a copy of an account held by the cardholder. Next, the date
corresponding to the accounting entry on the card account with the Bank.
This date is especially important, because from her bank calculates
average daily balance of the debt needed to determine commission
collection.
Each transaction with the card is assigned a unique number for
in the event of a dispute can find all the necessary documents.
In a special column lists all of the trades includedIn a statement, indicating the name and address of the trade or service enterprise.
Client Service. This function includes all types of contacts the bank
with the client except for the analysis of creditworthiness and calling of overdue debt. Firstly, it comes to responding to requests and consideration complaint. The reasons for which a customer contacts the bank, usually associated with the following:
- Operations, challenged by the client
- Failure to obtain in time of billing statements
- Do not receive the bank transfer to pay the billing statements
- Query about the balance of outstanding debt.
Request of the first kind arises when the client receiving billing
extra, reveals in the operation that he did not commit. For example, as an
extra appeared the buying of a TV at a certain company "Alpha" in the amount of $ 1500, with which the cardholder relationship did not carry out. The Bank should identify the cause of error, referring to the original trade case signed by the client. At the same time to ascertain the truth disputed amount should be credited to a special account and it does not have that interest. Obtaining time billing account may also be the subject of the request. Usually cardholder knows the date of sending billing statements and may be concerned about the lack of it. Upon receipt of the Related Query worker the bank must verify the sending address and extracts upon the accuracy of written staff.
Another reason for opportunity of conflict - lack of credit records of
card account after maturity and transfer accounts in the category
overdue.The bank sends the customer a reminder of the need to make
payment.
However, the latter may inform the bank that the payment was made, and submit a copy of the remittance. Bank in this case should immediately take action to change the status of accounts with expired on current and find out the cause of the error.
The client should abstain provide an opportunity for customer service card during the period of investigation. As reported outstanding balances on the account that such information should be given to good share of prudence. A person who unlawfully took possession of the card, can try this way to obtain information necessary for its use. According to this employee of the bank should first determine whether the request comes from the rightful owner, for example, find out the date and amount the last transaction with the card and verify the answer with the one on the bank's data.
- Bank acquirer.
Duties of the Bank engaged in acquiring, defines its role on services trade participants card systems.
Key features:
- Processing of accounts submitted to the bank trader from trading
cards;
- Exchange of information on transactions and payment of fees for Interchange Bank in favor of Issuer;
- Consideration of applications vendors to join the payment system, analysis creditworthiness of new and existing clients;
- Marketing, help dealers to purchase equipment for plastic cards
Processing trade accounts is to transfer data from paper bills to
magnetic tape for the introduction of a system of information exchange and "sale" these amounts to the issuing bank (outgoing Interchange). In the commercial invoice shall first indicate if the bank account number the cardholder, his name, date of expiry of the card. At processing read only the account number, below the name of a trading company, address, and identification number. These data are incorporated in master file of the bank-acquirer, and, as a rule, are not transferred to the preparation
tape. It is further reported date of the transaction.
This date is included in tape is transferred to communications and printed on your statement for billing, directed by the cardholder. Finally, include the amount of the transaction. She is rewritten to tape and used pr calculations and dilling.
Processing trade accounts has several stages.
First trading accounts received by the Bank from the dealer, are formed into bundles of equal size and checked (correctly filled in, whether in a stack of other people's accounts of other traders. Then, the manual processing of accounts data are entered using the keyboard computer terminals.
In automated systems trading accounts are through the sensor device. Amounts are read by optical Character Recognition. If any data can not be lamenting the machine they are additionally added manually. After reconciliation of the amounts fixed machine, with the amounts of bundles before the transfer.
This control needed to detect errors. Finally, after reading and control, the amount of bills passed by the system information exchange, ibank-acquirer is reimbursed this amount from Association for the deduction of commission for the Interchange. Like all other elements of processing, processing of accounts requires strict control. Bank will credit the amount of accounts, locking people trafficker, in deposit account in the last day of filing of accounts. At the same time, compensation of this amounts through information exchange system can not be obtained until
accounts are not processed and held on systems of information exchange. So way, the bank is forced to free credit merchant processing for the period accounts. If instead of 2 days will be spent 4 or 5 days, the cost of the bank substantially will be risen.
Therefore, the administration introduced stringent standards processing time accounts. In forehead case should always bear in mind that the delay in processing means loss of money for the bank, and the acceleration of processing of invoices - win.
- Repayments
In process of payments by card transactions often such situation takes place where a cardholder disputes the validity of the operation and demanded the return write-offs. The issuing bank may make such a cancellation by self initiative, without requiring the client if it finds, for example, that the time card has expired or that the expense for which you are transaction is closed. Bank-acquirer, defending the interests of the merchant may, the latter's request or on its own initiative to return the documents to re issuing bank. This is done in cases where the return is not enough documented or need additional information.
In a conflict situation, banks can independently resolve the dispute or resort to arbitration association. After receiving notice of cancellation to the contrary, the bank-acquirer credits the amount to special balance sheet account for the disputed amounts, where it will be listed until final decision. The bank shall, as soon as possible resolve the situation, as the controversial sum of the numbers on its balance sheet and it is costs of its financing. Banks set target dates for the return operation. Issuing bank determines the minimum time of receipt of claim from the owner
card until the audit trail back to the write-offs bank-acquirer. At the same time great attention is paid to documenting justification of the return, otherwise, as already mentioned, the transaction can be repeated ask to pay the bank.
- Profitability of operations with the bankcards.
Card transactions are among the most profitable banking activities. The average revenue per unit cost in the card business is higher than
for other types of operations. The main indicators for measuring the profitability of card operations are the profit unit card loans. The calculation of this index allows us to compare profitability of operations of different banks.
portfolio of outstanding income from yield in%
loans on cards card transactions
Bank A 2 000 000 140 000 7
Bank B 5 500 000 302 500 5,5
Despite the fact that the bank B to make more profit, he worked less
effectively: The amount of revenue had 5,5%, like Bank A -7%.
Profit is the difference between income and expenditure of the bank, whose structure different for the issuing bank and the bank-acquirer.
Issuing bank’s main income:
- Annual interest rate
- Annual membership fee
- Commission on Interchange
- Penalty charges for breach of contract.
Annual interest rate on credit card will be charged to the owner
extension of the credit card when outside the grace period. Rate
fairly stable and does not change due to some changes in demand for and supply of consumer credit.
As already mentioned, not all of the outstanding loan card portfolio
yield interest, because flow of the grace period no interest is
calculated. Therefore, to apply the annual bid, it should first be multiplied by the share portfolio, on which interest is paid.
If this proportion is 65% of the portfolio, with an annual interest rate equal to 20% per annum, the real rate on this portfolio is 13%. Ave monthly billing applies a periodic monthly interest rate which is derived from the annual rate. Then, reduction of banking income has necessitated the introduction of this fee.
Charges for violation of card agreements include:
- Commission for the delay
- Commission for exceeding the limit
- Commission and return the couple.
The costs of the issuing bank for card transactions primarily include fees for resources, which the bank uses to finance the entire portfolio of card loans. In addition, the expenses include the following articles:
- Losses from writing off bad debts and unauthorized use cards ;
- The costs of processing operations (authentication) ;
- Costs of servicing ;
- Cost of Marketing ;
The structure of income and expenses of the bank-acquirer is peculiar because of specificity of its functions. The most revenue item - a discount, paid trader when depositing trading accounts at the bank. Revenue for this article equal to the product discount rate on the amount of sales on credit cards.
For example, if the average discount is rate 2,2%, then every 100
U.S. trade accounts acquirer receives 2.2 dollars, respectively.
This amount debited to the trader at the bank at the end of each month. Another channel income acquirer - proceeds from the sale or lease trader
equipment for imprinting (data transfer card merchant account) and
electronic terminals. Finally, the bank-acquirer receives revenue with
resources stored on depo merchant.
The main item of expenditure of the bank-acquirer is a commission for changes. It is paid by the issuing bank in the percentage of trading accounts. Other types of expenses acquirer are similar to those bears issuer - expenses on processing, marketing.
CONCLUSION
At this time, the trend is toward the use of plastic cards with chip (smart card). Unlike magnetic stripe cards, smart cards "smarter", while the trend is toward the use of plastic cards with a chip (smart card). Unlike magnetic stripe cards, smart cards "smarter", built in them the chip has a memory and the most elementary processor that performs a certain amount of built-in commands. Payment systems based on smart cards can operate in off-line, as the system on the basis of such maps are more protected from fraud. In the world created specialized organization with aim to introduce a single billing system or what some universal standard, better than the existing ones.
The leaders of these organizations have mostly seen payment card of the future - chip (smart card). One of these organizations has developed a universal electronic system UEPS (Universal Electronic Payment System). Note that major technological principle is the implementation of UEPS transactions in retail outlets in the mode off-line at interaction of two maps - maps of the buyer and seller.
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